对紫菜自由丝状体接种育苗的几点认识

作者曾从事紫菜自由丝状体接种育苗技术的研究,并随团赴日考察,现就自由丝状体直接采苗和接种育苗的沿革及其利弊,作一简单论述,供生产单位参考。1 紫菜自由丝状体及其直接采苗的沿革 紫菜自由丝状体又叫紫菜游离丝状体,是指紫菜叶状体放散的果孢子,不钻进含石灰质的贝壳,在玻璃瓶的洁净海水中生长形成的丝状体。这一现象是在英国德鲁、日本黑木宗尚、中国曾呈奎、张德瑞等研究紫菜生活时发现的。以后日本的岩奇利用玻璃器皿把丝状体培育出叶状体,而且发现在含营     

紫菜优良品系苗种培育技术

引进优良品系“申福2号”坛紫菜及“太空1号”条斑紫菜,对其苗种培育关键技术进行了研究及示范推广.将“申福2号”坛紫菜及“太空1号”条斑紫菜自由丝状体用搅碎机60 ～120 S切碎成300～500μm的藻丝段,喷洒于平铺的贝壳上,密度约为500段/cm2,进行移植贝壳培育.并对移植后的贝壳丝状体采用控制光时、光强、温度等调控措施,结果显示:坛紫菜“申福2号”在水温26 ～29℃下,获得丝状体贝壳10972.5 m2;条斑紫菜“太空1号”在水温22 ～21℃下,获得丝状体贝壳60 m2;两个品系的丝状体成熟率均达40％以上.在显微镜(10×10倍)下观察,成熟的坛紫菜丝状体经10 h的夜间海水刺激,一滴孢子水(面积约204.1 mm2)一个视野(面积约3.14 mm2)平均80个壳孢子;条斑紫菜丝状体经7d左右的池水搅动刺激,采苗帘—根纱头一视野平均20个壳孢子,采苗效果良好.采苗后的养成面积,坛紫菜“申福2号”为12194亩,条斑紫菜“太空1号”为29亩.     

条斑紫菜贝壳丝状体培育中的几项技术措施

紫菜栽培生产中的苗种培育，其实质是对紫菜贝壳丝状体生长发育进行调控管理的过程 ，包括了由果孢子发育到丝状藻丝生长、壳孢子形成与放散的管理。近年来，在紫菜贝壳丝 状体培育中普遍遇到了果孢子采苗缺种藻、病害及壳孢子采苗不顺利等问题。本文根据多年 的研究与生产实践，针对上述问题所应采取的技术措施及方法作一介绍。1 果孢子采苗　　选择优良品系，获取良种种质进行种苗培育，是紫菜良种化栽培的关键之一。目前条 斑紫菜果孢子采苗有两种途径：由成熟的叶状体(种藻)获取果孢子接种贝壳；由自由丝状体 接种贝壳。1.1 果孢子接种…     

紫菜人工栽培技术

1人工栽培紫菜的生长过程紫菜的人工栽培分丝状体培育和叶状体养成2个阶段。丝状体培育阶段：春末取成熟的叶状体经阴干刺激后,放入盛有海水的容器内放散果孢子,当放散量达到要求时,捞出叶状体。把孢子水按一定比例喷洒到已放有贝壳的培育池内，果孢子即附着到贝壳上，萌发钻人贝壳内生长成丝状体。秋季水温下降时，贝壳内丝状体成熟并放散壳孢子，将维尼仑网帘放入培养池内采苗，     

条斑紫菜果孢子和自由丝状体的贝壳丝状体的比较实验

紫菜丝状体的培养,岩崎(1961、1963)报道过甘紫菜(Porphyra tenera)自由丝状体在人工培养液中的形态特征及其生活史,并对自由丝状体采苗,培养技术作了介绍。在日本利用自由丝状体作为推广纯种的主要手段,对于纯化养殖种群,收到了很好的效果。我国近年来对自由丝状体的利用进行了研究,陈国宜(1980)直接用坛紫菜自由丝状体采苗成功,王素平等(1983)对条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)自由丝状体的生态以及     

条斑紫菜壳孢子采苗的四大误区

近年来，江苏省南通市的条斑紫菜（Porphyra yezoensis Ueda）养殖发展迅速。2005年全市养殖面积创历史记录，达7598hm^2，已成为全国最大的紫菜养殖基地，同时，条斑紫菜贝壳丝状体培育面积达12万m^2。但是，因各紫菜育苗场的技术水平参差不齐，常有育苗、壳孢子采苗失败等问题出现，影响了紫菜生产。笔者根据自己多年的实践经验，提出了条斑紫菜壳孢子采苗前后丝状体培育及壳孢子采苗时易出现的四大误区，供紫菜育苗场以及壳孢子采苗技术人员参考。     

条斑紫菜壳孢子采苗前贝壳丝状体的显微观察

在条斑紫菜栽培生产中,作为种苗培育的贝壳丝状体(图1)发育状态是否与壳孢子采苗(图2)的时间同步十分重要,这关系到培养的贝壳丝状体能否完成壳孢子采苗,保证海区栽培生产的顺利进行。由于贝壳丝状体凭肉眼较难正确判断,需借助溶壳及显微观察,才能确定生产中应采取的措施,确保     

紫菜人工养殖试验情况

一、丝状体的培育 1、种菜来源：一是地种(第二代)，二是去年3月2日从福建省晋江县紫菜场运回。2、种菜选择：健壮无病害，果孢子比较成熟的藻体，经过滤海水洗过2-3次，除去藻体表面杂物，然后散开阴干。     

浅谈紫菜自由丝状体接种育苗的利与弊

作者一直从事紫菜研究工作,曾从事紫菜自由丝状体接种培育技术的研究,并随中国渔业协会代表团赴日本考察。现就自由丝状体直接采苗和接种育苗的沿革及其利弊,作一扼要的论述。     

对条斑紫菜贝壳丝状体人工育苗的几点看法

紫菜人工育苗有三种方式，即贝壳丝状体人工育苗、自由丝状体直接采苗、体细胞有苗。目前生产上应用的是贝壳丝状体人工育苗。据笔者实践，并结合有关专业技术人员的经验和教训，简述对紫菜贝壳丝状体人工育苗的几点看法。1影响贝壳丝状体生长的主要因素有温度、光照、营养盐比重、pH值等。在生产管理中必须随时注意这些因素的变化，使之符合藻丝各生长阶段的要求1．1温度的控制9月份温度变化较大，特别是“白露”降温季节池内水温低于22．5℃时苗易早熟，并自然放散，出现“跑苗”现象，影响了采苗生产。1993年我市采苗单位就遇到了这样的…     

Use of quicklime to increase oyster seed production

A single application of quicklime (calcium oxide), spread at a rate of 6.75 metric tons/ha, was used to prepare dormant oyster setting beds for spat production. Of 2 000 ha in Long Island Sound, Connecticut, U.S.A., 1200 ha had sufficient shells to cover at least 75% of the bottom. However, these shells had a continuous fouling organism layer that would prevent significant oyster setting. Many beds had predator populations of sea stars (Asterias forbesi) and oyster drills (Urosalpinx cinerea and Eupleura caudata). Quicklime cleans the shells by killing fouling organisms, and also controls sea stars and embryonic oyster drills.When the supply of clean shells for annual spreading on the setting beds is limited, use of the quicklime method prepares greater quantities of shells for possible oyster set.     

Bacteriological and physico-chemical analysis in a bivalve hatchery: Techniques and preliminary results

The bacteriological and physico-chemical methods used in the survey of a bivalve hatchery are presented and the preliminary results discussed. It was concluded that food, through its contribution of nutrient salts and bacteria, had a major influence on larval culture.The physico-chemical characteristics of sea water were not modified by heat or filtration treatments. The bacteria were not always eliminated from sea water by filtration and were sometimes more numerous after treatment.In effect, the larvae were raised in an artificial environment subject to marked fluctuations which had mechanical and biological origins. This survey must be complemented by a qualitative bacteriological study and the establishment of critical values for the physico-chemical parameters involved in the culture of these bivalve larvae.     

丁字湾养殖海域化学指标与营养状况的分析与评价

本文根据1987年对虾养殖期间丁字湾海域的调查结果,以 IN、IP、COD和 DO为指标参数分析了该海域有机质和营养盐的污染状况和营养类型。分析结果表明,大面积对虾养殖排出的虾塘废水,能引起丁字湾海域有机质和营养盐的严重污染和富营养化,并且这种污染程度和营养类型有明显的季节变化。本文对丁字湾海域的赤潮能否形成也进行了预测。     

Nitrite Toxicity to Litopenaeus vannamei in Water Containing Low Concentrations of Sea Salt or Mixed Salts

The uptake, depuration and toxicity of environmental nitrite was characterized in Litopenaeus vannamei exposed in water containing low concentrations of artificial sea salt or mixed salts. In 2 g/L artificial sea salts, nitrite was concentrated in the hemolymph in a dose-dependent and rapid manner (steady-state in about 2 d). When exposed to nitrite in 2 g/L artificial sea salts for 4 d and then moved to a similar environment without added nitrite, complete depuration occurred within a day. Increasing salinity up to 10 g/L decreased uptake of environmental nitrite. Nitrite uptake in environments containing 2 g/L mixed salts (combination of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium chlorides) was similar to or lower than rates in 2 g/L artificial sea salt. Toxicity was inversely related to total dissolved salt and chloride concentrations and was highest in 2 g/L artificial sea salt (96-h medial lethal concentration = 8.4 mg/L nitrite-N). Animals that molted during the experiments did not appear to be more susceptible to nitrite than animals that did not molt. The shallow slope of the curve describing the relationship between toxicity and salinity suggests that management of nitrite toxicity in low-salinity shrimp ponds by addition of more salts may not be practical.     

地下井盐水的碱化处理及材料选择

地下井盐水的pH<7.0。因此,利用地下井盐水进行海水养殖,将pH调控到正常范围是一个必须的工艺。在封闭或半封闭的养殖体系中,贝壳材料被用于H 的处理。作者探讨的是地下井盐水进入海水养殖体系之前,水中的H 处理方法,所需要的材料的种类,性能及其用量,并做了相关的数据测定和性能评价,其中包括天然的贝壳,珊瑚,以及人工合成的CaCO3,CaMg(CO3)2和MgCO3。为地下井盐水中H 的处理提供了技术依据,测定出了相关的技术参数。     

西江广东鲂产卵场水质营养盐现状与评价

2003-2006年在西江广东鲂(Megalobrama hoffmanni)主要产卵场-封开青皮塘渔场和郁南罗旁渔场的6个点,进行了4次水质监测,据此分析水域营养现状与污染情况。结果表明,青皮塘和罗旁渔场水域溶解氧充足,化学需氧量较低,受到耗氧有机物的污染较小,无机磷浓度均低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类水质标准;两产卵场无机氮(DIN)含量均较高,近4年单因子指数均大于1,水域DIN浓度均高于《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水质标准,部份监测点超过Ⅴ类,两产卵场主要受氮污染。采用营养指数法及有机污染指数法进行综合评价,两产卵场的水质均达到了清洁水平。     

Microflora of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.): gastrointestinal microflora of free-living fish and effect of diet and salinity on intestinal microflora

Abstract. The adherent aerobic bacterial flora present in the gastrointestinal tract and faeces of free-living Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), from Lake Takvatn, Northern Norway, were identified both qualitatively and quantitatively. Approximately 10⁵ bacteria g⁻¹ were found in both the small and large intestines. The predominant bacterial species were identified as Aeromonas , Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcus and Lactobacillus. Other microorganisms isolated included Acinetobacter, Cytophaga, Flavobacterium, Moraxella, Pseudomonas, Vibrio , Coryneforms and Streptococcus. The intestinal microflora of free-living fish was dominated by Aeromonas and Lactobacillus , but the intestinal bacterial flora of wild fish transferred to hatchery was affected by feeding them either a capelin roe diet or a commercial feed in fresh and sea water. Approximately 55% of the bacterial flora in intestinal contents from fish fed the capelin roe diet was Enterobacteriaceae when the fish were held in fresh and sea water. However, when the wild-caught charr were fed a commercial diet in fresh water, Aeromonas and Pseudomonas dominated in faeces, while Vibrio and Pseudomonas were predominant in the diet group held in sea water.     

虾夷马粪海胆的海区渡夏、室内中间培育及工厂化养成↑（*）

１９９３年７月～１９９７年５月,在夏季采用网袋、网箱开展虾夷马粪海胆Ｆ２代稚海胆的海区渡夏,壳径日平均生长量比室内提高３３．６％～６１．６％;采用网箱平面培育方法进行Ｆ２代稚海胆室内中间育成和Ｆ３代稚海胆室内中间育成中试,壳径的日平均生长量随时间呈下降趋势,为０．５３×１０－２～１．４６×１０－２ｃｍ／ｄ,体重日平均生长量呈上升趋势,介于２．３２×１０－２～１０．７２×１０－２ｇ／ｄ之间,培养中密度过大会降低海胆的成活率并导致疾病发生;采用立体水槽开展陆地工厂化养成,经１３个月,海胆壳径由１．１６ｃｍ增至５．９８ｃｍ,体重由０．４７ｇ增至６１．０ｇ,性腺指数达１８．０％。     

渤海近20年来营养盐变化趋势研究

通过对1982、1992、1998年渤海近20年来营养盐类的变化趋势分析得出，近20年来渤海的营养盐类均发生了不同程度的变化，20世纪90年代活性磷酸盐含量与80年代相比处于较低水平。硅酸盐含量处于波动状态，80年代硅酸盐含量处于较高水平，90年代初处于较低水平，到90年代末又有所回升。无机氮含量基本呈逐渐升高趋势。渤海的营养结构均发生了显著变化，表现为N／P比值升高，SUN比值下降。渤海水域氮限制的状况正在逐步向磷限制方向演化，若按此趋势演化，必将造成磷和硅限制。近年来黄河断流减少了主要由风化过程产生的硅的入海量，以及农用化肥的流失总量并未改变，是造成上述变化趋势的主导因子。但对于一些近岸水域，因大量生活污水和工业废水的排放，有时会造成局部水域的富营养化，使近年来渤海近岸水域时有赤潮发生。     

Effects of Salinity,Commercial Salts,and Water Type on Cultivation of the Cryptophyte Microalgae Rhodomonas salina and the Calanoid Copepod Acartia tonsa

Marine aquaculture facilities positioned far from the sea need access to seawater (SW); hence, commercial salts are often the chosen solution. In marine hatcheries, most fish larvae require live feed (zooplankton) that are in turn fed with microalgae. The objective of this research was to investigate the applicability of commercial salts and clarify the potential effects on the cultivation of the microalga Rhodomonas salina and the copepod Acartia tonsa. Three commercial salts were tested, Red Sea Salt (RS), Red Sea – Coral Pro Salt (CP), and Blue Treasure Salt. R. salina was cultured at salinities of 10, 20, and 30 psu resulting in equal growth rates at salinities 20 and 30 in SW and RS mixed with deionized (DI) water. The optimum salinity for R. salina was 29 psu. For A. tonsa eggs, we observed highest hatching success in 30 psu with CP or RS mixed with DI water. The egg hatching success was not affected by salinities 15–40 and optimal hatching was obtained at 27 psu. Results confirm it was possible to use commercial salts for rearing of both R. salina and A. tonsa, widening the application of these species for aquaculture facilities without access to SW.