扇贝调味汁的研制

扇贝在加工完干贝以后,剩下大量扇贝边带用作饲料,而扇贝边也含有大量的氨基酸及微量元素。为了充分利用这一丰富的资源,将其变废为宝,我们进行了从扇贝边提取扇贝调味汁的研制。     

有效微生物制剂（EM）对建鲤肌肉生化指标影响的初步研究

本实验将ＥＭ作为建鲤饲料添加剂，设２％，４％，６％三个添加梯度，经４５ｄ的饲养，结果表明：建鲤肌肉的水分含量随ＥＭ添加量的增加而减少，与对照组相比分别减少０．６６％，２．９６％，４．４３％，粗蛋白含量增加０．８５％，１２．５１％，１５．９７％；粗灰分含量降低０．４５％，４．５５％，７．７３％；粗脂肪增减不明显。     

锌,铜,铜,镉金属离子对海湾扇贝稚贝的急性毒性试验

本文通过锌、铜、铅、镉４种金属离子对海湾扇贝稚贝的急性毒性试验，分别得出了４种金属离子对海湾扇贝稚贝的４８ｈ半致死浓度及安全浓度，依次是：１．４４１３，０．０７６６，１．７９９９，１．３９４８ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．２３１３，０．００５５，０．２２７４，０．０５８７ｍｇ／Ｌ．     

红螯螯虾对硫酸铜和孔雀石绿耐受性的研究

测定了红螯螯虾虾苗对硫酸铜和孔雀石绿的耐受性，结果表明，２４ｈＬＣ５０分别为６３．８２×１０＾－４％和１３．７８×１０＾－４％；４８ｈＬＣ５０分别为２３．３７×１０＾－４％和４．８４×１０＾－４％；９６ｈＬＣ５０分别为１５．０７×１０＾－４％和２．６５×１０＾－４％；安全浓度分别为０．９４×１０＾－４％和０．１８×１０＾－４％。     

锌、铜、铅、镉金属离子对海湾扇贝稚贝的急性毒性试验

本文通过锌、铜、铅、镉４种金属离子对海湾扇贝稚贝的急性毒性试验，分别得出了４种金属离子对海湾扇贝稚贝的１８ｈ半致死浓度及安全浓度。依次是：１．４４１３，０．０７６６，１．７９９９，１．３９４８ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．２３１３，０．００５５，０．２２７４，０．０５８７ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

采用聚乙烯网衣作为扇贝育苗附着基的试验

本文报告了采用聚乙烯网衣作为虾夷扇贝、海湾扇贝稚贝附着基的附着效果。对变态幼虫至稚贝期的生长和成活稚贝及附着期中间育成率等进行了对比试验。结果表明，采用网衣附着基变态幼虫附着速度比棕帘慢，变态幼虫至稚贝的附着率及其日生长平均值分别为：采用网衣附着基，虾夷扇贝稚贝附着率为５１．９％，平均日生长为１８．２８μｍ，棕帘为５４％，１９．０μｍ。而海湾扇贝网衣为４９．９８％，２１．４μｍ，棕帘为５９％，２１．０μｍ。稚贝中间育成率及单位水体出苗量分别为：虾夷扇贝网衣为２０．８％、６９．１７万枚／ｍ３，棕帘为１６．４３％、５８．５７万枚／ｍ３，海湾扇贝网衣为１８．９９％、８８．３万枚／ｍ３，棕帘为１８．３４％、６０．０万枚／ｍ３。     

栉孔扇贝急性病毒性坏死症病原人工感染研究

从发病疫区栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri)组织中分离出病毒和立克次体(Rickettsia organism，RO)，对健康栉孔扇贝进行人工感染。结果显示，病毒注射组死亡率为75％，病毒浸浴组死亡率为68．7％；RO注射组死亡率仅为18．7％；灭活RO注射组死亡率为31％；灭活病毒注射和空白对照组死亡率皆为12．5％；病毒注射、浸浴组与灭活病毒注射组、空白对照组死亡率有显著差异。而RO注射组与灭活RO注射组、空白对照组死亡率没有显著差异。电镜复检结果显示，发病扇贝的外套膜、鳃、消化腺组织中分布有大量病毒粒子，该病毒粒子的形态特征、病理学特征与自然海区发病扇贝中的病毒粒子特征完全一致。人工感染实验结果证明，栉孔扇贝急性病毒性坏死病毒(A—cute Virus Necrobiotic Virus，AVNV)是栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的直接病原。     

采用聚乙烯风衣作为扇贝育苗附着基的试验

本文报告了采用聚乙烯网衣作为虾夷扇贝，海湾扇贝稚贝附着基的附着效果，对变态幼虫至稚贝斯的生长和成活稚贝及附着期中间育成率等进行了对比试验，结果表明，采用网衣队基变态幼虫附着速度比棕帘慢，变态幼虫至稚贝的附着率及其日生长平均值分别为：采用网衣附着基，虾夷扇贝稚贝附着率为５１．９％，平均日生长为１８．２８μｍ，棕帘为５４％，１９．０μｍ，而海湾扇贝网衣为４９．９８％，２１．４μｍ，棕帘为５９％，２１．     

桑沟湾栉孔扇贝不同养殖方式及适宜养殖水层研究

在桑沟湾内，对栉孔扇贝Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓ（Ａｚｕｍａｐｅｃｔｅｎ）ｆａｒｒｅｒｉ（ＪｏｎｅｓｅｔＰｒｅｓｔｏｎ）的笼养与串耳养殖等不同养殖方式及不同水层（１ｍ、２ｍ、３ｍ、４ｍ）的养殖效果进行了综合试验和分析。结果表明：（１）串耳养殖的扇贝平均壳高增长比笼养扇贝生长快，两种方式效果差异极明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）串耳养殖方式以２ｍ为最佳养殖水层，其次为１ｍ和３ｍ，４ｍ水层最差，而且２ｍ与４ｍ的养殖效果存在明显差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（３）笼养方式的最佳水层为４ｍ，其养殖效果依次为４ｍ＞１ｍ＞３ｍ和２ｍ。试验显示，在不同的养殖方式下，栉孔扇贝最佳生长的养殖水层是不同的。本文还对产生这一差异的原因进行了分析讨论     

烟台浅海区不同养殖系统养殖效果的比较

于１９９８年４月５日至６月２３日，在山东烟台市四十里湾海区进行了３种养殖模式养殖效果比较的模拟实验。在该海区岸边建立了栉孔扇贝（Ｃｈａｍｙｓ ｆａｒｒｅｒｉ）单养，栉孔扇贝和海带（Ｌａｍｉｎａｒｉａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）混养，栉孔扇贝、海带和刺参（Ａｐｏｓｔｉｃｈｏｐｕｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）混养等３个系列、９个养殖系统和１个对照系统（５．０ｍ＊２．０ｍ＊１．０ｍ，日换水量１００％），进行对比实验。     

ALGAE AND DETRITAL MATTER AS FOOD FOR JUVENILE PURPLE-HINGE ROCK SCALLOPS,Hinnites multirugosus GALE

Feeding experiments using commonly-cultured algae were conducted with purple-hinge rock scallops, Hinnites multirugosus Gale, to suggest the application of these algae to hatchery culture of scallops. The uptake of finely divided particulate matter was also studied to ascertain the possible importance of detritus as a supplemental food for the rock scallop. A 1:1:1 mixture by culture volume of Tahitian Isochrysis, Tetraselmis suecica, and Dunaliella salina appeared to be superior as a diet for juvenile rock scallops. Significant growth also occurred in juvenile rock scallops fed T-Isochrysis, T. suecica, Isochrysis galbana, and Rhodomonas sp. Gymnodinium splendens, Monochrysis lutheri, and Dunaliella salina fed alone were poor foods for juvenile rock scallops. Finely divided particulate matter as radiolabeled abalone fecal matter was utilized as food. Significant radioactivity appeared in DNA, RNA, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and free-reducing substances after one week providing evidence that particulate matter was incorporated into juvenile rock scallop metabolic pathways.     

The significance of various environmental parameters for growth of the Iceland scallop, Chlamys islandica (Pectinidae), in hanging culture

Iceland scallops, Chlamys islandica (O.F. Müller), were grown in hanging culture at 3 different depths (2, 12 and 40 m below the sea surface) in a northern Norwegian fjord. The growth of the soft parts of the body and the shell increment were monitored throughout the growing season (March until September). At the same time, temperature, salinity, water density, current speed, chlorophyll, particulate organic matter (POM) and particulate inorganic matter (PIM) were monitored at each of the experimental depths. Analysis of the environmental data together with the growth data showed that growth differences between the experimental depths were essentially the results of differences in nutritional conditions for the scallops, defined by the relationship between PIM and POM in the water column. The results also showed that growth in Iceland scallops can be increased significantly by suspending the animals in a more favourable nutritional environment than that found on the natural scallop beds.     

Effect of immersion time of cultch on spatfall of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck 1819) in the Marine Reserve at La Riconada, Antofagasta, Chile

A pilot program to evaluate the feasibility of collecting juvenile (seed) scallops using Japanese technology was carried out from October 2001 to April 2002 in the Marine Reserve at La Rinconada, Antofagasta, Chile. The continuous presence of larvae in waters in the reserve allowed for collection of 400–15,340 spat per collector and showed the high reproductive capability of local scallops and the relationship between numbers of larvae in the water and amount of spatfall. Highest rates of settlement were proportional to high numbers of umbone larvae in the water at >5000 larvae m⁻³ when collectors were first immersed. Absence of a relationship between larval numbers and postlarval settlement with trophic factors such as chlorophyll and particulate organic matter in the water suggests that productivity was not limited by these factors. Harvest of spat from collectors immersed for four and five months had recovery efficiencies of 5.5% and 59.4% compared with settlement in collectors after immersion for one month. Cohort analyses of recovered spat suggested that settlement occurred over the lengthy immersion period and was due to the continuous presence of larvae in the water. The loss of a high percentage of spat over the 4–5 immersion period compared with settlement in the first month can be attributed to intraspecific competition of spat density and growth as well as clogging of the collectors by sediment and marine fouling that impeded a flow of water through the nets.     

Particle clearance and selection in three species of juvenile scallops

Juvenile scallops (<2 mm shell height) of three species (Placopecten magellanicus, Patinopecten yessoensis, Argopecten irradians) were fed mixed, unialgal cultures. Scallops were fed a total of six algal clones simultaneously and clearance rates were monitored using flow cytometric techniques. In another experiment, scallops were presented with natural assemblages of particulate matter as a food source. Data are presented on differences in clearance rates for the individual algal species as well as size-related differences of algal clones, and uptake of chlorophyll vs. non-chlorophyll cells, both within and between scallop species. Significant differences in clearance rates of individual algal species have been found within and between scallop species. Particle selection does not appear to be based upon size alone and is apparently based on other characteristics of the algae as well. The results demonstrate pre-ingestive sorting.     

崇明东滩南部大弹涂鱼食源的稳定同位素分析

利用稳定同位素技术,对崇明东滩南部湿地4、5月份采集到的大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)的食源进行初步研究。结果显示,大弹涂鱼δ13C和δ15N值分别为-19.28‰~-14.59‰,7.96‰~10.13‰。利用同位素混合模型(Iso Source)计算包括白茅(Imperata cylindrical)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、糙叶苔草(Carex scabrifolia)、底栖微藻、颗粒有机物和沉积质在内的7种初级生产者对大弹涂鱼碳源食源贡献的可能范围及分布频率,结果表明白茅、芦苇、互花米草、糙叶苔草、底栖微藻、颗粒有机物和沉积质对大弹涂鱼食源的可能贡献范围分别为0%~69%、0%~30%、0%~72%、0%~30%、0%~76%、0%~44%和0%~47%。利用后整合方法计算得到C_3植物(芦苇和糙叶苔草)、藻类及有机质(底栖微藻、颗粒有机物和沉积质)和C4植物(白茅和互花米草)三大类生产者对大弹涂鱼食源的贡献情况,结果表明C_3植物、藻类及有机质和C_4植物对大弹涂鱼春季食物贡献范围分别为0%~30%、0%~76%和24%~72%,中值分别为15%、38%和48%,表明C_4植物是大弹涂鱼不可缺少的食源。同时,根据大弹涂鱼的δ15N值,得出大弹涂鱼属于2.07~2.65级营养级,为次级消费者。     

栉孔扇贝夏季大规模死亡的神经网络预测模型

根据2002年和2003年对山东荣成桑沟湾栉孔扇贝养殖海区的水温、盐度、pH、氨氮浓度、亚硝氮浓度等环境因子和扇贝血清中的蛋白浓度、酸性磷酸酶活力、碱性磷酸酶活力、超氧化物歧化酶活力和过氧化氢酶活力等免疫学指标及栉孔扇贝养殖密度和死亡率的监测数据,运用人工神经网络(artificial neurd network,ANN)的原理和误差反相传播(back propagefion,BP)网络的方法,利用MATLAB软件初步建立养殖栉孔扇贝夏季大规模死亡的BP人工神经网络预测模型.预测模型经过300次的学习训练,误差平方和由67.46下降至0.009 1.该预测模型对未参与模型构建的样本预测的结果与实际监测结果的符合率达到87.5%.首次将人工神经网络与水产动物病害死亡的预测相结合,建立的预测模型具有对数据适应能力强,可适时学习,预测结果准确等突出优点,为水产养殖动物病害死亡程度的预测提供了一个新的研究方法.     

烟台四十里湾扇贝养殖区水环境质量研究与评价

根据2016年4—11月对烟台四十里湾扇贝养殖区环境的监测数据,分析了四十里湾海域海水基本理化指标及月变化趋势,并采用有机污染评价指数法(A)、营养状态指数法(E)、海水营养状态质量指数法(NQI)以及内梅罗环境质量综合评价指数法对其水环境质量状况进行了综合评价。结果表明:四十里湾扇贝养殖区海水温度、pH和盐度的变化范围分别是10.06~20.00℃、7.85~8.25和29.61~30.31,均适合扇贝养殖;溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)以及硫化物均符合海水水质一、二类标准,活性磷(DIP)在10月个别养殖区超出海水水质二类标准,总无机氮(DIN)在4月和10月个别养殖区同样超出海水水质二类标准;5—7月环境质量良好,其他月份出现了不同程度的有机污染以及富营养化现象。总体而言,烟台四十里湾扇贝养殖区水环境质量符合扇贝养殖I类区或II类区的要求,但应注意对养殖区的保护,特别是控制陆源污染物的输入。     

虾夷扇贝易逝期干露处置与活品复水性

为探索捕后初期处置对虾夷扇贝活品品质的延迟效应,将捕后虾夷扇贝分易逝期及后易逝期两个阶段进行研究,分别模拟海上及陆基两个处置环节。易逝期处置条件为冷却干露,分别设置12、24及48 h 3个处理组,即E12、E24及E48;后易逝期处置是将经易逝期的活体扇贝重新置于海水中复水24 h,分别为E12’及E24’。以失重率、存活率、闭壳肌pH、糖原、ATP关联化合物、AEC值及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等为指标,对活品品质进行跟踪分析。结果显示:①易逝期干露处置的扇贝品质有不同程度下降,E48全部死亡;E12和E24具有100%的存活率,糖原含量在易逝期初期快速下降,由初始点的18.95降至12 h时的14.66 mg/g。②易逝期处置对后易逝期的扇贝活体有延迟效应,复水12 h内,体质量和糖原显著恢复,同时SOD活性显著下降,表明了应激状态的缓解;随着复水时间的延长,各项生化指标反映出活体再次进入应激状态时,E12’的活品货架期明显优于E24’。研究表明,扇贝从采捕至陆基暂养净化存在一个品质易逝期,易逝期处置对后易逝期的活品品质有延迟效应。经易逝期处置的扇贝可恢复,短时间12 h的易逝期处置更有助于扇贝恢复。有效控制易逝期条件参数,复水后活品可表现出很好的恢复性;易逝期胁迫程度越大,即便在易逝期结束时仍具有良好指标,但在后易逝期会呈现持续衰竭趋势,其活力、品质及活品货架期亦将会受影响。     

Temperature tolerance of Iceland scallop, Chlamys islandica (O.F. Müller) under controlled experimental conditions

The effects of temperature on the survival and behaviour of two size classes of Chlamys islandica was investigated in a laboratory study. The scallops were sampled in spring from three localities in Iceland, Breidafjördur (west), Húnaflói (north), and Hvalfjördur (southwest) and again in August from Breidafjördur and Hvalfjördur. Daily observations of mortality and behaviour were made over a 21‐day period at sea temperatures ranging from 7 to 16°C in spring (April–May) and 11 to 14°C in August. During the spring experiment the tolerance of scallops, as expressed by mortality and behaviour, was distinctly reduced at sea temperatures above 12°C among scallops from Breidafjördur and Húnaflói and above 13°C among scallops from Hvalfjördur. During the second set of experiments, conducted in August, scallops were transported into the laboratory from a higher sea temperature than in the spring. As a result, mortality rates were much lower demonstrated by the fact that only scallops reared at sea temperature of 14°C died. This indicates that C. islandica may tolerate somewhat higher temperatures than have been observed in Icelandic waters in recent years. However, the gradual increase in temperature during the last 10 years has brought the mean temperature close to the species' tolerance limit.     

Handling time and predation behaviour by the crab, Cancer pagurus, preying on cultured scallop, Pecten maximus

We investigated handling time, persistence time and shell‐breaking techniques by crab, Cancer pagurus (L.) (13–15 cm carapace width), offered cultured scallops, Pecten maximus(L.), within the recommended release size for bottom culture. Three shell height groups were used: 50–55, 60–65 and 70–75 mm. The results showed that the crabs managed to open scallops from all the three size groups. The median handling time in the 50–55 mm group (788 s) was significantly different from the median handling time of the 60–65 mm (2482 s) and 70–75 mm (2980 s) groups. The median persistence time increased significantly with each scallop size, from 89 s in the 50–55 mm group to 97 s in the 60–65 mm and 125 s in the 70–75 mm group. We observed a change in the shell‐breaking techniques from a dominance of smashed scallops in the 50–55 mm group to more punched and chipped scallops in the 60–65 and 70–75 mm groups. The shift in predation behaviour when crabs were offered 50–55 mm scallops compared with the larger groups is discussed in relation to strategies in the release of scallops to seabed cultures.