鄱阳湖通江水道翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)的生物学参数估算

利用2012年3月-2013年2月在鄱阳湖通江水道进行的定置网渔获物调查的数据，运用软件FiSAT II对翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)的生长参数以及种群补充模式进行了估算。结果显示，鄱阳湖通江水道翘嘴鲌体长范围为93-645 mm；体长(L, mm)和体重(W, g)的关系式为W = 0.9×10-5L3.029 (R2=0.975, n = 317)，von Bertalanffy生长方程的各参数：渐近体长L∞= 677.25 mm，生长系数K= 0.140，理论生长起点年龄t0 = -0.854。总死亡系数Z=1.514/a，自然死亡系数M=0.173/a，捕捞死亡系数F = 1.341/a。鄱阳湖通江水道翘嘴鲌开发率E=0.886，资源处于过度利用状态。种群补充模式表明，鄱阳湖通江水道翘嘴鲌种群补充期在4–8月。因此，建议适当延长鄱阳湖的禁渔期，以利于其资源的恢复与保护。     

鄱阳湖刀鲚繁殖群体生物学参数及生长特性的初步分析

基于渔业资源调查数据,运用软件FiSATⅡ分析了鄱阳湖刀鲚繁殖群体的生物学参数及生长特性。分析结果表明,鄱阳湖刀鲚体长16.0~38.1cm;体长和体质量的关系式为m=0.002L3.139(r=0.949;P0.05;n=1014),von Bertalanffy生长方程的各参数为:渐近体长为40.95cm,生长系数为0.240,理论生长起点年龄t0=-0.568。鄱阳湖刀鲚的拐点体质量为67.94g,平均丰满度为0.29±0.04(0.14~0.49),总死亡系数为1.36a-1,自然死亡系数为0.52a-1,捕捞死亡系数为0.84a-1。鄱阳湖刀鲚开发率为0.61,处于资源过度利用状态。     

鄱阳湖刀鲚生殖群体特征及状况分析

研究鄱阳湖刀鲚群体的生殖特征和条件状况,为制定开发利用渔业资源的政策提供基础资料,以实现鄱阳湖刀鲚资源的可持续开发和保护。2013、2014年4-7月,分别在鄱阳湖及湖口八里江段进行了实地渔业资源调查,随机抽样定置网、流刺网和拖网采集的鄱阳湖刀鲚样本共658尾,测量了体长、体重、净重、性腺重和性别。雌性287尾、雄性371尾,体长18.6~38.1 cm、体重16.3~198.2 g。雌性刀鲚的体长和体重均大于雄性(P0.01),雌、雄个体的体长和体重差异均为极显著(P0.01)。随着体长的增加,雌雄体重差异越大;同等体长的雌性体重大于雄性。6月中旬、下旬的刀鲚卵巢发育仍参差不齐,有些可挤出卵粒,已发育到Ⅳ期末和Ⅴ期,有些还处在Ⅳ期初,但成熟系数在2.0以下的个体数量已显著减少。绝对繁殖力为960~13 820粒,相对繁殖力为123.4~753粒/g。平均丰满度为0.30±0.03(0.19~0.45)。鄱阳湖刀鲚雌雄比在1∶1.25~1.44,表现出雄多雌少的现象;刀鲚繁殖种群已呈现出逐渐变小的趋势,资源已出现严重的过度利用。     

鄱阳湖鲤的年龄与生长特征

为了解大型通江湖泊鄱阳湖中鲤(Cyprinus carpio Limaeus)的种群状况,根据2001年采集的448尾标本,对鲤的年龄和生长特征进行了研究.鄱阳湖鲤鳞片上的年轮表现为切割与疏密特征,尤以切割为主.渔获物群体平均体长为32.6 cm,平均体重为941.7 g,年龄结构为0+～4+龄,其中3+龄以下个体约占94.0%.鳞径(R)与体长(L)的关系为L=6.7963+29.421R(r=0.9128),体重(W)与体长(L)的关系为形=0.0219L3.0018(r=0.9979),拟合的Von Bertalanffy生长方程参数为L∞=97.26 cm,W=20315.39 g,k=0.2073,t0=-0.7841.与其它水域相比,鄱阳湖鲤生长较快,其生长拐点年龄为4.52龄,建议将其捕捞年龄确定在4.5龄左右.与20世纪70年代相比,鄱阳湖鲤表现出小型化趋势,应采取实施春季禁渔制度、控制捕捞强度、提高捕捞年龄、保护湖滩草洲生态环境等措施,实现渔业资源增殖.     

鄱阳湖刀鲚的渔汛特征及渔获物分析

通过探究鄱阳湖刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)的渔汛特征和渔获物现状,为有效地保护其种群资源提供科学依据。2013-2014年在鄱阳湖设置3个调查点,对刀鲚进行逐月采样调查,共取样986尾、41.54 kg,随机抽样调查不同捕捞网具的整船次鄱阳湖刀鲚渔获物数据,测量体长、体重等生物学参数。采用Pearson相关分析刀鲚单船日渔获重量WB与水文因子关系。结果表明,鄱阳湖刀鲚体长范围为17.9~38.1 cm,其中21.2~23.6 cm是优势体长组,占总个体数的37.02%;体重范围为14.3~198.2 g,其中25~40 g是优势体重组,占总个体数的57.20%。鄱阳湖刀鲚体长L(cm)和体重W(g)幂函数方程为:W=0.0019L3.1378(R2=0.8997;n=986;P0.01)。湖口水域刀鲚出现时间主要集中在每年的5-6月,高峰期在6月,7月很少见;单船渔获数量NB为(3.2±4.1)尾/d,单船渔获重量WB为(0.12±0.11)kg/d。湖口水域刀鲚单船渔获重量WB与该水域水位、流量均呈显著正相关(P0.05),WB与水位的相关性更为显著。与历史资料相比,鄱阳湖刀鲚渔获规格以小个体居多;渔汛稍有推迟,持续时间大幅度缩短;种群规模急剧缩小,表明刀鲚资源正在严重衰退。     

长湖短颌鲚的年龄与生长特性

2014年采集自湖北长湖的479尾短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)样本,研究了长湖种群的年龄结构和生长特性。短颌鲚的耳石和鳞片均可用于鉴定短颌鲚年龄,且两者鉴定年龄的吻合度达到75.8%。长湖短颌鲚种群的年龄组成为1~4龄,其中1~3龄鱼为主,占总样本量的96.0%。短颌鲚属匀速生长型,其体重和体长的关系为:W=6.290×10-6L2.855(n=479,R2=0.959,P0.01),且无明显性别差异。长湖短颌鲚体长与体重的生长符合Von Bertalanffy生长方程:L_t=332.869[1-e-0.213(t+1.775)],W_t=99.940[1-e-0.213(t+1.775)]2.855,其生长拐点为t=3.15龄。为了可持续开发利用长湖短颌鲚渔业资源,建议捕捞规格提高到体长200 mm。     

鄱阳湖通江水道越冬时期鱼类群落的栖息地适宜性分析

鄱阳湖通江水道是多种洄游性鱼类完成生活史过程的重要通道, 具有重要的生态功能, 对于长江中下游鱼类资源的养护及其多样性维持至关重要。为了解越冬时期鄱阳湖通江水道中不同体长鱼类资源的空间分布规律及栖息生境状况, 本研究将鱼类声学探测、生境遥感定量制图分析和三维水动力模拟相结合, 分别绘制出 3 种不同体长鱼类群落的水深(SI_D)、流速(SI_V)、坡度(SI_S)等单因子生境适宜度指数曲线, 并利用乘积法建立栖息地适宜性指数(habitat suitability index, HSI)模型, 对通江水道中不同水域的鱼类生境适宜度进行对比和评估。结果表明, 鄱阳湖通江水道越冬时期鱼类平均全长为(10.1±5.73) cm, 主要分布在屏峰山以北的湖口县、鞋山和屏峰附近 3 个水域; 小体长鱼类群组(1~20 cm)水深的生境适宜度曲线为双峰型, 最适宜水深包括 3.06~4.59 m 和 9.18~12.24 m 两个区间, 流速为 0.05~0.13 m/s, 坡度为 0~2.23°; 中等体长组(20~40 cm)及大体长组(＞40 cm)鱼类适宜的水深、流速和坡度的生境适宜度曲线均为单峰型, 其中中等体长组最适宜栖息的生境因子范围为水深 9.18~13.77 m、流速 0.05~0.13 m/s 和坡度 0~2.23°, 大体长组为 13.77~15.3 m、0.10~0.13 m/s 和 0~2.23°。     

鄱阳湖鲤鱼、鲫鱼的生长及捕捞种群结构分析

2018年6～10月在鄱阳湖湖区鄱阳、都昌、瑞洪及星子水域对397尾鲫鱼、575尾鲤鱼样本进行了生物学测定。在采集的样本中,鲫鱼最大体长25.5 cm,最大体重651 g;鲫鱼最小体长6.9 cm,最小体重12 g。鲤鱼最大体长为87 cm,最大体重18500 g;最小体长11.5 cm,最小体重31g。数据分析结果显示:鄱阳湖湖区鲤、鲫鱼体长体重关系为式为W_(鲤鱼)=2E-0.5L~(3.0445)(r=0.9951,n=575)、W_(鲫鱼)=2E-0.5L~(3.0383)(r=0.9939,n=397);在鄱阳湖湖区鱼类捕捞季节,鲤鱼、鲫鱼其捕捞规格分别以10～59.9 cm、10～14.9 cm为主,分别占70.25%和63.98%。     

鄱阳湖翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)的生物学参数及资源量的估算

研究基于鄱阳湖渔业资源调查数据，运用软件FiSAT II对翘嘴鳜的生物学参数及其资源量进行了初步估算。结果显示，鄱阳湖翘嘴鳜体长范围为77-526 mm；体长和体重的关系式为W = 1.888´10-5L3.042(R2=0.951, n=577)，von Bertalanffy生长方程的各参数为: 渐进体长L∞ = 551.25 mm，生长系数K = 0.210，理论生长起点年龄t0 = -0.601。总死亡系数Z=1.06/a，自然死亡系数M=0.44/a，捕捞死亡系数F=0.62/a，最适开捕体长为150 mm。鄱阳湖翘嘴鳜开发率E = 0.58，处于资源过度利用状态。鄱阳湖翘嘴鳜的初始资源量估算高达1.92´104 t，最大可持续产量MSY为4384.93 t。鄱阳湖翘嘴鳜群体中补充群体和低龄剩余群体的比例明显增加，低龄化和小型化趋势凸显，资源衰退问题突出，但生长潜力依然存在。应采取降低对鄱阳湖翘嘴鳜繁殖群体的捕捞强度、保护产卵场等积极措施来保护这一珍贵的渔业资源。     

鄱阳湖鲫的年龄与生长特征

以鳞片作为年龄鉴定材料,对鄱阳湖鲫的年龄结构以及生长特性进行了研究。结果显示:鄱阳湖鲫种群由5个年龄组(1a～5a)构成。体重(W,g)与体长(L,mm)的关系式为:W=5*10-5L2.887;体长与鳞径(R,mm)的关系式为:L=32.61R+6.634。生长规律可用Von Bertalanffy生长方程描述:Wt=776.9599*(1-e-0.14238(t+0.31961))2.887、Lt=294.8954*(1-e-0.14238(t+0.31961)),体重生长拐点年龄t0=7.13a。鄱阳湖鲫的生长参数与其他湖泊中相比,生长系数(k)较小,表明鄱阳湖鲫生长缓慢,从退算体长来看,鄱阳湖鲫表现出小型化趋势,建议采取加强春季禁渔期管理、控制捕捞强度、提高捕捞年龄、保护湖滩草洲生态环境等措施,实现渔业资源增殖。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.