青海湖裸鲤繁殖群体线粒体基因组D-1oop区序列多态性

利用PCR技术扩增青海湖3个不同地区(黑马河，布哈河，沙柳河)的青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii(Kessler))线粒体D-loop基因片段，测定该基因片段1005bp序列。通过线粒体基因组D-loop区序列比较分析，对比3个不同地区的83尾青海湖裸鲤的遗传结构进行研究，共检测出多态性位     

青海湖裸鲤繁殖群体线粒体基因组D-loop区序列多态性

利用PCR技术扩增青海湖3个不同地区（黑马河，布哈河，沙柳河）的青海湖裸鲤（Cormnocypris przewalskii（Kessler））线粒体D-loop基因片段，测定该基因片段1 005bp序列。通过线粒体基因组D-loop区序列比较分析，对比3个不同地区的83尾青海湖裸鲤的遗传结构进行研究，共检测出多态性位点65个，其中有1个插入位点（b3，nt-569），2个缺失位点（s6和b37，nt-169、nt-170），多态性位点数62。3个群体内的多态性位点分别为黑马河51个、布哈河38个、沙柳河39个，平均核苷酸位点差异数分别为9.377、7.782和7.510。结果表明，不同地区的遗传距离分别为黑马河群体与布哈河群体间的平均遗传距离最小（0.01093），布哈河群体与沙柳河群体次之（0.01423），黑马河群体与沙柳河群体的遗传平均距离最大（0.01909）。3个群体间的遗传平均距离都在0.01以上，而且3个群体间总的遗传分化指数为0.01926，基因流为12.73。UPGMA法构建的分子系统树中，沙柳河群体聚成一支，黑马河和布哈河群体混杂在一起，聚成一支。从序列差异的分析中得出，沙柳河群体与黑马河和布哈河群体的亲缘关系较远；黑马河和布哈河群体亲缘关系较近。以上数据还表明，青海湖裸鲤3个繁殖群体间具有较弱的遗传分化，洄游到同一河流里进行交配繁殖的群体内基因交流作用比较大，而洄游到不同河流进行繁殖的群体间的基因交流相对较小。     

青海湖裸鲤和花斑裸鲤消化酶活力对比

本实验对比研究青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)和花斑裸鲤(Gymnocypris eckloni)消化酶活性差异。两种鱼各挑选9尾体重100g左右的鱼作为实验对象,分别检测肝胰脏、前肠、中肠及后肠中的脂肪酶、淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活性。结果表明:作为无胃鱼,两种鱼肠道消化酶活性显著高于肝胰脏,其中前肠是主要的消化器官,后肠具有较高的蛋白质消化能力。通过对比研究发现青海湖裸鲤具有较高的脂肪和糖类消化能力,而花斑裸鲤具有较高的蛋白质消化能力。     

青海湖裸鲤繁殖群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)方法对青海湖裸鲤的3个洄游繁殖群体-黑马河(HM)、布哈河(BH)及沙柳河(SL)群体各30个个体的DNA多态性进行了分析。用13个引物在三个群体中共检测出85个位点，其中多态性位点68个。青海湖裸鲤群体总的DNA多态位点百分率为80．0％。数据分析结果显示：青海湖裸鲤3个群体总的Nei基因多样性为0．3395，Shannon遗传多样性信息指数为0．4861，存在着较为丰富的遗传多样性。青海湖裸鲤3个群体间平均遗传距离为0．0788，基因分化系数Gst为0．1070，表明3个繁殖群体间产生了一定程度的遗传分化，通过UPGMA方法进行聚类分析显示，HM群体和BH群体优先聚类，表示它们之间的基因交流程度要高于它们分别与SL群体之间的交流。     

青海湖裸鲤与鲤、鲫、草鱼的随机扩增多态DNA分析

本文利用随机扩增多态DNA (RAPD)技术对 4种鲤科鱼类 ,即裂腹鱼亚科的青海湖裸鲤、鲤亚科的鲤和鲫鱼、雅罗鱼亚科的草鱼基因组DNA进行了分析 ,目的是探讨青海湖裸鲤的系统分类位置。遗传距离指数计算结果显示 ,鲤亚科 2个鱼种间的相似性显著高于青海湖裸鲤和草鱼间的相似性 ,而裂腹鱼亚科的青海湖裸鲤与另两个鲤亚科三种鱼类之间的差异 (0 876 9、 0 7145、 0 6 930 )明显高于雅罗鱼亚科草鱼与鲤亚科鲤、鲫鱼之间的差异 (0 4718、 0 5 2 18)。在此基础上讨论了RAPD技术适用性的一些问题     

青海湖裸鲤特征挥发性成分分析

为分析青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)特征挥发性成分,以体重为20 g的青海湖裸鲤作为研究对象,剖取肌肉后采用固相微萃取(SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对裸鲤肌肉挥发性成分进行分离鉴定。结果表明,在青海湖裸鲤肌肉中检测出60种化合物,包括8种醇类化合物、9种醛类化合物、5种酮类化合物、2种酸类化合物、8种酯类化合物、12种烃类化合物、12种芳香族化合物及4种其他类物质,其中芳香族化合物含量最高。结合气味活度值(OVA)分析,青海湖裸鲤肌肉挥发性气味的主要贡献化合物为1-辛烯-3-醇、己醛、辛醛、壬醛、2-癸烯醛及2,4-癸二烯醛。     

青海湖裸鲤与鲤、鲫、草鱼的随机扩增多态DNA分析

本文利用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术对4 种鲤科鱼类,即裂腹鱼亚科的青海湖裸鲤、鲤亚科的鲤和鲫鱼、雅罗鱼亚科的草鱼基因组DN A进行了分析,目的是探讨青海湖裸鲤的系统分类位置.遗传距离指数计算结果显示,鲤亚科2个鱼种间的相似性显著高于青海湖裸鲤和草鱼间的相似性,而裂腹鱼亚科的青海湖裸鲤与另两个鲤亚科三种鱼类之间的差异(0.8769、0.7145、0.6930)明显高于雅罗鱼亚科草鱼与鲤亚科鲤、鲫鱼之间的差异(0.4718、0.5218).在此基础上讨论了RAPD技术适用性的一些问题.     

基于线粒体D-loop区和COI基因序列研究2个禾花鲤群体和野生鲤群体的遗传多样性与系统进化关系

利用线粒体D-loop区和COI基因序列分析了全州禾花鲤(Quanzhou Procypris merus)、融水禾花鲤(Rongshui P.merus)和野生鲤鱼群体的遗传多样性和系统进化关系。基于D-loop区序列分析结果表明:序列长度为927～930 bp,共统计变异位点53个;A、T、G、C核苷酸平均含量分别为33.4%、32.9%、14%和19.7%,A+T(66.3%)明显高于G+C(33.7%);总体的单倍型数(h)、单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(π)分别为40个、0.95和0.008 3;遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.224 59。基于COI基因序列分析结果显示:序列长度为897～899 bp,共统计变异位点33个;A、T、G、C核苷酸平均含量分别为26.7%、28.5%、17.8%和27%,且A+T(55.2%)高于G+C(44.8%);总体的h为25个,Hd为0.91,π为0.003 16;Fst值为0.191 43。在3个群体内和群体间遗传距离分别在0.003～0.009和0.003～0.01,远小于种群分类水平0.05。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,77.54%(D-loop)和80.86%(COI)变异来自群体间变异,22.46%(D-loop)和19.14%(COI)来自群体内变异。单倍型进化树和网络图显示,全州禾花鲤和野鲤群体均存在单独聚为一支的单倍型,而融水群体未出现单独成支现象。研究表明,线粒体D-loop区作为反映3个群体间遗传多样性的灵敏度要高于COI基因,并且3个群体均属于高单倍型多样性和高核苷酸多样性。综上,3个群体间出现了较为明显的分化现象。     

都柳江粗唇种群线粒体DNA Cyt b基因和D-loop序列组成及遗传多样性

以采自都柳江40尾粗唇(Leiocassis crassilabris)个体为样品,采用PCR和DNA测序技术对粗唇都柳江种群Cyt b基因和D-loop序列进行了分析。获得了长度分别为1 118 bp、776~778 bp的粗唇Cyt b基因、Dloop序列。2段序列的碱基组成均为A+T的含量高于G+C的含量,但Cyt b基因碱基变异率(0.27%)显著低于D-loop的碱基变异率(3.34%~3.35%)。对粗唇D-loop序列结构进行了分析,识别了其终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区等的特征序列。都柳江粗唇40个个体Cyt b基因、D-loop序列中分别有3、20个多态位点,分别定义了4、10种单倍型。都柳江粗唇种群Cyt b基因和D-loop序列的单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数和平均核苷酸差异数分别为0.146、0.000 13、0.150和0.404、0.003 17、2.444。都柳江粗唇种群遗传多样性较低,开展该种鱼类种群遗传多样性的研究和保护十分必要。     

用线粒体D-loop和Cyt b基因序列分析拉氏(鲮)3个群体的遗传结构和遗传分化

用线粒体DNA的D-loop和Cytb基因序列分析方法研究了吉林延吉、敦化和辽宁法台3个区域的29尾拉氏鱼岁Phoxinus lagowskii Dybowsky的遗传多样性.经PCR扩增和测序,获得了783～785bp D-loop和818bpCyt b的同源序列.两者多态性遗传参数统计显示,29尾个体分别存在47(D-loop)和89(Cyt b)个变异位点,分别检测出15 (D-loop)和1l(Cyt b)个单倍型,总群体单倍型(Hd)分别为0.8966 (D-loop)和0.8990(Cyt b),核苷酸多样性指数(Px)分别为0.0246(D-loop)和0.0498 (Cyt b),平均核苷酸差异数(K)分别为19.2857(D-loop)和40.7365(Cytb).分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,79.02％(D-loop)和81.69％(Cyt b)变异来自群体间,20.98％(D-loop)和18.31％(Cyt b)来自群体内.单倍型呈明显的地理差异,分成2个分支,一个以延吉群体为主,一个以法台群体为主.拉氏(鲮)的遗传多样性水平较高,群体间遗传分化明显.该结果可为拉氏(鲮)的种质资源保护提供参考.     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来，我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐，参与市场竞争，努力提升企业和产品竞争力，经济社会事业发展较快，对国家的贡献提升，职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善，示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓，战略定位与发展方向不明，经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑，没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系，投资匮乏，发展后劲不足，人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状，提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估，改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作，改革时机的选择，处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系，调整好内部利益分配关系，自觉融入区域经济，与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展，建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.