复合矿物盐添加剂对河蟹生长的影响

用三种不同配比的复合矿物盐和一种鲤鱼用矿物盐，均按２％的添加量分别掺入到基础饲料中，制成４种试验饲料，喂养平均规格为２．９ｇ／只的幼蟹３０天，观察其生长效果，结果表明，多矿－１号，多矿－２号复合矿物盐具有显著的促生长功效，幼蟹的增重率比对照组分别提高５３．７％和４４．２％；饵料系数比对照组分别降低６９．３％和５８．１％，而添加鲤鱼用矿物盐的试验组，幼蟹的增重率与对照组之间没有显著性差异。     

河蟹复合饲料添加剂研究简报

在河蟹配合饲料中分别添加复合矿物盐、外源性促生长剂、复合维生素、诱食剂进行生长影响对比试验，确定适宜成份及含量。利用研制的配合饲料进行生产试验，饲料系数1.64，投入产出1：3.85，亩纯盈利6221元。     

鲫鱼中草药诱食剂的研究

本实验采用咬球法和摄食生长法相结合，系统地研究了大茴香、苏叶、植物肽、木香、公丁及复合氨基酸等对鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）的诱食效果，并筛选出各中草药诱食效果最佳的浓度，然后按照最适浓度将中草药分别添加到基础饲料中，对鲫鱼进行15d摄食率试验，通过测定其日摄食率、增重率、饲料系数等指标来判断中草药对鲫鱼的诱食和促生长效果。实验结果表明：各种中草药对鲫鱼诱食效果最佳的浓度为：大茴香0．05％、苏叶0．75％、植物肽025％、木香0．05％、公丁0．15％。复合氨基酸为0．35％。鲫鱼在摄入添加不同中草药的饲料后，在生长速度上均比对照组有了不同程度的提高，在饲料中添加0．35％复合氨基酸和0．05％木香的效果最佳，分别比对照组增重率高282．5％和228．9％，添加0．05％大茴香和0．25％植物肽的效果次之，而添加0．75％苏叶和0．15％公丁的效果最差。     

饲料中胆固醇水平对幼蟹生长和饲料利用率影响的研究

以初始体重为 1 13± 0 3 5g的幼蟹为实验对象 ,在室内水族箱中进行为期 60d的生长实验。以鱼油 /豆油 (2∶1,W /W )为脂肪源 ,以不同胆固醇的水平 ,配制成饲料脂肪含量为 8%的 3种等氮、等能饲料 ,用于研究饲料中胆固醇水平对幼蟹生长及饲料利用率的影响。实验结果表明 ,虽然各实验组的生长性能和对饲料利用率指标之间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5) ,但在饲料中添加 0 2 %胆固醇时 ,实验组幼蟹的增重率和对饲料的利用率明显优于其他组。这说明在饲料中添加 0 2 %胆固醇可促进幼蟹生长     

河蟹甲壳溃疡病的防治

河蟹甲壳溃疡病是由能破坏几丁质的产气单胞菌感染引起的。在甲壳溃疡病的发病早期，蟹体上有褐色斑点产生，斑点中部凹下，病蟹甲壳出现棕色、红棕色病灶，这些斑点逐渐发展，到发病晚期，斑点连成块状，中心部位溃疡，边缘呈黑色，继而引起其它细菌、真菌的侵入，严重影响河蟹的摄食、生长。同时还可见脱壳不遂的症状。　　预防：　　1.投喂全价配合饲料，并在饲料中加入脱壳素（每 100公斤河蟹添加 30克药物 /天），水产专用 Vc（每 100公斤河蟹添加 6克 Vc/天），促进河蟹正常脱壳；　　2．避免蟹体受伤，每 10～ 15天，以每亩（ 1.5米…     

河蟹幼蟹脱壳后的增长量

目前，中华绒螯蟹已在全国推广养殖，发展速度较快，效益比较显著。但是，也有少数养蟹单位因养殖规格不够理想效益欠佳。特别是幼蟹养殖、幼蟹销售或翌年养成的理想规格是每只5～20克，性未成熟。如果在幼蟹养殖中掌握不好，幼蟹规格偏大或较小，会直接影响养殖单位的经济效益或下一年的养成质量。为了掌握幼蟹每次脱壳后的增长量，使生产者培育出理想规格的蟹种，笔者对幼蟹生长期脱壳前后的增长量进行测量，结果为，体竞26．2mm～36．6mm之间的幼蟹每脱壳一次增重2．2～4．0克，增重率为25．7％～29．3％，详见下表。幼蟹每次脱壳后增长…     

河蟹甲壳溃疡病的防治

清原：产气单孢菌，能破坏见丁质。症状及危害：发病早期，星体上有褐色斑点产生，斑点中部凹下，病蟹甲壳出现棕色、红棕色病灶，这些斑点逐渐发展，到发病晚期，斑点连成块状，中心部位溃疡，边缘呈黑色，继而引起其它细菌、真菌的侵入，严重影响河蟹的援食、生长。同时还可见脱壳不遂的症状。预防：1．投喂全价配合饲料，并在饲料中加入脱壳素，水产专用vC，促进河蟹正常脱壳；2．避免蟹体受伤，每10一匕天，以每亩门．5米水深州．3克的用量用“富妇”全地均匀泼洒。治疗：1．在饲料中添加脱壳素，促进河蟹正常脱壳；2以每亩（1．5米水…     

复合维生素添加剂对鳖的促生长效果

用多种维生素按不同配方制成４种复合维生素添加剂，分别以０．５％的添加量掺入基础饲料中，制成４种试验饲料；用试验饲料饲喂幼鳖２５天，观察促生长效果，试验分两期进行，经筛选及重复试验，结果显示，多维３号复合维生素添加剂具有显著的促生长功效，投喂多维３号复合维生素添加剂的饲料，幼鳖增重率比对照组提高２９．２９％，饲料系数降低１９．３８％。     

几种抗病促生长剂对银鲫生长和免疫力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加喹乙醇、万能肥素、大蒜、螺旋藻、刺五加、黄芪，研究这几种抗病促生长剂对银鲫生长和免疫力的影响。结果表明，喹乙醇组和螺旋藻组在6周内增重率分别比对照且提高了6.06%和8.91%，饲料效率比对照组提高了5.76%和8.46%；饲养16周后，螺旋藻组增重率和饲料效率分别比对银鲫血清溶菌酶活性、SOD酶活性具有显著的促进作用，而喹乙醇、万能肥素具有一定免疫抑制作用但不显著。螺旋藻是理想的抗病促生长剂。     

复方中草药对彭泽鲫促生长作用的研究

用0 5%、1 0%和1 5%3种质量分数的复方中草药添加于彭泽鲫的基础日粮中,以研究其促生长效能及其最佳添加量。结果表明:复方中草药以1 0%、1 5%配比能显著增强彭泽鲫的生长性能(P<0 05),试验组和对照组的相对增重率分别为106 39%、117 41%、113 73%和98 54%,饲料系数比对照组分别提高了5 29%、13 66%和12 33%。本复方中草药的最佳添加量为1 0%。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.