中湿度表面的海洋细菌对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响

为研究自然微生物膜中海洋细菌对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响,通过海洋贝类生物学、分子微生物生态学等手段调查附着基表面湿度、微生物膜的密度以及细菌种属系统发育与厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)稚贝附着关系。结果表明,所有测试海洋细菌形成微生物膜的最终密度随初始密度的增加而增加。所测海洋细菌均能不同程度地诱导厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着,其中Cobetia sp.3形成的微生物膜显示出最高诱导活性,其诱导的稚贝附着率为(70%±3%);Nautella sp.2、Pseudoalteromonas sp.9、Pseudoalteromonas sp.10、Bacillus sp.5和Pseudoalteromonas sp.11等5株细菌表现中等程度的诱导活性,其诱导的附着率范围为51%~60%。所有测试菌株所形成的微生物膜密度与稚贝附着均呈显著相关,尤其是Pseudoalteromonas sp.9和Cobetia sp.3诱导活性与附着率相关性极强,其相关性系数分别为0.774 1和0.723 3。系统发育分析结果表明,微生物膜密度和厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着率显著相关,然而海洋细菌诱导活性与细菌种属无关。因而,中湿度表面的海洋附着细菌对厚壳贻贝的附着有着明显的促进作用,本研究为后续开展厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着机制提供了理论依据。     

硅烷化表面海洋细菌对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响

为探讨厚壳贻贝稚贝对自然微生物膜中海洋细菌的附着行为反应,本论文研究了厚壳贻贝（Mytilus coruscus）稚贝附着与硅烷基化附着基表面、微生物膜密度以及细菌种属系统发育之间的相互关系。研究表明所测海洋细菌均能显著促进厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着;其中Staphylococcus sp. 1和Cobetia sp. 1表现出较低诱导活性,且这两株细菌形成的微生物膜密度与稚贝附着率之间无显著相关性;其他7株海洋细菌均表现出中等程度诱导活性,且所形成的微生物膜密度与稚贝附着率之间呈显著相关性。系统发育分析表明所测海洋细菌对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的诱导活性与细菌种属无关。因而,硅烷基化表面的海洋附着细菌对厚壳贻贝附着有着显著性促进作用,本研究将为后续开展厚壳贻贝稚贝附着机制奠定了基础。     

不同来源海洋弧菌微生物被膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响

为探讨广泛存在于近海环境中海洋弧菌和贝类附着的相互作用关系,实验从自然微生物被膜和厚壳贻贝成体肠道内分离了海洋弧菌,测定其种属及亲缘性,调查了这些不同来源弧菌形成的微生物被膜与厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的调控作用。结果显示,测试弧菌形成的微生物被膜密度随着初始细菌密度的增加呈现不同程度的增加。源于自然微生物被膜和贻贝肠道内的10株弧菌均能显著促进厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着,不同菌株形成微生物被膜的诱导活性存在显著差异,附着率变化范围为17%~67%,其中稚贝在Vibrio sp.17微生物被膜上的附着率为67%±2%。微生物被膜对稚贝附着诱导活性与被膜密度呈显著相关性,其中弧菌V.crassostreae ECSMB14106的相关性系数最高,为0.8992。此外,微生物被膜的诱导活性与弧菌的来源无关。本实验初步探明了海洋弧菌对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响,有助于进一步理解微生物被膜调控厚壳贻贝的附着分子机理。     

弧菌生物被膜的动态演替对厚壳贻贝附着的影响

为探讨生物被膜动态演替过程中如何影响海洋无脊椎动物附着,实验选取了对厚壳贻贝附着具有不同诱导活性的弧菌Vibrio cyclitrophicus、V. chagasii和Vibrio sp. 22形成单一生物被膜,观察弧菌动态演替中生物被膜细菌密度、膜厚度和胞外产物等生物学特性变化,探究其对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响。结果显示,弧菌生物被膜动态演替过程中,被膜细菌随着时间推移出现聚集现象,细菌密度和膜厚度也随着时间变化呈先增多后减少。除了Vibrio sp. 22,V. cyclitrophicus和V. chagasii生物被膜细菌密度和膜厚度与稚贝附着均有不同程度的相关性。所测弧菌生物被膜胞外产物的显微激光共聚焦结果分析发现,胞外多糖随着时间先增多,然后开始下降。相对比而言,胞外蛋白和胞外脂质无显著性变化。因而,胞外多糖变化规律与稚贝在被膜上附着变化相一致,表明胞外多糖是生物被膜动态演替过程中调控厚壳贻贝附着的重要因素。本实验初步探讨了生物被膜动态演替特征及其对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响,对于后续进一步在海区开展生物被膜的动态演替与海洋底栖动物附着相互关系研究具有重要的学术价值,同时对于人工鱼礁礁体生物附着机理的研究具有重要的实践价值。     

微生物膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响

为研究微生物膜在厚壳贻贝稚贝附着过程中的作用,通过海洋化学生态学和分子微生物学方法分析了微生物膜形成过程中其干重、附着细菌密度、底栖硅藻密度、叶绿素a含量等随日龄变化情况及其对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响。同时,利用DGGE指纹图谱技术对不同日龄微生物膜中的细菌群落结构多样性进行了分析。结果发现,微生物膜的干重、附着细菌密度及底栖硅藻密度明显随着日龄的增加而增加,在28 d达到最高值,其干重、细菌和硅藻密度分别为0.87 mg/cm2、1.5×107/cm2、1.0×106/cm2,均与日龄显著相关。叶绿素a含量在14 d时达到最大,为2.2μg/cm2,随日龄的增加呈持续下降的趋势,相关性分析表明叶绿素a含量与日龄无直接关系。随着日龄的增加,微生物膜诱导的稚贝附着率逐渐增加,28 d时达到最高值,为76%。相关性分析显示,微生物膜的活性与干重、附着细菌密度及底栖硅藻密度显著相关,其相关性系数分别为0.717、0.711和0.754。然而,微生物膜的附着诱导活性与叶绿素a无直接相关性。细菌群落结构在厚壳贻贝稚贝附着过程中发挥了重要作用。     

细菌运动性对生物被膜的动态演替及其对厚壳贻贝附着的影响

为研究海洋细菌的运动性在生物被膜形成和贝类附着过程中的作用,本研究以厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)为研究对象,开展了海洋假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas marina)野生型菌株和ΔcheW菌株不同时间段的运动性能分析,调查了运动性能不同的细菌形成生物被膜的膜厚、细菌密度以及胞外产物的动态变化,探究了其生物被膜的动态演替对厚壳贻贝附着的影响。研究发现,野生型菌株和ΔcheW菌株在6、12、24、48、72和96 h等不同时间的运动性能差异显著(P<0.05)。同时,对2株菌株形成菌圈的半径进行测量发现,随着时间的变化,菌圈的半径不断增加,均在96 h达到最大。整体上,野生型菌株在不同时间段形成的菌圈大于ΔcheW菌株。在运动性的作用下,2株菌株随着时间的变化形成生物被膜的细菌密度及膜厚在48 h达到最大值,在72 h后开始扩散。在运动性的影响下,野生型菌株在不同时间段形成的生物被膜对厚壳贻贝附着诱导效果显著高于ΔcheW菌株。在运动性介导下,2株菌株形成生物被膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着率随着时间变化呈现先增长后减少的趋势,在48 h达到最高,在72 h后开始降低,这一结果与不同时间段下形成生物被膜的胞外产物变化一致,且胞外产物分泌与细菌运动性密切相关。因此,运动性影响生物被膜的形成,且在生物被膜动态演替过程中介导了生物被膜的膜厚、细菌密度以及胞外产物的分泌,从而影响了厚壳贻贝的附着。本研究为后续开展细菌运动性、生物被膜形成和厚壳贻贝互作机制研究奠定了基础,为海洋经济物种的生产养殖提供了技术支撑。     

厚壳贻贝人工繁殖技术的研究

厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)是我国贻贝的主要养殖品种,其苗种主要依靠天然苗种和半人工采苗获得。2006年浙江海洋学院于嵊泗县石柱育苗厂,首次突破了厚壳贻贝规模化全人工繁殖和稚贝海区中间培育技术。研究结果表明,厚壳贻贝亲贝通过室内强化培养,经人工催产可获得成熟受精卵,受精率可达95%。在水温16℃时,受精卵在受精后25min出现第一极体,受精后39h50min发育至直线绞合幼虫期,胚胎孵化率达92%,在水温15.8～21℃的条件下,经39d室内人工培育,获平均壳长0.694mm的附着稚贝1304.7×104ind;附着稚贝经102d海区中间培育,获平均壳长13.95mm的稚贝404.46×104ind,海区保苗成活率达31%。该研究结果为今后厚壳贻贝大规模苗种生产奠定了重要理论和技术基础。     

维生素B7和B12对细菌生物被膜形成及厚壳贻贝幼虫变态的影响

为探究B族维生素对海洋细菌生物被膜形成、海洋贝类幼虫变态所产生的作用,本研究首先使用维生素B7 (VB7)和B12 (VB12)直接刺激厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)幼虫,观察其对变态的直接诱导活性;然后通过添加VB7和VB12,与海假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas marina)共同形成生物被膜,分析B族维生素对生物被膜形成及其生物学特性的影响;同时检测生物被膜变化对厚壳贻贝幼虫变态发育的影响。研究结果显示,0.02 mmol/L浓度VB7和VB12可以直接诱导厚壳贻贝幼虫的变态,且效果最为显著(P<0.05);0.02 mmol/L浓度VB7和VB12处理后的海假交替单胞菌生物被膜对幼虫附着变态的诱导作用均显著提高(P<0.05);进一步通过细菌密度计数、膜厚度分析、可拉酸染色和定量等方法,揭示VB7和VB12处理后生物被膜细菌密度、膜厚度以及胞外多糖、蛋白和脂质均显著增加(P<0.05)。研究结果证实,VB7和VB12可能通过改变海洋细菌生物被膜的生物学特性,进而调控厚壳贻贝幼虫变态发育。本研究为探究厚壳贻贝幼虫附着变态的分子机制提供了新的理论依据和创新思路,同时为B族维生素在提高厚壳贻贝人工育苗技术、改善厚壳贻贝养殖产业问题和促进海洋牧场生态修复建设等方面的应用提供了理论基础。     

不同温度下形成的深海菌膜对厚壳贻贝幼虫变态的影响

为探讨深海细菌生物被膜对温度的适应性及对厚壳贻贝幼虫变态的影响,分别在4、18、25、37°C条件下培养生物被膜,调查温度对细菌密度、膜厚和胞外产物等生物学特性的影响,以及被膜对幼虫变态发育的影响。结果显示,4个温度条件下产生的生物被膜均可有效促进幼虫变态发育。其中,深海菌株Virgibacillus sp. 1在18°C时生物被膜的变态诱导活性最高(35%),且α胞外多糖含量较高,诱导活性与温度和细菌密度均显著相关;同时温度与其细菌密度和膜厚均显著相关。2株深海假交替单胞菌诱导活性与细菌密度均显著相关,温度仅影响Pseudoalteromonas sp. 33细菌密度。研究表明,3株深海细菌均有很好的温度适应性,且都能形成生物被膜;温度变化导致生物被膜的生物学特性改变,最终影响其对幼虫的诱导效果。     

杂交贻贝同工酶表达的初步分析

运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对2种贻贝(厚壳贻贝、紫贻贝)稚贝及通过人工培育所得的二者的杂交后代稚贝同工酶表达状况进行分析.结果显示,所检测5种酶(SOD、MDH、ME、ATP、ADH)在上述3种贻贝中的表达极为相似,MDH在3种贻贝中除r迁移率相同的条带外,在紫贻贝中表达出迁移率较小、表达较弱的条带;SOD和ATP仅在厚壳贻贝中表达出比另外2种多1条迁移率最大的条带,ME则表现为紫贻贝少1条中间的条带,ADH在杂交贻贝和紫贻贝中表达完全相同,厚壳贻贝虽也表现为3条酶带,但迁移率明显不同.试验结果说明,厚壳贻贝和紫贻贝具有较近的亲缘关系,其杂交后代与二者均有一定的相似性,这与传统的分类方法所得的结论相一致.     

Effects of Dual Microalgal Species Biofilms on New Zealand Black-Footed Abalone (Hailotis iris) Larval/Post-Larval Processes

Dual microalgal species biofilms with distinct amino acid characteristics were tested for their effects on abalone (Haliotis iris) initial attachment, metamorphosis, settlement, and survival. Nine microalgal species, isolated from around Auckland, New Zealand, were grown in the laboratory, and used to produce nine dual microalgal species biofilms. Abalone larvae were exposed to the different biofilm treatments and controls (no biofilms) for seven (attachment and metamorphosis) and 14 (settlement and survival) days. The larvae performed significantly better in the dual microalgal biofilms compared to controls, and some biofilms resulted in better attachment, metamorphosis, settlement, and survival than others. For example, the best-performing biofilms almost always contained cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria cf. erythrata, Anacystis cf. aeruginosa, and Schizothrix cf. calcicola), which are attributed with better nutritional values. However, the amino acid profiles did not produce a clear pattern with regard to their effects on the four larval processes. Instead, total amino acid (TAA) content was positively correlated with percentage of attachment and metamorphosis. Greater TAA contents are likely to reflect greater amounts of extra-cellular polymers within the biofilms, which are suggested to improve larval performance.     

添加外源益生菌对大菱鲆育苗生物饵料菌群结构的影响

为评价在大菱鲆育苗生产中添加外源益生菌对生物饵料轮虫和卤虫微生物菌群结构的影响,运用基于illumina HiSeq平台的高通量测序技术对添加益生菌和按照生产流程正常强化的轮虫、卤虫进行了菌群结构的分析和对比。添加外源益生菌的实验组轮虫和卤虫中的菌群物种多样性均明显高于对照组。在轮虫强化过程中,不同时期的对照组样品中菌群结构差异较明显,优势细菌种类变化较大。而添加外源益生菌后的各时期实验组轮虫菌群结构很相似,优势菌群的种类更为丰富,Lactococcus sp.、Pseudoalteromonas sp.和Alteromonas sp.等一直是各实验组中的优势细菌。在卤虫强化过程中,各对照组样品的菌群结构高度相似,优势细菌Cobetia sp.的相对丰度高达54%~65.2%。而在添加益生菌后,各实验组中的菌群结构仍高度相似,但Cobetia sp.的比例下降至4.3%~25.3%,最优势的细菌为Pseudoalteromonas sp.和Alteromonas sp.等几种,菌群结构中的物种均匀度更好。研究表明,在轮虫和卤虫强化过程中添加外源益生菌,能够改变生物饵料的菌群结构,使生物饵料中的细菌种类均匀度更好,并使菌群结构趋于稳定。     

脂多糖对细菌生物被膜形成及厚壳贻贝幼虫变态的影响

为探究脂多糖(LPS)对海洋细菌生物被膜形成、海洋贝类幼虫变态所产生的作用,本研究使用不同浓度的LPS直接刺激厚壳贻贝幼虫,观察其对幼虫附着变态的直接作用;同时在海假交替单胞菌形成生物被膜的过程中添加不同浓度的LPS,通过分析生物被膜生物学特性的变化,及变化后的生物被膜对厚壳贻贝幼虫附着变态的影响。研究结果显示,3种浓度的LPS均可直接诱导厚壳贻贝幼虫的变态;10 mg/L浓度LPS处理后的生物被膜其细菌密度、膜厚明显降低(p<0.05),胞外产物中多糖(如可乐酸)、脂类显著增加(p<0.05),同时其对幼虫变态的诱导作用也显著提高(p<0.05),因此推测,在厚壳贻贝幼虫的附着变态过程中,LPS具有直接诱导作用;除此之外,脂多糖还可以通过调控生物被膜胞外物质,特别是可乐酸的生成,从而间接影响厚壳贻贝幼虫的附着变态。     

Effects of beneficial bacteria on biomass,photosynthetic parameters and cell composition of the microalga Muriellopsis sp. adapted to grow in seawater

The present study evaluated the effects of five bacterial isolates from the microalga Muriellopsis sp. on the microalgal biomass concentration (g/L), specific growth rate (K), photosynthetic quantum yield (QY), non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ), maximum relative electron transport rates (rETR max) and levels of nutritional components such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and carotenoids in Muriellopsis sp. cultivated in seawater under indoor and outdoor conditions. The bacterial strains were Microbacterium sp. Dom 1; Pseudomonas sp. Dom2; Microbacterium sp. Dom 3; Rhizobium sp. Dom 4; and Dietzia sp. Dom 5, as well as the Pseudoalteromonas sp. (SLP1), a bacterium known to promote the growth of microalgae. At the laboratory level, inoculation of the strains SLP1, Dom 1, Dom 3 and Dom 5 resulted in higher specific growth rates and biomass of the microalga. Subsequently, the best results were obtained with a combination of the selected bacterial strains (Dom1, Dom 3, Dom5 and SLP1) under outdoor culture conditions improved the biomass, proteins, carbohydrates and total carotenoids in 22.12%, 48.28%, 19,25% and 48.27%, respectively, compared to cultures without the incorporation of the selected bacteria (control), while no effects were observed on the photosynthetic parameters. Thus, it was demonstrated that positive associations of the selected bacterial strains played an important role in the production of Muriellopsis sp. acclimatized to grow in seawater. This is of crucial importance, especially in desert areas, where solar radiation is high and freshwater is a limited resource.     

Initial Attachment,Metamorphosis, Settlement,and Survival of Black‐footed Abalone,Haliotis iris,on Microalgal Biofilms Containing Different Amino Acid Compositions

Microalgal biofilms with different amino acid profiles were investigated for their ability to induce abalone, Haliotis iris, attachment, metamorphosis, shell stage, and survival. Twenty microalgal strains, isolated from rocky shores and sandy estuaries, were grown in the laboratory to produce young and matured monospecific biofilms. Abalone larvae were exposed to the different biofilm treatments and controls (no biofilms) for 7 (attachment and metamorphosis) and 14 (shell stage and survival) d. The larvae performed significantly better in biofilms compared with controls across microalgal strains, but attachment, metamorphosis, shell stage, and survival were generally less than about 50, 35, 25, and 25%, respectively. Some microalgal strains belonging to the same species but collected from different sites had different effects on the larvae, likely due to variations in biochemical composition and activity among strains. Although no clear relationship was found between the microalgal amino acid profiles and larval processes, percentage biofilm cover and total amino acids were positively correlated with some of these processes. In addition, abalone performed significantly better when exposed to mature compared with young biofilms. These results may be due to the greater amounts of microalgal cells and their extracellular polymers within older biofilms, which may cue larvae toward more nutritionally favorable environments.     

PCR‐DGGE analysis of the autochthonous gut microbiota of grouper Epinephelus coioides following probiotic Bacillus clausii administration

The autochthonous microbiota in the foregut, midgut and hindgut of juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides following the dietary administration of probiotic Bacillus clausii for 60 days were assessed using polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE). A complex and generally similar bacterial composition along the digestive tract of E. coioides was detected in the DGGE profiles, while several bacteria showed regional specialization. Similarity dendrogram revealed that the bacterial composition of the foregut was more similar to the midgut than the hindgut. Samples collected from the probiotic group and the control group showed generally similar DGGE patterns, while no significant difference in the total number of bands and Shannon index were observed between the probiotic group and the control group, suggested that probiotic B. clausii exerted no significant effect on the gut microbiota of E. coioides. However, various potentially beneficial bacteria, such as Enterococcus sp.‐like and Bacillus pumilus‐like bacterium were selectively stimulated by probiotic B. clausii, while some potential harmful species, like Staphylococcus sp.‐like and Vibrio ponticus‐like bacterium were depressed. These indicated that the gut microbiota was modified to some degree by probiotic B. clausii. Sequences analysis showed that the autochthonous gut bacteria of E. coioides could be classified into four groups, i.e. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and unclassified bacteria.