中西太平洋金枪鱼围网鲣鱼渔获量时空分布分析

中西太平洋的金枪鱼围网渔业目前的年产量约在100×104t左右,其中鲣鱼占有很重要的地位。本文通过对20世纪70年代以来围网捕获的鲣鱼渔获数据进行时间序列以及空间位置变化等时空分析,试图找出其变化规律以及趋势。结果表明,从20世纪70年代以来,随着渔船数的增加,中西太平洋的围网捕获的鲣鱼渔获量分布,从太平洋岛屿近海逐渐向太平洋热带中部海域扩展。渔获量经度重心随着中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔业的发展有向东移动的趋势,70年代在128°E附近变化,80年代在144°E左右,90年代在153°E左右,近年在158°E左右变化。而鲣鱼渔获量纬度重心位于赤道区域,70年代在2°N附近,80年代在1°30′S左右,90年代在2°50′S左右,近年在2°55′S左右变化。经纬度5°×5°单个小区范围内10年内的最高总产量则从70年代的11×104t,增加到90年代超过了69×104t。渔获量空间分布除了随着渔业发展向外海向赤道以南扩展以外,还受南方涛动(ENSO)现象的明显影响,一般来说在相邻的数年中渔获量经度中心在厄尔尼诺年比较偏东,在拉尼娜年比较偏西。     

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网黄鳍金枪鱼产量的时空分布及与表温的关系

黄鳍金枪鱼是中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔业中的重要捕捞种类之一。本文根据2003年中西太平洋金枪鱼围网生产统计及其表温数据,利用频次统计分析和地理信息软件Marine Explorer 4.0对黄鳍金枪鱼产量和单位日产量(CPUE)的时空分布进行分析,探讨其与海水表温的关系。结果显示,产量和CPUE最高的是2月份,其次是9月份,5月份为最低。高产量的范围为140~160°E、0°~5°S;CPUE高值区分布在130°E、0°~15°S,140°~160°E、0°~15°S和175°W、0°~15°S;产量经纬度重心分别为150°30′E和3°48′S。产量主要分布在海表温为28~31℃的海域,产量比重高达95.45%,其中29~30℃产量为最高,占69.54%。     

厄尔尼诺－南方涛动现象对中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场的影响

厄尔尼诺-南方涛动现象(EL Ni o Southern Oscillation)是引起全球气候变化的最强烈的海-气相互作用现象,对世界渔业生产具有重要影响。本研究利用1982~2001年Ni o 3.4区海表温度与中西太平洋(20°N~20°S、120°E~150°W)鲣鱼围网单位捕捞努力量渔获量经度重心的关系,就厄尔尼诺-南方涛动现象对中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场变动的影响进行分析研究。结果表明,厄尔尼诺-南方涛动现象对中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场的空间分布有显著影响,厄尔尼诺发生时,鲣鱼围网单位捕捞努力量渔获量经度重心随着暖池的东扩而东移,拉尼娜发生时则随着暖池向西收缩而西移。同时,Ni o 3.4区海表温度与鲣鱼围网单位捕捞努力量渔获量经度重心有显著相关关系(Pearson相关系数r=0.186,P<0.01),因此,可将Ni o 3.4区海表温度作为预报、预测中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场位置的一个重要指标。     

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔获物组成分析

根据 2 0 0 4年 7月 2 8日至 9月 1日在中西太平洋海域的金枪鱼围网生产调查结果 ,以及“金汇 2号”2 0 0 3年全年的生产数据 ,对中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔获物组成进行了初步分析。结果显示 ,渔获物种类有鲣鱼 (Katsuwonuspelamis)、黄鳍金枪鱼 (Thunnusalbacares)和大眼金枪鱼 (Thunnusobesus)等 19种 ;渔获物重量组成中鲣鱼占 70 .5 1% ,黄鳍金枪鱼占 2 6 .92 % ,其它鱼类占 2 .5 6 % ;鲣鱼的叉长范围为 2 7～ 81cm ,优势叉长组为 4 0～ 5 0cm ,占 4 1% ;黄鳍金枪鱼叉长范围为 32～ 16 5cm ,优势叉长组为 5 0～ 70cm ,占 33% ,另一优势叉长组为 110～ 130cm ,占 2 0 % ;渔获物重量组成存在海域差异 ,在 16 2°E以东海域鲣鱼比例高于以西海域 ,黄鳍金枪鱼则是在 16 2°E以西海域的比例较高。     

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔业的现状和发展趋势

金枪鱼围网渔业是中西太平洋海区重要的渔业,自20世纪90年代起,其年渔获量始终占中西太平洋金枪鱼总渔获量的55%～60%(79万～120万t),2002年渔获量为1 157 045 t.为了促进我国大陆地区金枪鱼围网渔业的发展,本研究着重介绍中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔业的主要渔场、渔业资源以及渔具渔法的现状,并对发展趋势提几点看法.     

韩国金枪鱼渔业现状和发展趋势

本文主要叙说了韩国在太平洋和中西太平洋地区最近几年来金枪鱼渔业发展的情况。2002年韩国存太平洋地区作业渔船188艘,总的金枪鱼渔获量估计为266,466t,其中围网渔船26艘,产量206,150t,延绳钓渔船162艘,产量60,316t。2002年4种主要种类:鲣鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和长鳍金枪鱼的产量占太平洋总产量的96％以上,其中鲣鱼173,693t,黄鳍金枪鱼48,424t,大眼金枪鱼31,754t和长鳍金枪鱼2,470t。     

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网自由鱼群渔场重心变动及其与南方涛动指数的关系

文章根据2013—2017年中国中西太平洋金枪鱼围网船队捕捞日志,利用捕捞自由鱼群作业位置、作业时间和渔获量等数据信息,分析了自由鱼群渔场重心月间变化、年际变化与南方涛动指数(South Oscillation Index,SOI)的关系。结果显示,渔获量较高的海域海表温度(Sea surface temperature,SST)高于29℃;自由鱼群的渔场重心主要分布介于160°E—175°W;2013—2015年渔场重心有逐年向东偏移的趋势,但无明显的月间变化规律;SOI为正值时,中西太平洋“暖池”较正常年份向西偏移,自由鱼群渔场重心亦明显向西偏移;反之,自由鱼群渔场重心较正常年份向东偏移。相关性分析显示SOI和月间渔场重心的经度之间呈负相关(相关系数为?0.27,P<0.05),表明金枪鱼围网渔场变动和异常气候的发生存在密切联系。研究结果对于掌握中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔场变动规律具有一定参考价值。     

利用G IS分析中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔场的时空变动

根据中西太平洋1984~2003年金枪鱼围网渔业的渔获量统计资料,利用G IS定性分析方法和数值分析方法对中西太平洋海区的金枪鱼围网渔场的时空变动进行研究。研究结果表明:1984年到1991年,CPUE值在12.0~17.3 t/(d.n)之间;1992年至2003年,CPUE值在19.1~27.9 t/(d.n)之间,两个阶段的CPUE差异显著;Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类渔场基本上全部分布在5°S~5°N、140°E~180°之间,但Ⅲ类渔场在南半球略往东延伸,在10~5°S、155°~160°E之间也有分布;Ⅳ、Ⅴ类渔场则分布在Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类渔场的周边,其中Ⅳ类渔场主要位于东经地区,Ⅴ类渔场主要位于西经地区。     

ENSO现象对中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场的影响分析

ENSO(El Nin^-o Southern Oscillation)是引起全球气候变化的最强烈的海-气相互作用现象，对世界渔业生产具有重要影响。本文研究表明：ENSO现象对中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场的空间分布有显著影响，厄尔尼诺发生时，单位捕捞努力量渔获量经度重心随着暖池的东扩而东移，拉尼娜发生时则随着暖池向西收缩而西移。同时，Nifio 3．4区海表温度与单位捕捞努力量渔获量经度重心有显著相关关系，可将Nifio 3．4区海表温度作为预报、预测中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场位置的一个重要指标。     

海洋环境对中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔场影响的GIS时空分析

根据2008年～2012年中西太平洋金枪鱼（Thynnus）围网的渔获生产数据，并结合利用遥感信息技术手段同期获取的海表温度、次表层和温跃层温度、叶绿素等海洋环境数据，分析了围网主要捕获品种渔获量、资源丰度与渔场重心的时空变化及其与主要环境因子之间的关系。结果显示，目前中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔获量分布在10°N～10°S、140°E-180°E，中心渔场经度重心集中在150°E～165°E，大体走向是由西向东；纬度重心在1°N～3°S，呈现先南后北的走向。渔场主要适温在28～32℃，最适海表温度为29～31℃，次表层50m，适温为26．84～29．47℃，100m适温为24．71～28．57℃，温跃层上界深度在54．09～121．49m，对应的海水温度为27．10—29．18℃；主要渔获产量集中在叶绿素质量浓度0．02～0．35mg·m-3内，叶绿素质量浓度处于0．04—0．18mg·m-3时渔获产量出现频次最高，为渔场的最适叶绿素质量浓度范围。     

Tuna and swordfish catch in the U.S. northwest Atlantic longline fishery in relation to mesoscale eddies

To analyze the effects of mesoscale eddies, sea surface temperature (SST), and gear configuration on the catch of Atlantic bluefin (Thunnus thynnus), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the U.S. northwest Atlantic longline fishery, we constructed multivariate statistical models relating these variables to the catch of the four species in 62 121 longline hauls made between 1993 and 2005. During the same 13‐year period, 103 anticyclonic eddies and 269 cyclonic eddies were detected by our algorithm in the region 30–55°N, 30–80°W. Our results show that tuna and swordfish catches were associated with different eddy structures. Bluefin tuna catch was highest in anticyclonic eddies whereas yellowfin and bigeye tuna catches were highest in cyclonic eddies. Swordfish catch was found preferentially in regions outside of eddies. Our study confirms that the common practice of targeting tuna with day sets and swordfish with night sets is effective. In addition, bluefin tuna and swordfish catches responded to most of the variables we tested in the opposite directions. Bluefin tuna catch was negatively correlated with longitude and the number of light sticks used whereas swordfish catch was positively correlated with these two variables. We argue that overfishing of bluefin tuna can be alleviated and that swordfish can be targeted more efficiently by avoiding fishing in anticyclonic eddies and in near‐shore waters and using more light sticks and fishing at night in our study area, although further studies are needed to propose a solid oceanography‐based management plan for catch selection.     

Food consumption of tuna in the Equatorial Atlantic ocean: FAD-associated versus unassociated schools

Since 1991, fishing operations on tuna schools associated with drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) have become widespread in the purse seine fishery in the Gulf of Guinea. In the offshore South Sherbro area (0–5° N, 10–20° W), FAD-associated catches represent about 75 % of the total catch. This FAD fishery exploits concentrations of skipjack mixed with a smaller amount of bigeye and yellowfin tuna of similar size (46 cm), and some large yellowfin. Catches on unassociated tuna schools are mainly composed of large yellowfin in breeding phase and skipjack. Here we studied tuna diet in relation with the aggregation mode (FAD-associated or unassociated tuna schools), species, and size. The stomach contents of around 800 fish were analysed. Numerous empty stomachs were found, especially in fish caught under FADs. Diets were similar for all small-size tuna sharing the same aggregation type. Small tuna mainly feed on Vinciguerria nimbaria (Photichthyidae), a mesopelagic fish of the micronekton, whereas large tuna mainly feed on Scombridae, mixed with Cubiceps pauciradiatus (Nomeidae) when they were caught in unassociated schools. The feeding habits of tuna are discussed with emphasis on the behavior of V. nimbaria. Estimations of the daily ration of similarly sized tuna with the same aggregation mode were very close. The low estimated rations for small, FAD-associated tuna show that logs do not have a trophic function, but rather are a refuge. In contrast, FADs seem to influence the diet of large tuna because of the Scombridae prey that probably is associated to the FAD.     

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔场变动的预报分析

中西太平洋赤道海域是中国围网渔业最主要的作业海域。由于渔场存在年际间的剧烈变动,掌握渔场时空变动的预报越来越重要。本研究通过上海开创公司围网2011–2014年的渔捞日志数据,从Ni?o3.4指数和TAO数据(海洋表面温度和海表风)获得的海洋环境变量,采用时滞相关分析方法,探讨渔场变动和渔场环境变动的规律;寻找合适的预报因子和延迟数;建立回归预报模型。在2011–2014年各月海洋环境分布图和渔场中心分布图中,发现渔场中心的变动和风场、温度场变动都有明显的关系。在时滞相关分析中发现:(1)中心渔场经度和180°E与165°E平均纬向风速异常成正相关,相关系数分别达0.79和0.82,前者滞后1月,后者同步;和180°E与165°E平均经向风速异常成负相关,相关系数分别为–0.54和–0.41,前者滞后2月,后者同步;和29℃等温线经度最大相关系数0.75,同步;和Ni?o3.4指数同步,相关系数为0.47。(2)中心渔场纬度与180°E平均纬向风速异常、165°E平均经向风速异常都是正相关,相关指数分别0.55和0.63,延迟2个月和1个月;而与该两处的纬向风速变异负相关,相关性都低于0.5,延迟3个月和同步;和Ni?o3.4指数相关性不显著。(3)通过逐步最优回归拟合,获得了中心渔场的回归方程分别为:GC_Lon=137.534+2.36159UA_165_t+0.159159SST_29_t,GC_Lat=0.236156+0.51587UA_165_(t–1)–1.12848VA_165_t。在渔场经度模型中,最优模型包括了165°E平均经向风速异常和29℃等温线经度值,模型相关指数平方R~2为0.72;而经度模型中,最优模型包括了165°E平均经向风速异常和纬向风速异常,其相关指数平方R~2为0.34。在预报模型预报结果中,预报结果和实际值在经度和纬度上都存在2度以上误差,产生差异原因是船队的在东部海域购买作业许可天数不够,而西部有余所致;模型的预报结果和中国租赁船队的渔场中心经度误差在0.5°以内,纬度误差在1.5°左右,较为理想。该研究发现了风速异常和温度线分布对渔场移动有显著性影响,但风速变异较少获得关注,尤其是位于165°E和180°E的纬向风速变异对渔场的影响超过了29℃等温线。这一发现可用于以后相关研究,以及建立的预报模型的可供围网公司购买渔业许可参考使用。     

Standardizing catch and effort data of the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery in the western and central Pacific Ocean for bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus

Catch per unit effort (CPUE) is often used as an index of relative abundance in fisheries stock assessments. However, the trends in nominal CPUE can be influenced by many factors in addition to stock abundance, including the choice of fishing location and target species, and environmental conditions. Consequently, catch and effort data are usually ‘standardized’ to remove the impact of such factors. Standardized CPUE for bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, caught by the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery in the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) for 1964–2004 were derived using three alternative approaches (GLM, GAM and the delta approach), and sensitivity was explored to whether catch-rates of yellowfin tuna and albacore tuna are included in the analyses. Year, latitude, and the catch-rate of yellowfin explained the most of the deviance (32–49%, depending on model configuration) and were identified consistently among methods, while trends in standardized catch-rate differed spatially. However, the trends in standardized catch-rates by area were found to be relatively insensitive to the approach used for standardization, including whether the catch-rates of yellowfin and albacore were included in the analyses.     

Climatic oscillations and tuna catch rates in the Indian Ocean: a wavelet approach to time series analysis

We analysed the influence of climatic oscillations [based on the Indian Oscillation Index (IOI)] on monthly catch rates of two tropical tuna species in the equatorial Indian Ocean. We carried out wavelet analysis, an efficient method of time series analysis to study non‐stationary data. Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of bigeye tuna was computed from Japanese longline statistics from 1955 to 2002 in the equatorial Indian Ocean and CPUE of yellowfin tuna was derived from industrial purse seine statistics from 1984 to 2003 in the Western Indian Ocean. Wavelet analyses allowed us to quantify both the pattern of variability in the time series and non‐stationary associations between tuna and climatic signals. Phase analyses were carried out to investigate dependency between the two signals. We reported strong associations between tuna and climate series for the 4‐ and 5‐yr periodic modes, i.e. the periodic band of the El Niño Southern Oscillation signal propagation in the Indian Ocean. These associations were non‐stationary, evidenced from 1970 to 1990 for bigeye, and from 1984 to 1991 and then from 1993 to 2001 for yellowfin. Warm episodes (low negative IOI values) matched increases of longline catch rates of bigeye during the 1970–1990 time frame, whereas the strong 1997–1998 warm event matched a decrease of purse seine catch rates of yellowfin. We discussed these results in terms of changes in catchability for purse seine and longline.