长江流域典型支流生境健康评价

河流生境健康的准确评估可以为河流生态系统的保护与修复提供重要依据。以长江流域典型支流雅砻江、赤水河、乌江以及汉江为研究对象,对各支流的生境状况进行调查评估,探索影响不同支流生境状况的主要因子,从而为长江流域河流生境保护和修复提供支撑。从河流物理生境形态、河流岸边带生境和水环境特征3个方面选取了10个指标,构建河流生境评价的指标体系。基于该评价体系,2017年8-9月对4条支流的162个断面进行了调查并对河流生境进行了综合评估。评价结果表明,雅砻江、赤水河、乌江、汉江的河流生境综合指数（RHI）分别为124.7、158.5、137.8、135.5,其中赤水河评价等级为“优”,其他河流评价等级均为“良”。人类活动、河岸植被覆盖、河道蜿蜒度等是影响各支流生境变化的主要驱动因子。建议强化支流国土空间管控,建立自然保护区,对具有重要生态服务功能的支流河段开展生态修复。     

降低鱼类饵料系数的技术

<正>在养殖生产中,要想提高经济效益,措施之一就是降低饵料系数,降低养殖成本。饵料系数也就是饵料转换率,涉及鱼类摄食、消化、吸收和转化。我们从事鱼类养殖和繁育工作多年[1-4],积累了一些经验,现总结如下,以期对生产提供指导意见,降低生产成本,提高养殖效益。1把握鱼种发育阶段一般来说,幼鱼阶段随摄食和消化器官功能发育完善,对食物消化吸收率提高,饵料系数逐渐降低;成鱼阶段用于生长、繁殖和运动的耗能增加,饵     

人工诱导花鳗鲡卵巢发育成熟及相关激素和组织的作用

采用多次肌肉注射黄体生成素释放激素(luteinizing hormone releasing hormone,LHRH-A2)和鲤脑垂体匀浆(carp pituitary extract,CPE)的方法诱导花鳗鲡卵巢发育成熟。在任意挑选的15尾实验组鱼中,5尾卵巢发育完全成熟,平均性腺系数(gonadosomatic index,GSI)为(20.9±5.04)%(最大达到27.3%);5尾卵巢发育至成熟期,平均GSI为(7.2±2.86)%;5尾卵巢发育至卵黄生成期,平均GSI为(2.32±1.5)%;而对照组的性腺停留在未发育的Ⅱ期[GSI为(1.18±0.39)%],这表明注射的激素能诱导雌性花鳗鲡性腺发育直到完全成熟。检测卵巢发育过程中脑垂体GtH的mRNA水平,血清中类固醇激素水平以及肝脏和消化道组织学变化。结果表明,脑垂体中GtHα、LHβ和FSHβ的mRNA水平随着卵巢的发育而逐渐增加,在卵巢发育成熟后下降,其中GtHα和LHβ的含量在卵巢发育成熟时虽比发育时期略有下降,但仍然呈现高表达量,而FSHβ在卵巢发育成熟时的表达量极低,几乎检测不到。血清雌二醇的含量在卵巢开始发育和卵黄生成期时的含量...     

天鹅洲长江段底栖动物的群落结构与季节变化

探究长江天鹅洲白鱀豚国家级自然保护区长江段底栖动物的群落结构及季节变化,可为该区域水生生物的保育和管理工作提供基础资料和科学依据。2014-2015年,按季节在干流江段设置16个采样站位,进行底栖动物调查和水质理化指标测定,并同步收集当月水位信息。结果表明,4次调查共检出底栖动物53种,其中水生昆虫28种,软体动物9种,寡毛类9种,甲壳动物4种,其他类群3种,常见种为日本沼虾、钩虾、栉水虱、米虾、河蚬、淡水壳菜、多足摇蚊、环足摇蚊和齿斑摇蚊。底栖动物存在较为明显的季节演替,且种类组成较为简单,以小个体的物种和活动能力较强的甲壳类为主。低水位时,生境异质性的升高有利于底栖动物多样性的增加;而高水位时生境异质性的降低,则对底栖动物的多样性不利。水位的升高以及流量的增大,有利于活动能力较强的甲壳动物生存和扩散。底栖动物的密度、生物量以及多样性处于较低水平,与该河段地处下荆江、河道演变剧烈、生境不稳有关,密度水平与长江中游的沙市、黄石断面接近,表明目前底栖动物密度处于较低水平是一种常态现象。     

莱州湾中国明对虾增殖放流策略研究

为了解增殖放流中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)生长、分布、摄食和食物竞争等状况,2011年5月至2012年4月在莱州湾进行了9次底拖网调查,其中仅4个航次的调查捕获了中国明对虾。体重瞬时增长系数的计算结果表明,7月份是莱州湾放流中国明对虾的快速生长期,7月底至8月初达到生长拐点,以后生长减慢。其活动和分布规律表明,中国明对虾放流后经过一段时间的生长和适应后才开始溯河,8月初移出河道向深水扩展,集中分布在莱州湾西部,8月中旬主要集中在莱州湾的西部和湾口,9月初至10月中旬主要分布在莱州湾湾口和湾外。中国明对虾成虾的摄食范围较广,是偏重摄食底栖动物饵料的杂食性种类,摄食生态位宽度与三疣梭子蟹接近;与三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)及莱州湾渔业资源群落中的8种重要种类都存在中等程度或严重的食物竞争,食物竞争主要源自对双壳类饵料的竞食。本研究为探讨中国明对虾增殖放流的适应性管理策略提供了科学依据。     

莱州湾中国明对虾增殖放流策略研究

为了解增殖放流中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)生长、分布、摄食和食物竞争等状况, 2011 年 5 月至 2012 年 4 月在莱州湾进行了 9 次底拖网调查, 其中仅 4 个航次的调查捕获了中国明对虾。体重瞬时增长系数的计 算结果表明, 7 月份是莱州湾放流中国明对虾的快速生长期, 7 月底至 8 月初达到生长拐点, 以后生长减慢。其活动 和分布规律表明, 中国明对虾放流后经过一段时间的生长和适应后才开始溯河, 8 月初移出河道向深水扩展, 集中 分布在莱州湾西部, 8 月中旬主要集中在莱州湾的西部和湾口, 9 月初至 10 月中旬主要分布在莱州湾湾口和湾外。 中国明对虾成虾的摄食范围较广, 是偏重摄食底栖动物饵料的杂食性种类, 摄食生态位宽度与三疣梭子蟹接近; 与 三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)及莱州湾渔业资源群落中的8种重要种类都存在中等程度或严重的食物竞争, 食 物竞争主要源自对双壳类饵料的竞食。本研究为探讨中国明对虾增殖放流的适应性管理策略提供了科学依据。 关     

虾夷扇贝动态能量收支模型参数的测定

本研究以虾夷扇贝为实验生物,介绍了动态能量收支(dynamic energy budget,DEB)模型5个关键基本参数的测定及计算方法,分析了方法的利弊及注意事项,为贝类DEB模型参数的准确获取提供参考方法。采用壳长与软体部湿重回归法计算虾夷扇贝的形状系数δm;采用静水法测定不同温度条件下虾夷扇贝的呼吸耗氧率,计算阿伦纽斯温度TA参数;采用饥饿法测定、计算单位时间单位体积维持生命所需的能量[]、形成单位体积结构物质所需的能量[EG]和单位体积最大储存能量[EM]3个参数。室内饥饿实验持续60 d,直至呼吸耗氧率及软体部干重基本保持恒定。结果显示,壳长(SL)与软体部湿重(WW)的回归关系式为WW=0.0118SL3.4511(R2=0.9365),根据公式V=(δm L)3,对软体部湿重的立方根和壳长进行线性回归,所得的斜率即为形状系数δm值(δm=0.32);获得不同规格的虾夷扇贝耗氧率与水温(热力学温度,K)倒数的线性回归关系,线性回归方程斜率的绝对值为阿伦纽斯温度TA,平均为(4160±767)K。饥饿实验结束时,软体部干重和呼吸耗氧率分别降低了56%和81%。虾夷扇贝的耗氧率稳定在0.17 mg/(ind·h),经计算获得[]=25.9 J/(cm~3·d);饥饿持续30天之后,虾夷扇贝软体部干重基本维持在(0.25±0.01)g,经计算获得[EG]=3160 J/cm~3,[EM]=2030 J/cm~3。动态DEB理论是基于能量代谢的物理、化学特性而建立的,体现了生物能量代谢的普遍性规律,能够反映摄食获取能量在不同发育生长阶段的能量分配情况。但是,DEB模型参数的测定及计算比较复杂。基本参数的准确获取将影响其他参数以及模型的准确性。本研究为虾夷扇贝DEB模型的构建奠定基础。     

赤水河河源段栖息地现状评价及修复对策探讨

对受损栖息地进行保护与修复是复苏河湖生态环境的重要举措。本文以赤水河河源段为研究区域，综合考虑区域内小水电拆除对鱼类栖息地的影响，依据AHP-熵权法，筛选了金沙鲈鲤、青石爬鮡、圆口铜鱼、岩原鲤、昆明裂腹鱼、长薄鳅六种优先保护鱼类，构建了基于河流地貌特征、水文、水质及鱼类等四方面的河道栖息地健康评价指标体系，建立了多尺度赤水河河源段栖息地综合评价标准。评价结果显示该河段仅30%河道栖息地为较好状况，50%河道栖息地处于一般状况，20%河道栖息地处于较差状况。小水电拆除可以有效恢复鱼类栖息地，但其质量仍需进一步提升，结合对研究区栖息地现状评估结果，可采取河道清理、卵砾石注入、河段平面形态修复等五种修复对策。     

黄河下游湿地演变与实测径流相关性研究

探索不同类型河道湿地面积与水文站实测径流量的相关性，为黄河流域生态保护修复和管理工作提供支撑。选择黄河下游花园口-利津河段为研究对象，基于1986、1990、2000、2010和2020年5期遥感解译黄河下游湿地的类型、面积和格局，分析湿地动态变化及原因，结合黄河下游重要水文站实测径流量数据，探索黄河下游不同类型河道湿地面积变化与径流相关性。结果表明：（1）河流水面湿地为黄河下游河段湿地的主要组成部分，占湿地面积的45.9%~65.9%；（2）黄河下游河段的湿地面积从上世纪80年代至今虽然呈现萎缩趋势，面积减少约35.6%，但萎缩速度在不断减缓，湿地面积逐渐趋于稳定；（3）黄河下游游荡型、弯曲型和顺直型河段的湿地面积与径流量的相关性存在差异。游荡型和弯曲型河段河流水面面积与流量均呈正相关关系，但变化幅度不同，顺直型河段河流水面面积受流量的影响较弱，游荡型、弯曲型河段和顺直型河段滩地面积随径流量增大而减少，减少幅度各有差异，3种河段在不超过某一流量下，河流湿地的面积保持稳定，而超出一定流量范围后，湿地总面积均增加。     

长江上游干流基于河床地形的深潭浅滩识别方法比较研究

采用三种基于河床地形的河流深潭浅滩识别方法(深泓线线性回归法、横截面对称指数法和局部高程差异法)对长江上游干流30 km长河段的深潭和浅滩进行了定量分析识别,并采用5～7倍河宽间距法对这三种方法的适用性进行了比较.结果显示,识别出的深潭和浅滩总体上较为吻合,少数几个识别结果不一致的位置,可以结合对河床形态的综合分析加以...     

河流地貌单元研究综述

在河流生态系统嵌套层级结构中,地貌单元作为水流和泥沙输移过程的物理表现,是表征河流形态的重要斑块。多样的河流地貌单元特征决定了栖息地的多样性特征,为生态过程提供了物理基础。为更好地理解地貌单元的结构与功能,通过辨析河流地貌单元内涵,对其分类体系与识别方法、地貌单元的生态响应进行了归纳梳理,并总结了河流地貌单元在栖息地调查评估、河流地貌单元制图及河流分类等方面的应用,从而为认识自然河流、修复受损河流提供技术支持。     

黄河源区典型弯曲河流底栖动物的生态格局

通过探究黄河源区典型弯曲河流河岸带不同水体(干流、支流和牛轭湖)的底栖动物生态格局,可为黄河生态保护提供基础数据。于2012年7月和2013年6月对兰木错曲12个样点的底栖动物进行采样,同时对样点环境参数进行调查监测,对河流水质、底栖动物组成、多样性及其格局进行分析。结果表明,研究河段基本处于自然状态,水质为I-III类。调查期间共采集底栖动物23科、36属、39种;以水生昆虫为主,占物种总数的76.9%;其次为寡毛纲、腹足纲、甲壳纲,分别占5.1%;线虫纲、双壳纲和蛛形纲最少,仅各占2.6%。除趋势对应分析(DCA)表明,干流、支流和牛轭湖的底栖动物群落存在差异,水文连通性是引起这种差异的主要原因,对群落变化的解释率为37.0%。干流、支流和牛轭湖的底栖动物多样性也存在差异,干流的底栖动物多样性最高,其次是支流和牛轭湖。昆虫纲是干流和牛轭湖中的主要类群,密度组成分别大于53%和85%,甲壳纲是支流中的主要类群,密度组成大于70%;干流的底栖动物功能摄食类群组成最均匀,其中撕食者、直接收集者和刮食者占优势,其密度之和超过90%,支流和牛轭湖的均匀性相对较差,支流中直接收集者的密度比例最大,超过78%,牛轭湖中撕食者的密度比例最大,超过82%。     

River dolphin distribution in regulated river systems: implications for dry‐season flow regimes in the Gangetic basin

1. River flow regulation and fragmentation is a global threat to freshwater biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and associated human activities. Large dams in the Ganges river basin of the Indian subcontinent have severely altered natural flow regimes, particularly in the low‐flow dry season. Altered flows could have negative impacts on endangered species such as the Ganges river dolphin Platanista gangetica.
2. Habitat use by river dolphins was investigated in relation to river channel depth and morphology, over 332 km of the flow‐regulated Gandak River in India. Dolphin distribution patterns were compared across multiple spatial scales in the Gandak, Kosi, Chambal, Sone Rivers and the upper and lower sections of the Ganges main stem.
3. Dolphin presence was recorded in 40% of segments in the Gandak river, with a best count of 257 (range 250–267) and average individual encounter rates at 0.75 dolphins km^‐1 (SD 0.89). Bayesian zero-inflated spatial models showed that river dolphin abundance was positively influenced by river depth, presence of meanders and corresponded closely with gillnet fishing. Minimum mid‐channel depth requirements were estimated at 5.2 m for dolphin adults and between 2.2 and 2.4 m for mother–calf pairs.
4. Adult dolphins showed highly similar habitat preferences across regulated or unregulated rivers, for depths >5 m, and meandering channels. Dry‐season habitat availability was reduced as the degree of flow regulation increased across rivers, mainly owing to loss of lateral and longitudinal channel connectivity.
5. Overall encounter rates were reduced from >3 km^‐1 in less regulated stretches, to <0.3 km^‐1 in regulated rivers. Clustering of dolphins in deep pools increased along the gradient of river flow reduction, with dolphins almost absent from intervening segments because of low flow rates. These results indicate the importance of maintaining adequate dry‐season flows to ensure river habitat availability and connectivity for dolphins.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The significance of meandering channel morphology on the diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates in a lowland river in Japan

• 1. Many rivers and streams across the world have been channelized for various purposes. Channel cross‐sections of meandering rivers are asymmetrical and have cross‐sectional diversity in their physical environment; cross‐sections of a channelized river are typically trapezoidal and have little cross‐sectional diversity, both in physical and ecological conditions. Several programmes to restore stream meanders have been undertaken to improve river ecosystems degraded by channelization. However, the association between diversification in the physical environment due to meander restoration and the macroinvertebrate community structure is poorly known.
• 2. This study of a lowland river in Japan assessed how the cross‐sectional diversity of the physical environment changed with restoration of a meander in a channelized river, and how the macroinvertebrate communities responded to the changes in physical habitat variation. Comparisons were made between the macroinvertebrate communities of a channelized reach, the restored meandering reach, and a natural meandering reach.
• 3. Natural meandering and restored meandering reaches showed higher cross‐sectional diversity in physical variables and total taxon richness across a reach than did the channelized reach. Almost all taxa observed in the natural and restored meandering reaches were concentrated in the shallowest marginal habitats near the banks. Shear velocity increasing with water depth had a negative association with macroinvertebrate density and richness.
• 4. This study demonstrated that the shallow river bed along the inside of bends formed point bars that provided a highly stable substrate, a suitable habitat for macroinvertebrates in a lowland river. It is concluded that meander restoration could be an effective strategy for in‐stream habitat restoration in lowland meandering rivers.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparing river basins world-wide and contrasting inland fisheries in Africa and Central Amazonia

An analysis of covariance relating basin area ( A , km²) to river length ( L , km) and discharge rate ( D , m³ s^–1) was performed for two continents and showed that the two covariates ( L and D ) were highly significant and that the strength of the relationship changed between continents. For comparison, D was excluded but the result remained the same. Although geomorphological models are useful for establishing global levels of production, these regressions should be applied with caution. Historically, simple statistical models were developed to predict fish catches in rivers. These, based upon regression of catches on channel length or basin area for Africa and Central Amazonia, are contrasted in this paper because of their generally similar approach.     

嘉陵江不同江段蛇的形态差异比较

为探讨嘉陵江不同江段蛇鮈群体的形态表型特征及其差异性，本研究对采至嘉陵江上游、中游和下游共120尾样本进行了传统形态测量和地标点几何形态学测量分析。形态分析结果表明：嘉陵江不同江段蛇鮈群体间形态表型存在的显著差异。差异主要集中于头部、鳍和尾柄；其中上游群体的蛇鮈最为纤长（叉长、胸腹距、躯干距最大），眼间距、背鳍基长、头高和口角须长也最长；中游群体的胸鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍最长，尾柄也最为粗壮（尾柄宽，尾柄高最大），头长、体宽、胸鳍前距最大；下游群体的肛臀距和头宽最大。但主成分分析结果显示：无法有效将不同江段蛇鮈群体区分。性状差异性分析结果表明，不同江段蛇鮈群体形态表型差异均属于种内差异。这些表型差异可能是蛇鮈对嘉陵江不同江段环境（如流速、水温、饵料类型）多样性的适应性表现。     

Are River Styles ecologically meaningful? A test of the ecological significance of a geomorphic river characterization scheme

• 1. Classification is a useful tool for researchers and managers wishing to group functionally similar sites or to identify unique or threatened habitats. A process‐based river classification scheme that successfully integrates physical and biological aspects of lotic form and function would enhance conservation and restoration efforts by allowing more meaningful comparisons among sites, and improving functional understanding of lotic ecosystems.
• 2. The River Styles framework provides a geomorphological river characterization scheme in which assemblages of geomorphic units vary for differing River Styles, presenting differing arrays of aquatic habitat diversity for each style.
• 3. The ecological significance of the River Styles framework is tested by comparing the macroinvertebrate assemblages and habitat characteristics of pool and run geomorphic units for three different River Styles on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia.
• 4. Multivariate ordinations and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed that macroinvertebrate community structure differed between Bedrock‐Controlled Discontinuous Floodplain rivers and Gorge rivers, and between Bedrock‐Controlled Discontinuous Floodplain and Meandering Gravel Bed rivers, especially in pools. Differences between Gorge and Meandering Gravel Bed rivers were less apparent, largely due to variations within the Meandering Gravel Bed rivers group.
• 5. The variability in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure among geomorphic units was most strongly related to variability in substrate and hydraulic variables. Substrate composition differed significantly among all River Styles and geomorphic units, but other habitat variables showed few consistent differences among River Style groups.
• 6. These results suggest that the ecological similarity of macroinvertebrate communities within River Styles may presently be limited because some important large‐scale drivers of local habitat conditions are not included in River Styles designations. Integrating River Styles classification with other large‐scale variables reflecting stream size, temperature and hydrological regime may produce a process‐based physical classification capable of identifying river reaches with similar ecological structure and function.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.