维生素B1对中国对虾生长影响的研究

研究了中国对虾饵料中维生素Ｂ１的适宜含量，当１００ｇ饵料含６ｍｇＶｂ１时，中国对虾增长率和存活率最高；ＶＢ１缺乏或过量，都影响对虾的生长和存活，ＶＢ１在对虾组织中的含量随饵料中ＶＢ１含量的增加而增加，以６ｍｇＶＢ１／１００ｇ饵料最高，如过量欺一反而降。ＶＢ１可影响对虾肝胰脏α－淀粉酶的活性，当１００ｇ饵料含６ｍｇＶＢ１时，这种酶活性最高，对虾生长也最好。     

罗氏沼虾对维生素C的需求

以每公斤饲料分别添加０、５０、１００、２００、４００、８００ｍｇ维生素Ｃ多聚磷酸酯（ＬＡＰＰ）的半纯化饲料饲养初始体重约５．５２ｇ的罗氏沼虾Ｍａｃｒｏｂｒａｃｈｉｕｍｒｏｓｅｎｂｅｒｇｉ９周。结果表明,添加ＬＡＰＰ使罗氏沼虾的相对增重率显著升高,蜕壳频率增加,蜕壳周期缩短。添加量达到５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ的,可以保证罗氏沼虾正常蜕壳。肝胰脏和血淋巴中的Ｖｃ含量随饲料中ＬＡＰＰ水平的上升而上升,ＬＡＰＰ的添加量达２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,肝胰脏中的Ｖｃ达到饱和;而血淋巴中的Ｖｃ含量则随饲料中ＬＡＰＰ水平的上升一直上升。若饲料中缺乏ＬＡＰＰ,则罗氏沼虾全虾的蛋白质和粗脂肪含量下降,而肝胰脏中的粗脂肪含量上升。以增重率为指标,用突破点直线回归法确定罗氏沼虾饲料中Ｖｃ多聚磷酸酯的适宜含量为１１１．９ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

铬盐对鲤生长和饲料转化率的影响

以０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ铬盐饲料饲喂１龄鲤６５ｄ和３月龄鲤３０ｄ，相对生长率分别提高１３．７９％和２０．６９％饲料转化率提高２１．８３％和２６．０％。表明铬盐有促进鱼类生长作用和提高饲料转化率的效应，而铬盐对鱼体营养成分的作用不明显。但铬盐对对高血糖症鱼的作用是低剂量各（２．５μｇ／ｋｇ体重）使血糖明显下降，高剂量（６０μｇ／ｋｇ体重）则使血糖明显升高；铬盐含量０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ饲料使高血糖症鱼的血糖下降     

饲料中添加凹土对凡纳滨对虾存活和生长的影响

研究了饲料中添加凹土（０．０％、０．５％、１．０％、２．０％、４．０％和８．０％）对凡纳滨对虾（１．０４～１．０６ｇ）存活和生长的影响。实验在淮海工学院江苏省海洋生物技术重点建设实验室进行，凡纳滨对虾（Ｌｉｔｏｐｅｎａｅｕｓｖａｎｎａｍｅｉ）幼虾购自海南某育苗场；实验采用单因子６水平设计，每个水族箱放养１０尾对虾，每个水平设３个重复。实验前停食２４ｈ，称其初始体重。日投饵２次，过量投饵；投饵２．５ｈ后从每个水族箱收集残饵、粪便和虾壳。实验周期３０ｄ。所得数据用单因素方差分析和Ｔｕｒｋｅｙ′ｓ多重比较进行处理。结果表明，饲料中添加凹土显著地影响对虾的特定生长率，而对存活率、摄食量、饲料系数和吸收效率的影响不显著；在２．０％凹土水平，凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率显著高于０．０％凹土水平，但与其它处理差异不显著；总的看来，２．０％凹土添加组对虾的饲料系数低于其它处理，而摄食量高于其它处理。     

水环境中Ca^2＋,Mg^2＋对中国对虾生存及生长的影响

通过单因子静态急性毒性试验和正交设计法，研究水环境中Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋总量及Ｃａ＾２＋／Ｍｇ＾２＋比值对中国对虾生存及生长的影响。结果表明：（１）中国对虾在水环境中能够生存的Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋质量浓度范围分别为２４．９２￣２８０．６６ｍｇ／Ｌ、３４．５￣３４４．９ｍｇ／Ｌ；（２）Ｃａ＾２＋／Ｍｇ＾２＋比值为１：１０，对中国对虾的生存没有影响；（３）中国对虾的生长与Ｃ     

饵料蛋白量对于日本对虾幼虾生长,消化效率和氮排泄的影响

研究了饵料蛋白量对日本对虾（Ｐ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）幼虾生长、消化率、氨和尿素排泄的影响。按照同等热量主要以蟹蛋白配制了５种蛋白（２１％～６１％）干饵料，并且在３０ｄ中每天按体重的６％比例来投喂对虾（平均初湿重为０．４ｇ）。在试验结束时，以蜕皮中期的对虾（湿重０．５～２．０ｇ）用作计算干物质和蛋白质的消化率和氨与尿素的排泄率。投喂含２１％和３１．４％蛋白饵料的对虾的增重、特定生长率（ＳＧＲ）和饵料     

酸败油脂和黄曲霉毒素对中国对虾（Penaeus Chinensis）生长的影响

分别在对虾配合饲料中添加酸败鱼油和含黄曲霉毒素花生饼粉养虾，鲑油的酸价为０．２，８．０，２２．４，３１．０ｍｇ／ｇ，黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１的含量为４７２．０ｐｐｂ，７８．７ｐｐ。试验进行了２８天，其结果如下；随着鱼油酸价的增高，以上四组对虾的增重率依次为７２．４％，３７．０％，２９．２％，２７．５％；成活率依次为８３．１％，５９．６％，５８．０％．５３．０％；消化率依次为７８．７％，６８．５％，６３．３％     

对虾养殖实验围隔中的固氮作用及其氮输入

１９９７年６～１０月,以乙炔还原法进行了不同放养模式下对虾养殖实验中生物固氮作用的测定。结果表明,各围隔中,对虾单养（Ｙ－４）和对虾＋海湾扇贝（Ｙ－５）的固氮作用较高,均值分别为２．６２μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）和２．６５μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）;对虾＋罗非鱼＋缢蛏（Ｔ－５）的最低,为１．５３μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）,对虾＋缢蛏（Ｙ－６）和对虾＋罗非鱼（Ｙ－７）的分别为２．３０μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）和１．８９μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）。各围隔中固氮速率较高与水体有效氮含量较低及有效氮磷比值不高有关。水层固氮蓝藻主要为蓝球藻（Ｃｈｒｏｃｏｃｕｓ）和念珠藻（Ｎｏｓｔｏｃ）。估算各围隔实验期间固氮作用输入分别为Ｙ－４∶１７．７２ｇ;Ｙ－５∶１９．６３ｇ;Ｙ－６∶９．０５ｇ;Ｙ－７∶１０．５９ｇ;Ｔ－５∶７．９９ｇ。     

饲料中必需脂肪酸对中国对虾体内必需脂肪酸含量的影响

用正交设计法设计亚油酸（１８∶２ｎ－６）、亚麻酸（１８∶３ｎ－３）、二十碳五烯酸（２０∶５ｎ－３）和二十二碳六烯酸（２２∶６ｎ－３）３因素、３水平饲喂中国对虾试验，结果表明，对虾体内４种必需脂肪酸（ＥＦＡ）含量随饲料中４种必需脂肪酸含量增加而增加。当饲料中亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸含量分别为０．８４％～１．１０％、０．２１％～０．４８％和０．３７％～０７４％时，养殖对虾与野生虾体内这３种必需脂肪酸含量接近。由于饲料中亚油酸含量较高，所以养殖虾体内亚油酸含量高于野生虾。     

对虾饵料用酵母菌的选育研究

将Ｙ２、Ｙ３、Ｙ４、Ｙ５、Ｙ６、Ｙ７株饵料酵母菌，接种到培养基上培养，测定Ｂ族维生素、维生素Ｄ以及蛋氨酸，赖氨酸的含量，并进行紫外线和ＥＭＳ复合诱变处理，结果发现：Ｙ３、Ｙ４、Ｙ７是３株优良酵母菌，其始发株和诱变株不仅富含Ｂ族维生素和维生素Ｄ，而且蛋氨酸和赖氨酸含量丰富，是理想的对虾饵料用酵母菌。     

饲料脂肪水平对凡纳滨对虾生长、肌肉和肝胰腺脂肪酸组成的影响

以脂肪水平为4.64%、6.56%、8.47%、10.39%和12.31%的5组试验饲料,饲喂凡纳滨对虾[初始质量(9.84±0.14)g].水温为23.4～27.0℃,60 d.饲养结果显示,体质量增加及成活率以8.47%脂肪含量组最佳;雄虾肝胰腺中的C18:3n-3,雄虾肌肉脂质中C20:4 n-6、C20:5n-...     

The effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acid balance on the growth of the prawn Penaeus monodon

A post-hoc study of the influence of dietary fatty acids of the n-3 and n-6 series on the growth of the prawn, Penaeus monodon showed a clear example of interaction by these nutrients to influence growth. Data from three independent growth studies examining the dietary requirements for linoleic (LOA, 18:2n-6), linolenic (LNA, 18:3n-3), arachidonic (ARA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-2) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3) acids were standardized through a common reference to allow comparison. Analysis of the variation within the experiments was able to define effects attributable to the individual experiments or the overall dietary n-3 and n-6 levels. A generalized additive model (GAM) indicated that both parameters (experiment, and n-3 and n-6 levels) had significant ( P  < 0.05) effects on growth. Loess nonparametric modelling of the data clearly demonstrates `the effect of relationship' on prawn growth to the levels of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. The response surface model shows clear effects of both n-3 and n-6, and that the effect of n-3 changes with the level of n-6 (and vice versa). Parametric examination of the relationship ( y =–37.149 x ³ + 160.84 x ² – 118.64 x  + 290.6, r ²=0.492, P  < 0.05) between growth and the ratio between the two fatty acid classes suggested that the optimal ratio of n-3 and n-6 fatty acid is about 2.5 to 1. The results of this study demonstrated that the interaction of the dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acid classes is an important factor of prawn fatty acid nutrition.     

牙鲆幼鱼对EPA和DHA的营养需求

研究了EPA和DHA水平对牙鲆生长的影响,饲料中含0.5%EPA和1.0%～1.5%DHA能保证牙鲆幼鱼最适生长,鱼体水分最低,肝体指数最小,脂肪含量有较大幅度提高,肝脏极性脂中EPA和DHA达到最大积累;在肝脏和肌肉的非极性脂部分,各组间的脂肪酸组成没有显著变化,而极性脂部分能体现出饲料中n-3 HUFA含量对鱼体脂肪酸组成的影响,极性脂中的EPA和DHA含量远高于非极性脂;在肌肉和肝脏的极性脂和非极性脂中都含有较高的16:0和18:1n-9; 18:1n-9/n-3HUFA可以作为必需脂肪酸满足程度的一个判据,18:1n-9值的升高往往是缺乏必需脂肪酸的表现,在生长最佳时18:1n-9/n-3HUFA比值下降,为0.62和0.74.     

Assessment of requirement values for essential amino acids in the prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate)

The requirements of juvenile prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate), 0.79 g initial body weight, for essential amino acids (EAA) were evaluated based on the daily increase of each EAA in the whole body when the prawn was maintained on a diet with a high nutritive value (a casein‐squid protein‐based diet). The quantities of each EAA needed daily for growth and maintenance of prawn are conceived to correspond to the daily requirements of this prawn species for EAA. Therefore, these requirement values of respective EAA should be supplied from dietary proteins. To determine these values, protein and amino acids of the whole body of the prawn were quantified before and after feeding experiments, and the quantities of respective EAA needed to meet the requirements were estimated based on the EAA profile of the whole body protein of prawn. As a result, the contents of EAA in dietary proteins (%) needed to meet the requirements of the prawn for EAA were assessed to be: threonine (2.3), methionine (1.3), valine (2.4), isoleucine (2.3), leucine (3.4), phenylalanine (2.6), lysine (3.2), histidine (1.1), arginine (2.9) and tryptophan (0.6), respectively, when the prawn are fed 50% protein diet with 90% protein digestibility at a ration size of 2% (% of body weight).     

饲料不同n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值对日本沼虾生长、虾体组分、血清抗氧化及相关基因表达的影响

为探讨饲料中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值对日本沼虾生长性能、虾体肉质及血清抗氧化能力的影响,设计了5种不同n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值(D1:0.29、D2:0.56、D3:1.02、D4:2.20、D5:8.52)的等氮等脂饲料,进行了8周养殖实验,每组设4个重复,每个重复45尾虾。结果显示,饲料n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值对日本沼虾的存活率(SR)无显著影响;日本沼虾增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)随饲料脂肪酸比值的增加先升后降,D3组最高且显著高于D1组。饲料n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值对虾体粗脂肪(CF)和粗蛋白(CP)影响显著,D4组虾体粗脂肪显著高于其他各组;D3组虾体粗蛋白显著高于D2、D4和D5组。虾体肌肉脂肪酸比值受饲料脂肪酸比值的影响,肌肉中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值与饲料中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值存在显著的正相关关系。血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在D5组达到最高且显著高于D1、D2和D3组,但与D4组差异不显著;D3组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)最高且显著高于其他各组;D5组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于D1和D3组。饲料脂肪酸比值对日本沼虾肝胰腺抗氧化基因表达影响显著,D4组Hsp60表达量最高且显著高于D5组,但与D1、D2和D3组差异不显著;D2组Hsp70和Toll表达量最高且显著高于其他各组;D5组Myd88表达量最高且显著高于其他各组。综上所述,饲料中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值为1.02～2.20,可以显著提高日本沼虾的生长性能和非特异性免疫力。     

Dietary effects of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid levels on egg and larval quality, and the fatty acid composition of the eggs of Chilean flounder Paralichthys adspersus broodstock

The effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA) on eggs and larval quality were investigated in the Chilean flounder Paralichthys adspersus . Broodstock were fed with three formulated diets with similar proximate compositions but different n-3 HUFA (2.1%, 3.1% or 4.1%) estimated levels from 5 months before and during the spawning period. The diet with an intermediate n-3 HUFA level resulted in a significantly higher ( P <0.05) percentage of buoyant eggs (68.2 ± 2.9%), fertilization (92.8 ± 3.9%), normal cell cleavages (93.5 ± 1.9%), hatching rate (87.7 ± 4.1%) and normal larvae (76.3 ± 3.7%) compared with the other two diets. In contrast, high levels of n-3 HUFA produced larvae with a higher survival capacity when subjected to fasting. The diet with the lowest content of n-3 HUFA produces lower quality eggs and larvae. The n-3 HUFA level in eggs increased with an increase in the dietary level, and the n-3/n-6 ratios were 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1. The DHA/EPA and EPA/ARA ratios of 2 and 4 in eggs, respectively, were associated with improved egg and larval quality and were similar to the ratios found in eggs from wild broodstock. Attainment of optimal fatty acid contents in broodstock diets is one of the key factors for producing the high-quality spawning required for managed culture of this flounder.     

不同食物组分对大红海参生长和脂肪酸组成的影响

为开发大红海参人工养殖技术,采用海带粉、鼠尾藻粉和仿刺参复合饲料3种常见饵料投饲大红海参,分析各组大红海参的生长及体壁脂肪酸组成的差异,从营养组成角度筛选适于大红海参人工养殖的饵料成分.试验结果显示,不同投饲组大红海参体壁脂肪酸组成具有显著差异(P<0.05),大红海参体壁n-6和n-3不饱和脂肪酸的比例与饵料中亚油酸...     

Essentiality of Dietary n-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Juvenile Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

This study was conducted to confirm the essentiality of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) and to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, liver, and blood chemistry in juvenile Japanese flounder. Three replicate groups of fish (average weighing 3.0 g) were fed experimental diets containing lauric acid ethyl ester, soybean oil, soybean and linseed oils mixture, and squid liver oil as lipid sources for 13 wk. No significant difference was observed in survival among all groups ( P >0.05). Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the squid liver oil diet containing high n-3 HUFA level were significantly higher than those of fish fed the other diets ( P 0.05). Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids of liver polar and neutral lipid fractions in fish fed the diet containing lauric acid tended to increase compared to those of the other groups. Fish fed the diets containing soybean and/or linseed oils, which contained high contents of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, respectively, showed the highest contents of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 in both lipid fractions of the liver ( P 0.05). Significantly higher content of n-3 HUFA was observed in both lipid fractions of the liver from fish fed the diet containing squid liver oil than for fish fed the other diets ( P 0.05). Total cholesterol, glucose, and glutamic-oxaloacetic acid transaminase in plasma were significantly affected by dietary lipids ( P 0.05). Histologically, the liver of fish fed the diet containing squid liver oil had a clear distinction between nuclear and cytoplasm membranes; however, cytoplasm of fish fed the diets containing lauric acid and soybean oil was shrunken, and the hepatic cell outline was indistinguishable. It is concluded that the dietary n-3 HUFA is essential for normal growth, and that the dietary lipid sources affect growth performance, liver cell property, and blood chemistry in juvenile Japanese flounder.     

Essential fatty acids in Atlantic salmon: effects of increasing dietary doses of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of liver, blood and carcass

Atlantic salmon fry (4 g) were fed for 4 months on semi-synthetic diets containing fatty acid methyl esters of either 18:2 n-6, 18:3 n-3 or a mixture of equal amounts of 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3. The different amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids added were 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2% (by dry weight). Increasing levels of dietary n-3 fatty acids up to 1% gave faster growth rates in salmon fry, and fish fed the mixture of 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 seemed to grow faster than fish fed only 18:3 n-3. No significant effect on growth rate was seen when the dietary level of 18:2 n-6 was increased. Dietary inclusions of n-3 fatty acids reduced the mortality of salmon, while dietary 18:2 n-6 had no such beneficial effects.
The dietary treatments caused substantial changes in the fatty acid composition of blood and liver phospholipids (PL), whereas the total lipid fraction of the carcass was less affected. Increasing doses of 18:2 n-6 in the diet resulted in an increased percentage of 20:4 n-6 in liver and blood PLs, while the percentage of 20:3 n-9 decreased. The percentage of 18:2 n-6 also increased in liver, blood and carcass. Dietary 18:3 n-3 resulted in increased percentages of 18:3 n-3 and 20:5 n-3 in liver PLs, while the percentage of 20:3 n-9 decreased. There was, however, no significant increase in the percentage of 22:6 n-3. Dietary 18:3 n-3 produced no significant changes in the composition of blood fatty acids, but increased the percentage of 18:3 n-3 in the carcass. The dietary combination of the n-3 fatty acids 20:5 and 22:6 resulted in an increased percentage of 22:6 n-3 in blood and liver lipids and a decreased percentage of 20:3 n-9, but there were no changes in the percentage of 20:5 n-3.     

真鲷仔稚鱼对实验微粒饲料中卵磷脂适宜需要量的研究

制备了4种n-3HUFA含量基本相等、卵磷脂含量分别为0、2．5％、5．0％、7．5％的实验微粒饲料，探讨了卵磷脂的含量对真鲷仔稚鱼生长、存活、体内相关成分以及对外部压力的耐受性的影响。25d的养殖试验结果表明，当真鲷仔稚鱼的实验微粒饲料中卵磷脂含量不超过5．0％时，随着实验微粒饲料中卵磷脂含量的增加，真鲷仔稚鱼的生长速度和成活率也相应增加。养殖试验结束后，对仔稚鱼体内相关成分的分析结果表明，仔稚鱼体内n-3HUFA和DHA的含量随着实验微粒饲料中卵磷脂含量的增加而增加。但当卵磷脂含量从5．0%增加到7．5％时，真鲷仔稚鱼的生长速度、成活率以及体内n-3HUFA和DHA的含量却没有相应增加，因此，真鲷仔稚鱼对实验微粒饲料中卵磷腊的适宜需要量应为5．0％左右。活力测试结果表明，当真鲷仔稚鱼的实验微粒饲料中卵磷脂的含量不超过5．0％时，随着实验微粒饲料中卵磷脂含量的增加，真鲷仔稚鱼对外部压力的耐受性增强，但是当实验微粒饲料中卵磷脂的含量从5．0％增加到7．5％时，真鲷仔稚鱼对外部压力的耐受性并没有继续增强，从而进一步说明真鲷仔稚鱼对实验微粒饲料中卵磷脂的适宜需要量应为5．0％左右。