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1.
Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration is often a key limiting water quality parameter in intensive aquaculture systems. Removing ammonia through biological filtration is thus the first objective in recirculating aquaculture system design. In this study, the performance characteristics of a steady-state nitrification biofilm were explored using a series of reactors. Four nitrification kinetics parameters were estimated using the data collected from the experimental system, including minimum TAN concentration, half saturation constant, maximum TAN removal rate and maximum specific bacterial growth rate. Experimental data showed that a minimum TAN concentration was needed to support a steady-state nitrification biofilm. For the temperature of 27.2°C, the mean minimum TAN concentration was 0.07 mg/l. For a single substrate-limiting factor, the relationship between TAN removal rate (R) and TAN concentration (S) was represented by an empirical equation [R=1859(S−0.07)/(S+1.93)]. The characteristics of nitrite oxidation were also demonstrated by the experiment system. The results of this study will help to better understand the characteristics of nitrification biofilters applied in recirculating aquaculture systems.  相似文献   

2.
Water recirculating systems have been used in the shellfish industry for depuration and wet-storage. Knowledge of shellfish excretion characteristics is critical to recirculating system design. In this study, the excretion rate of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) from Manila clams (Tapes philippinarum) were investigated under both laboratory and commercial conditions. The laboratory tests were conducted under temperatures ranging from 3 to 30°C. The experimental results showed that temperature was a key factor in determining the excretion rate of all the above parameters. The relationship between TAN excretion rate (RTAN) and temperature (T) can be represented by an exponential function (RTAN=0.57×1.25T). For the temperature range between 3 and 20°C, the daily mean excretion rates of TAN, TKN and BOD5 ranged between 1.5–46.1, 4.8–131.0 and 57.4–219.4 mg per kilogram of the clams (wet weight with shell on), respectively. There were linear correlations between TAN, TKN and BOD5 production rates. The data presented in this paper can be used to estimate waste generation from a given shellfish processing operation and to size the waste treatment components for a recirculating depuration (or wet-storage) system.  相似文献   

3.
A mathematical model is framed for a goldfish recirculating aquaculture system based on unsteady-state mass balance for prediction of the concentration of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), dissolved oxygen (DO) and total suspended solids (TSS). The goldfish were stocked at 100 numbers per m3 of rearing water volume of 5 m3 tank capacity in the years 2009 and 2010 and the model was calibrated and validated. The recirculation flow rate was fixed at 29,000 L/day. The model parameters were estimated as kTAN (mg of TAN generated per kg of feed): 20,000, M (mortality rate): 0.002 day−1, α (percentage of feed conversion to suspended solids): 23.8, koxy (mg of oxygen required for fish respiration per kg of feed applied in unit time): 300,000, kb (partial nitrification in the culture tank): 0.86 and the reaction rate constants, k1 and k2: 84.65 day−1 and 42.03 day−1 respectively and temperature growth coefficient (TGC): 5.00 × 10-5. The model efficacy was adjudged by estimation of the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe modelling efficiency (ENS) and graphical plots between predicted and observed values.  相似文献   

4.
Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
Various types of fixed film biofilters have been used in recirculating aquaculture systems under different water quality and operating conditions. The effectiveness of the nitrification process can be evaluated by nitrification kinetics. Nitrification in the bacterial film of the biofilter involves physical, chemical and biological processes that are governed by a variety of parameters such as substrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations, organic matters, temperature, pH, alkalinity, salinity and turbulence level. The impacts of these parameters upon nitrification kinetics make predicting the performance of a biofilter for a given application an engineering challenge. Knowing the performance of a biofilter is critical for both designers and managers. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on nitrification kinetics as affected by the aforementioned factors based on literature and the results from the authors’ laboratories. These factors were ranked according to their significance of impact on biofilter nitrification performance. The information presented can be used as a reference for the design and operation of biofilters in recirculating aquaculture systems.  相似文献   

5.

通过在全封闭循环水系统中养殖半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunthe), 研究了不同气水比对曝气生物滤池净化效能, 以及对DOpH值的影响。结果表明: 本试验系统在温度为(19±1)℃, 系统循环次数为15, 养殖池DO保持在12 mg/L以上的运行条件下, 随着气水比由0.75 : 1~1.50 : 1的增加, 生物滤池氨氮的去除率由35.0%增加至52.0%, NO2-N的去除率由8.2%增加至44.6%, 气水比对硝化反应影响显著, 但对化学需氧量COD的去除率影响并不显著, 其平均去除率为10.14%; pH值有增加的趋势, 生物滤池进水口到出水口的pH值由7.97增加至 8.08; 气水比最佳运行参数为1.25:1。同时还发现1级生物滤池进水口DO接近饱和, 1级到末级滤池间DO仅降低了10%, 系统pH7.9~8.1。本研究所获参数, 可供生物膜法处理养殖循环水的条件优化作参考。

  相似文献   

6.
为研究不同曝气策略对序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)净化模拟的罗非鱼工厂化养殖废水的影响,实验设计构建了5个形态结构相同的SBBR反应器,探究在两个既定溶解氧(DO)水平下(即曝气段DO=2或3 mg/L)不同曝停比(1h/5h、2h/4h、3h/3h、4h/2h、5h/1h)对其净化效率的影响。研究结果显示:不同曝停比工况下氮素去除途径主要为同步硝化反硝化。总氨氮的去除率随曝停比的增大呈升高趋势。在曝气段DO=2 mg/L工况下,总无机磷氮的去除率随曝停比的增加呈升高趋势,硝化过程是影响氮素去除的主要因素。而在曝气段DO=3 mg/L工况下,总无机磷氮的去除率随曝停比的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,在曝停比为4/2时达到最高。实验工况下不同溶解氧水平对COD的去除无显著影响,但是不同曝停比对COD的去除却有显著影响。在曝气段DO=2 mg/L工况下,出水磷浓度随曝停比的增加呈先积累后去除趋势,且磷素的去除率随曝停比的增加而增加。而在曝气段DO=3 mg/L工况下,磷素去除率均为正值,且随曝停比的增加先升高后降低,在曝停比为4/2时达到最高。  相似文献   

7.
The effect of water velocity on nitrification rates in fixed bed biofilters was investigated in three freshwater pilot scale RAS with rainbow trout. Removal of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite-nitrogen were assessed by NH4Cl spikes and tested at four different water velocities in the biofilters (1.4, 5.4, 10.8 and 16.2 m h−1) under identical conditions. Water velocities below 10.8 m h−1 significantly reduced TAN- and nitrite removal rates. The surface specific TAN removal rates correlated with the TAN concentrations at the water velocities 10.8 and 16.2 m h−1, and the first order surface removal rate constant was estimated at 0.45 m h−1. However, no correlations between TAN removal and TAN concentrations were found at the lowest velocities. Up to five-fold elevated nitrite levels were found in the RAS when biofilters were operated at 1.4 m h−1 compared to the trials at other water velocities, substantiating the significant effect of water velocity on both nitrification processes. The importance of biofilter hydraulics documented in this pilot scale RAS probably have implications for design and operation in larger scale RAS.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of body weight, water temperature and ration size on ammonia excretion rates of the areolated grouper Epinephelus areolatus and the mangrove snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus were investigated. Under given experimental conditions, L. argentimaculatus had a higher weight-specific ammonia excretion rate than E. areolatus. Weight-specific ammonia excretion rates of fasted individuals of both species showed an inverse relationship with body weight (W, g wet wt.), but a positive relationship with water temperature (t, °C). The relationships for total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) were: E. areolatus: TAN (mg N kg−1 d−1)=21.4·exp0.11t·W−0.43 (r2=0.919, n=60); L. argentimaculatus: TAN (mg N kg−1 d−1)=121.5·exp0.12t·W−0.55 (r2=0.931, n=60). Following feeding, the weight-specific ammonia excretion rate of E. areolatus increased, peaked at 2 to 12 h (depending on temperature), and returned to pre-feeding levels within 24 h. A similar pattern was observed for L. argentimaculatus, with a peak of TAN excretion being found 6 to 12 h after feeding. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that weight-specific TAN excretion rates of both species increased with increasing temperature and ration (R, percent body wt. d−1): E. areolatus: TAN (mg N kg−1 d−1)=22.8·t−28.8·R−378.2 (r2=0.832, n=24); L. argentimaculatus: TAN (mg N kg−1 d−1)=22.9·t−25.4·R−216.4 (r2=0.611, n=24). The effect of body weight on weight-specific postprandial TAN excretion was not significant in either species (p>0.05). This study provides empirical data for estimating ammonia excretion of these two species under varying conditions. This has application for culture management.  相似文献   

9.
Competition between heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria is of major practical importance in aquaculture biofilter design and operation. This competition must be understood to minimize the negative impact of heterotrophic bacteria on an aquaculture system. On the other hand, the heterotrophic population is suspected of having a positive effect against pathogenic bacteria. Little information is available on the bacterial communities present within aquaculture systems, except for nitrifying bacteria, but a combination of traditional aquacultural engineering research methods and novel microbiological techniques offers new opportunities for the study of these communities.

The heterotrophic bacterial population activity and the nitrification efficiency of a submerged biological filter were studied for an influent TAN concentration of 2 mg/l and varying C/N ratios. The TAN removal rate was found to be 30% lower at a C/N ratio of 0.5 than at a C/N ratio of 0. For higher C/N ratios the reduction in nitrification efficiency was 50% while the attached bacterial abundance was doubled. Moreover, results confirm that abundance of sheared and attached bacteria are correlated. It is not known to what extent biofilter configuration might influence the relationship between heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria, and further work will be carried out with moving bed and fluidized filters. A better understanding of the role of the heterotrophic bacteria in RAS will help to optimize any positive “biocontrol” effect and to minimize the microbial degradation of rearing water and the reduction of nitrification rates.  相似文献   


10.
The growth rates and food conversion efficiencies of juvenile normally pigmented turbot, malpigmented turbot and turbot-brill hybrids were measured at 10°C and 14°C. The survival rate over the 120-day experimental period was 96%. Results showed no evidence of hybrid vigour (heterosis), and in fact significantly higher growth rates were observed in turbot. All three types of fish grew faster at the higher environmental temperature due mainly to a much improved appetite, but also perhaps due to an increase in the food conversion efficiency. Malpigmented turbot appeared particularly well suited to the conditions associated with intensive culture and exhibited the highest growth rates at both 10 and 14°C. For malpigmented turbot at 14°C the mean growth rate was 2.17% per day.  相似文献   

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