Community participation in conserving and managing inland waters

• 1. Many international and national bodies have stressed the need for community participation in the conservation and management of inland waters. Community participation is needed for three basic reasons: to implement management measures difficult to enforce without community support; to act as a mechanism in protecting inland waters through support of conservation bodies; and, through voluntary actions, to monitor, restore and rehabilitate inland water‐bodies.
• 2. It is important to conserve and manage inland waters because of their many values and uses. To participate fully in conservation and management measures, the community needs to (a) recognize the importance of inland waters as a part of the global hydrological cycle, (b) have some knowledge of the nature and effects of major human impacts on inland waters, and (c) be aware of certain legal issues.
• 3. The ‘community’ is heterogeneous in nature but community groups of similar interest can be recognized. They vary from small, local action groups, through national groups to international bodies. They provide advice to and support government actions; others oppose and seek to change government actions. Community involvement can be at various levels, from the relatively inactive to the vigorously proactive.
• 4. Environmental education of the community should begin in childhood, continue at school and other educational institutions, and last throughout life. Information on the conservation and management of inland waters is available from many sources, but a powerful, modern source is the World Wide Web.
• 5. Four case studies are discussed with particular reference to community participation: Lake Washington and Mono Lake in the US (successful outcomes), the Aral Sea in central Asia and Lake Pedder in Australia (unsuccessful outcomes).

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大力发展休闲渔业充分发挥渔业的多功能性

本文对黑龙江省休闲渔业的发展现状作了简要介绍,详细分析和阐述其发展规模、效益、类型、投资及发展区域等情况。通过调查研究,指出现阶段休闲渔业发展在基建产权、归口管理、冬钓规模和文化品味等方面存在的不足和问题,并针对这些不足和问题提出要采取加强政策扶持、服务力度、文化建设及开拓创新等措施,以推进黑龙江省休闲渔业健康快速发展。     

What are the prospects for black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro) aquaculture in salt‐affected inland Australia?

Black bream are a highly regarded sport and table fish, and there has been considerable interest in their aquaculture potential for the salt‐affected agricultural regions of inland southern Australia. In many ways they are an ideal candidate species for inland saline aquaculture because they appear to be very hardy, hatchery techniques are well established for them, and high survival rates have been maintained under a variety of culture conditions and feeding regimes. However, their slow growth rate needs to be increased by at least 33% for black bream to become an economically viable aquaculture species. Growth is amenable to genetic improvement, and sub‐adult growth rate shows moderate heritability and no adverse genetic correlations with other production traits. Nevertheless fillet yield is comparatively low, and in conjunction with unpredictable and early sexual development in culture, industry‐scale meat production remains problematic. These obstacles, however, do not preclude the use of black bream as a recreational fish species for inland saline waters, where their stocking may provide an additional source of rural income and relieve fishing pressure on depleted estuarine populations.     

Reconciling traditional inland fisheries management and sustainability in industrialized countries, with emphasis on Europe

In northern industrialized countries, the inland fisheries sector has long been dominated by recreational fisheries, which normally exploit fish for leisure or subsistence and provide many (poorly investigated) benefits to society. Various factors constrain the development and existence of inland fisheries, such as local user conflicts, low social priority and inadequate research and funding. In many cases, however, degradation of the environment and loss of aquatic habitat are the predominant concerns for the sustainability of inland fisheries. The need for concerted effort to prevent and reduce environmental degradation, as well as conservation of freshwater fish and fisheries as renewable common pool resources or entities in their own right is the greatest challenge facing sustainable development of inland waters. In inland fisheries management, the declining quality of the aquatic environment coupled with long‐term inadequate and often inappropriate fisheries management has led to an emphasis on enhancement practices, such as stocking, to mitigate anthropogenic stress. However, this is not always the most appropriate management approach. Therefore, there is an urgent need to alter many traditional inland fisheries management practices and systems to focus on sustainable development. This paper reviews the literature regarding the inputs needed for sustainability of inland fisheries in industrialized countries. To understand better the problems facing sustainable inland fisheries management, the inland fisheries environment, its benefits, negative impacts and constraints, as well as historical management, paradigms, trends and current practices are described. Major philosophical shifts, challenges and promising integrated management approaches are envisaged in a holistic framework. The following are considered key elements for sustainable development of inland fisheries: communication, information dissemination, education, institutional restructuring, marketing outreach, management plans, decision analysis, socioeconomic evaluation and research into the human dimension, in addition to traditional biological and ecological sciences. If these inputs are integrated with traditional fisheries management practices, the prospects for sustainability in the inland fisheries will be enhanced.     

Introduced and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Greece

Over the last 7 decades, 23 exotic fish species have been introduced into the inland waters of Greece. Some introductions were deliberately planned to take advantage of particular ecological or economic qualities of the species concerned. These include rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus sp., vendace, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes). Other introductions, such as that of pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus (L.), and false rasbora, Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel), were unintentional. Further transfers were made of species between various basins within the country, including common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., tench, Tinca tinca (L.), crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch), bitterling, Rhodeus amarus (Bloch), and Aristotle's catfish, Silurus aristotelis Garman. Some species have become fully acclimatized and have built up important populations. In other cases, the transfers and introductions have had considerable negative impacts, particularly where introduced species have outcompeted native forms, as in the cases of the mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard), versus Greek toothcarp, Valencia letourneuxi (Sauvage), in the western Greek marshes, and of Aristotle's catfish versus the wels, Silurus glanis L., in Lake Volvi.     

内陆渔业生态系统的碳循环特征及碳汇机制

渔业是水体生态系统中惟一可控的有效增汇产业, 碳汇渔业是水体生态系统中惟一的“碳汇产业”。为了更好地把握内陆渔业生态系统碳循环及碳汇机制的特征, 目前的重点研究应包括内陆渔业水域生态环境(包括自然水域和池塘)中碳循环的规律, 碳赋存形态的归转, 各类水产品生物对碳汇的贡献途径和份额以及相应的计量体系和评价模型等; 同时, 希望合理地估算及测定内陆渔业水体、水–气界面间CO2通量, 把握内陆渔业水域生态系统碳源/碳汇的动态, 进而构建内陆渔业水域生态系统的环境碳/生物碳/碳通量时空变化的信息库。     

内陆水域鱼类放养捕捞模型及应用

用矩阵形式描述了放养捕捞的数学模型，对主要变量－回捕率的估测方法（渔获物年龄组成法、历史放养捕捞数据法和标志回捕法）进行了说明。用渔获物年龄组成和历史放养捕捞数据法，估算了大伙房水库鲢、鳙的牧养回捕率，还对目前牧养群体资源研究中参数求解问题提出了相应的见解。     

Review of trends in the development of European inland aquaculture linkages with fisheries

Aquaculture is a multifaceted, dynamic food production sector in Europe. The average annual growth rate of aquaculture production in Western Europe was 5.5% between 1988 and 1998, while in Eastern Europe production declined by 56% during the same period. The main growth in aquaculture production has taken place in the marine environment, particularly in the expanding salmon, Salmo salar L., industry of Northern Europe. Inland aquaculture only contributed 19% of the total aquaculture production in 1998. Trout in Western Europe, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in Eastern Europe are the dominant species in inland aquaculture. Inland fisheries production has been stagnant in Western Europe and has declined considerably in Eastern Europe. The importance of recreational fisheries is increasing all over Europe, although no reliable data are available on angler catches. The major interactions between aquaculture and fisheries are pollution by untreated effluents from farms and impacts on indigenous fish stocks. The conflict is decreasing as more advanced systems are used in inland aquaculture, including water recirculation and effluent treatment. The positive benefit of aquaculture is that the sector supports extensive stocking programmes in commercial and recreational fisheries all over Europe.     

Trace elements in waters of inland,low‐salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama

Trace element concentrations in waters of 10, inland, low‐salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama tended to be greater than those found in normal seawater – molybdenum, boron and silicon were exceptions. Concentrations of most trace elements varied greatly among ponds on individual sampling dates, and average concentrations based on all sampling dates in individual ponds also varied considerably. The analytical method used, digestion of water samples in nitric acid followed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry, measured total concentrations of trace elements – free ions, hydrolysis products, ion pairs, coordination compounds (chelated forms) and particulate forms. Free ions are the toxic forms of most trace elements and the ionic concentration is much less than the total concentration of a trace element. Based on total concentrations of trace elements, it is doubtful that free‐ionic concentrations of trace elements were great enough to harm shrimp. The fact that no negative correlations were noted between trace element concentrations and shrimp survival and production supports this conclusion. However, positive correlations (P < 0.05) between shrimp survival and production and increasing concentrations of zinc, cobalt and iron should be investigated further to ascertain if additions of these elements to ponds might improve shrimp performance.     

Fishing tourism,biodiversity protection and regional politics in the River Tornionjoki,Finland

Abstract Salmon, Salmo salar L., fishing involves a broad range of interest groups and is thus a challenge for fisheries governance. This article focuses on the natural River Tornionjoki between Finland and Sweden, the most important wild salmon river in the Northern Baltic Sea. The marine salmon fisheries have been restricted to protect the declining wild salmon stocks and secure catches for fishing tourism. River fisheries interest groups have been absent from the salmon committees, but have taken other measures to influence salmon fisheries politics. This social movement has achieved its aims only partly, because of counteractions by the coastal commercial fishers and their associations. A forum for enabling dialogue between stakeholders is recommended to reduce tensions between the commercial fishery and tourism industry.     

福建省近海渔业管理目标的比较

应用Schaefer和Fox剩余产量模式及其由此衍生的生物经济模式和Gulland最适产量Y0．1模式，分别估算了福建省近海海洋捕捞业的最大持续产量，最大持续捕捞力量，最适产量，最适捕捞力量，最大经济产量，最大经济捕捞力量，最佳经济效益，并对各模式计算的诸项经济指标进行比较，建立了渔业管理3种模式，并根据福建省近海渔业实际情况和渔业发展趋势 ，提出实现3种管理目标的实施步骤。     

Fisheries and conservation assessment of sharks in Pacific Panama

1. In Panama, shark fisheries were initially developed in the 1980s and progressively increased in production in the 1990s mainly due to the high demand for shark fins and meat from the international Asian market. Since then, and despite the exploitation rate (average 3,514 t year^–1) and endangered status of some species, shark fisheries have seldom been studied, and official statistics are general or incomplete and not suitable for the development of appropriate conservation and management strategies.
2. To understand the dynamics of shark fisheries in Panama, field surveys were conducted between 2007 and 2009 at several landing ports of small‐scale and industrial fisheries, at fish processing plants and on‐board fishing vessels in Pacific Panama, where most of the fishing vessels of the country operate.
3. In general, it was found that the artisanal and industrial fisheries of the Pacific coast of Panama regularly exploit at least 18 species of sharks, which are also being exploited by neighbouring countries in the eastern Pacific, suggesting the importance of coordinated conservation initiatives across the multiple jurisdictions. A large number of the individuals caught were immature, implying a certain level of impact on recruitment rates. This pattern was particularly evident in species such as Sphyrna lewini, for which immature individuals represented at least 99% and 63% of the total catch by small‐scale and industrial fisheries, respectively. Catch per unit of effort analyses showed that Carcharhinus and Sphyrna species were the most exploited (representing ~80% of the catches) by industrial fisheries in Panama between 2006 and 2009, suggesting that fishery management should provide special attention to these groups.
4. It is expected that the information presented here provides a baseline to develop new regulations, including the implementation of annual quotas and fishing seasons and the protection of nursery areas, for the long‐term sustainability and conservation of sharks in Panama.

     

休闲渔业的现状与在我国的发展对策

20世纪60年代以来，休闲渔业在一些经济较为发达的沿海国家和地区迅速崛起，将休闲、娱乐、旅游、餐饮等行业与渔业有机结合为一体，提高了渔业的社会、生态和经济效益，形成一种新型产业。休闲渔业已经成为现代渔业的重要组成部分，并在渔业资源保护、促进渔民增收、调整渔业产业结构等方面都有其不可忽视的作用。然而，作为一种新兴产业的发展，必然要有配套的规划和管理，本文对这一问题进行了深入研究，并提出了一些对策。     

福建莆田近海鲻鱼渔业现状及秋冬季产卵群体特点

本文主要根据2010年11月—2011年2月福建莆田近海流刺网作业鲻鱼生产调查资料,分析秋冬季渔获鲻鱼产卵群体组成、性腺成熟度分布等生物学特点及鲻鱼生产基本情况。结果表明:秋冬季(11月至翌年1月)是鲻鱼产卵盛期,也是鲻鱼渔业生产旺季;鲻鱼产卵群体主要为流刺网作业所利用,渔获群体优势叉长450～550 mm;近岸众多的流刺网作业过度捕捞亲鱼是造成鲻鱼资源量不断减少的主要原因之一。为更好地保护和利用莆田近海鲻鱼资源,建议进一步开展流刺网及张网作业对鲻鱼资源合理开发利用的专项调查研究。     

浙江沿海渔业资源放流增殖的回顾与展望

本文对20世纪50年代以来浙江沿海渔业资源的放流和增殖(移植)工作进行了综述,总结了近20年来实施对虾、海蜇、石斑鱼、大黄鱼、黑鲷等增殖放流的经验和教训,并对存在的问题和今后的工作提出了建议。     

From endangered to sustainable: Multi‐faceted management in rivers and coasts improves Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations in Denmark

The status of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., over the last decades has been of concern across its entire distribution area. Its anadromous nature exposes the species to human pressures in both freshwater and marine environments, and over long periods, thus exacerbating its decline. Given its value within the food industry, the recreational angling community as well as culturally, the status of Atlantic salmon is regarded as a matter of national and international conservation interest, providing great incentive for its management. The literature currently lacks specific examples of successful and unsuccessful management strategies and practices for Atlantic salmon populations at a broader scale. To address this, the present article describes how the multi‐faceted management approach taken for Danish Atlantic salmon, which included changes in legislation, stocking practices, habitat restoration, population genetics and barrier removals, successfully rehabilitated salmon populations in four major Danish rivers. Specific recommendations are provided for the successful management of Atlantic salmon elsewhere.     

Economic evaluation of inland fisheries in England and Wales

Recreational inland fisheries are recognized to have considerable socio-economic benefits, not only for individuals participating directly but also for others in both local and wider communities. In England and Wales the Environment Agency (EA) has a duty to maintain, improve and develop inland fisheries. At present, there are no recent economic evaluations of the whole range of UK inland fisheries for the EA to refer to when confronted with resource issues. There is a particular need to explore the benefits of fisheries to the wider community, in order to secure more resources for management and protection of fisheries. Preliminary results from a multi-modular project to study the economic values associated with recreational fisheries in England and Wales are presented. Topics examined included recreational anglers' consumer surplus, general public non-use values of fisheries, social benefits of recreational fishing and impacts of fisheries on local communities.     

福建沿海8种作业捕捞“综合能力”的比较研究

根据2000和2002年福建沿海捕捞生产调查资料,对8种作业不同功率级别渔船的捕捞“综合能力”进行比较分析。应用数据包络分析(DEA)法,采用实际产量与实际产值2个产出因子和技术、资金等多种要素投入进行计量。结果表明:福建沿海8种作业各功率级别渔船“能力利用度”的变化范围为58·4%~100%,平均85·7%。其中张网、笼壶、单船底拖网、流刺网和灯光围网作业对给出投入因子的利用率较高,其次是钓具和双船底拖网作业,最低为虾拖网作业。无偏“能力利用度”的变化范围为36·9%~100%,平均71·8%。其中灯光围网、张网和钓具作业渔船的“无偏能力利用度”较高,其次是流刺网和单船底拖网作业,较低是虾拖网和笼壶作业,最低为双船底拖网作业;在不改变现有投入配置情况下,单船底拖网、笼壶和张网作业依靠加强管理来提高捕捞能力比较有限,而虾拖网、流刺网、灯光围网、钓具和双船底拖网作业,通过加强管理则可使其捕捞能力得到不同程度的提高;可变投入对不同作业捕捞“综合能力”的发挥有较大制约作用,不变投入对不同作业捕捞“综合能力”的影响程度相对较小;当前福建沿海单位功率小于220kW的渔船及单位功率小于300kW的双船底拖网和灯光围网作业潜在的捕捞“综合能力”较大,应作为捕捞结构调整的重点对象;决策单元(DMU)的集合度越高,DEA法计量的“能力利用度”增大。反之,所得的“能力产量”和“能力产值”降低。     

Environmental and fishing effects on the abundance,size and sex ratio of the blue‐throated wrasse,Notolabrus tetricus,on South Australian coastal reefs

Abstract The blue‐throated wrasse, Notolabrus tetricus (Richardson), is a site‐attached protogynous hermaphroditic species, with a small home range of 1000–2000 m², and the most abundant fish on inshore coastal reefs of South Australia. Long‐term studies over 18–24 years were conducted at an island reserve site and a fished mainland reference site. At the reserve site the retention rate of fish (reduced by mortality + emigration) was directly correlated with female mean size; the female:male sex ratio ranged from 10 to 20:1, consistent with an induction‐inhibition model of sex‐change. At the fished reference site, female mean size declined under intense fishing, and the sex ratio became strongly skewed towards females. Additional spatial surveys over >2000 km of coast showed that: (1) juvenile and adult abundance was variously determined by habitat features, such as substratum‐type, depth, bottom relief, wave exposure and algal canopy cover, and by geographical factors, such as distance off‐shore and within gulfs; and (2) that female mean size and the sex ratio were strongly influenced by recreational fishing, and to a small extent by bottom relief and other factors. The results suggest that female mean size and the sex ratio together can be used as an indicator of recreational fishing intensity at local scales. As populations of sequential hermaphroditic species are sensitive to size‐selective harvesting, management measures should aim to prevent sperm limitation, reproductive failure and skewed sex ratios in this species.