天津市海水养殖外来物种输入特征及防控体系研究

采用文献调研、实地调查与专家咨询相结合的方法对天津市海水养殖外来物种进行了调查研究,目前天津市海水养殖外来物种共计25种,其中鱼类18种,甲壳类4种,双壳类3种,分析了外来海水物种的影响,归纳海水养殖外来物种存在问题,并有针对性的进行探讨分析。     

浙江沿海大型底栖海藻分布区域与资源特征研究

根据对浙江沿海底栖海藻资源调查，研究分析了该区大型底栖海藻的种类数量，计56种，分隶5纲、13目，归入3个门，其中绿藻门15种，褐藻门20种，红藻门21种。该海区岩相潮间带底栖海藻资源丰富，其大型底栖海藻种类资源特征以我国沿海广温广布种（20种）和优势种类（16种）及常见种类（10种）占多数，其次为少见种类（5种）和稀有种类（4种）；平面分布种以暖温性种类（29种）占多数，其次为亚热带种类（22种），而以冷水性种类（5种）为最少；其种类垂直生态分布特征以低潮带为最多，其次为中潮带，最少的是高潮带。最后提出了对浙江沿海大型底栖海藻资源开展生态保护和实施可持续开发的若干意见。     

Italian aquaculture and the diffusion of alien species: costs and benefits

The aim of this review is to clarify the relation between Italian aquaculture and the introduction on alien species in Italy. In Italy, the most common aquatic alien species are rainbow trout and Manila clam, and they represent main economic product of Italian aquaculture. Wels catfish and red clawed crayfish have been voluntarily or involuntarily introduced for aquaculture scope, and they are now the most invasive alien aquatic species. Other alien naturalized species, as some salmonid species, are important economic resources in north Italy for inland professional fishery and are considered worthwhile of conservation. Thus, aquaculture is directly or indirectly responsible of the introduction of several alien species in Italy, but its effect on alien species diffusion is peculiar, as few successfully farmed species have become rapidly common. Until now, conventional aquaculture has played main role in the diffusion of alien species in Italy, while ornamental aquaculture will be the main source of alien introductions in the future.     

长江口及邻近海域春、夏季浮游动物优势种时空生态位分析

为探究长江口及邻近海域春、夏季浮游动物优势种时空生态位, 利用 2016—2018 年春季(5 月)和夏季(8 月) 长江口及邻近海域浮游动物及环境调查数据, 分析了该海域浮游动物优势种时空生态位特征, 并基于冗余分析 (RDA)对优势种与环境因子之间的关系进行分析。结果表明, 春季优势种以近岸低盐种占绝对优势, 夏季优势种以近岸低盐种和暖水种共存, 夏季优势种数目高于春季, 春季第一优势种虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus)优势度和平均拥挤度均高于夏季。在时间和空间生态位上, 真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)、虫肢歪水蚤、长额刺糠虾 (Acanthomysis longirostris)和球型侧腕水母(Pleurobrachia globosa)均为广生态位种, 而中华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus sinensis)为窄生态位种。相似生态位种为了实现共存, 在时间或空间上发生生态位的分化。空间生态位重叠指数高的种对多具有捕食与被捕食关系。时间生态位上高等级重叠种对关系占比(50.0%)远高于空间生态位高等级重叠种对关系(18.2%)。物种环境排序图通过展示优势种分布与环境因子之间的关系, 揭示了优势种在生境中的生态位分化现象。本研究探明的浮游动物优势种的时空生态位分布特征可为研究其种间共存关系、环境适应性及水质环境变动提供依据。     

黄河口及其邻近水域浮游动物群落结构特征及其季节变化

根据2013年8月、10月和2014年2月、5月在黄河口及其邻近水域4个航次的调查数据,分析了该海域浮游动物的种类组成、数量变动、优势种、种类多样性及其季节变化。本次黄河口及其邻近水域调查共鉴定浮游动物43种,其中原生动物、毛颚动物、尾索动物和栉水母各1种,刺胞动物8种,浮游甲壳类18种,浮游幼体及鱼卵、仔稚鱼共13种(类)。浮游动物的平均丰度为2115.64 ind/m~3,不计夜光虫的平均丰度为95.93 ind/m~3,其中浮游甲壳类占71.43%。浮游动物丰度存在显著的季节变化,数量高峰出现在春季(5月),其次为冬季(2月)、秋季(10月)和夏季(8月)。毛颚动物强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)和双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bipinnata)、小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)等桡足类为夏、秋、冬三个季节的主要优势种,夜光虫(Noctiluca scintillans)为春季的绝对优势种。浮游动物群落物种丰富度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H')和均匀度指数(J')的变化趋势一致,表现为夏秋季高,冬春季低。黄河口及其邻近水域浮游动物的群落结构特征具有明显的季节变化;桡足类和浮游幼体是主要类群,对该水域浮游动物的数量变动及种类多样性的变化具有较大影响。     

北海近海海域春季浮游植物种类组成及数量变化研究

2008和2009年春季对广西北海近海海域的浮游植物进行监测,对浮游植物的种类组成和各月的优势种进行了分析。结果显示,2008年浮游植物共3门37属71种,其中硅藻为优势种群,共26属50种,甲藻10属20种,着色鞭毛藻1属1种;浮游植物月平均数量为13.65×103ind.L-1。2009年浮游植物共3门39属72种,硅藻为优势种群,共33属58种,甲藻5属13种,着色鞭毛藻1属1种;浮游植物月平均数量为14.07×103ind.L-1。各月间浮游植物的优势种类和数量分布均有明显变化。     

桑沟湾浮游植物群落结构时空变化特征及影响因素

为了解北方典型养殖海湾——桑沟湾水域浮游植物群落结构的时空变化特征及其影响因素,于2017年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、11月(秋季)和2018年1月(冬季)对桑沟湾水域21个站点进行4个航次的大面调查。结果显示,调查期间,该湾共采集到浮游植物31属51种,其中,硅藻(Diatom)24属43种,甲藻(Dinoflagellate) 3属4种,绿藻(Chlorophyta) 2属2种,金藻(Chrysophyta) 2种,蓝藻(Cyanophyta)1种。按照季节划分,春季22种,夏季20种,秋季23种,冬季20种。优势度指数分析结果表明,硅藻是绝对优势种,其中,具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcate)为全年优势种,数量百分比在18.6%~84.9%之间。浮游植物细胞丰度在0.16×10³~12.20×10³个/L之间,表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。物种多样性指数(Shannon)范围为0.69~1.35,物种均匀度指数J (Pielou)范围为0.42~0.70。磷酸盐是桑沟湾浮游植物生长的主要限制营养盐。研究结果揭示了桑沟湾养殖水域浮游植物的时空变化特征,为深入认识养殖生态系统的结构和功能提供了基础数据。     

On species and speciation with reference to the fishes

The nature of species and the processes in which they participate are subjects of continuing debate among evolutionary biologists. I begin by examining how ichthyologists treat species empirically. Such treatments provide a pattern of species and their relationships over time and space. I suggest that this empirical record points to a predominant mode of speciation: vicariant, Model I, allopatric speciation. I also suggest that species are real and that they are individuals. There is a single species concept, the evolutionary species concept (ESC), that best captures the way we think about fish species. This concept is also well integrated with the manner in which species are treated in Phylogenetic Systematics and with the philosophical concept that species are particulars rather than universals.     

黄、东海渔业资源群落结构变化研究

为了解黄海和东海渔业资源群落结构的变化,基于2013年6月(夏季)和9月(秋季)黄、东海渔业资源底拖网调查数据,对渔业资源种类组成、优势种、渔获量空间分布、群落多样性和群落结构进行了研究。结果显示,共鉴定渔业种类185种,其中底层鱼类93种、中上层鱼类31种、甲壳类48种、头足类12种和贝类1种。在鱼类中,鲈形目种类最多,27科47属56种,占鱼类总种类数的45.2%。夏季优势种为鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)、带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis),秋季优势种为三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、小黄鱼、鳀和带鱼,优势种季节波动不大。秋季平均单位时间渔获量为46.60 kg/h,高于夏季(39.35 kg/h)。秋季航次调查中渔业资源较夏季更为集中,主要分布在长江口和吕泗渔场附近,其他断面渔获量较低。夏季航次群落多样性指数高于秋季航次。CLUSTER聚类分析表明,黄、东海渔业生物群落可分为2组,夏、秋季2组界线变动不大,2组聚类的形成可能受水温和长江径流影响。     

Status, trends and management of sturgeon and paddlefish fisheries

The 27 extant species of sturgeons and paddlefishes (Order Acipenseriformes) represent a unique and relict lineage of fishes. Producers of coveted black caviar, sturgeons are one of the most valuable wildlife commodities on earth. The group is among the most endangered fishes with all species listed under Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix I (two species) or II (25 species), only two species considered Lower Risk by IUCN, four of the nine US taxa and one Caspian species protected under the Endangered Species Act, and local extinctions recorded for 19 of 27 species. Despite their well‐publicized imperilled status, commercial pressure on 15 species persists. Here, after reviewing the biological characteristics of sturgeons and paddlefishes and their commercial use, an overview of global fisheries is presented. The synopsis demonstrates that, with few exceptions, sturgeon and paddlefish are imperilled across the globe and long‐term survival in the wild is in jeopardy. All major sturgeon fisheries have surpassed peak productivity levels, with 70% of major fisheries posting recent harvests <15% of historic peak catches and 35% of the fisheries examined crashing within 7–20 years of inception. Even in Caspian Sea fisheries, the most important globally, present catches are below 10% of historic peak landings. Improved domestic and international fisheries management and attention to habitat and species restoration is now needed. Although captive rearing offers promise for caviar alternatives and endangered species restoration, it must advance cautiously to avoid environmental harm. To ensure a continued supply of caviar and the survival of these unique fishes we offer recommendations for priority conservation action for the future.     

珠江水系北江鱼类群落多样性及其演替

摘要：2014-2016年对珠江水系北江5个采样点进行逐月鱼类多样性调查,共采集鱼类86种,隶属于11目25科64属。其中鲤形目49种,鲈形目14种,鲇形目10种,鲱形目4种。其余脂鲤目、颌针鱼目、鳉形目、合鳃鱼目、鲑形目、鲻形目以及鳗鲡目种数均少于5种。北江鱼类群落以定居性、杂食性种类为主。与历史资料相比,鱼类种类减少,洄游性、半洄游性鱼类所占比例下降,定居性、杂食性鱼类所占百分比上升,鱼类群落组成偏向小型化、低龄化。群落多样性分析表明,相同生境类型河段的鱼类物种相似性较高,上游鱼类多样性高于下游。河道水利、过度捕捞和生境退化是北江鱼类群落演替的主要原因。     

Invasions of rainbow trout and brown trout in Japan: A comparison of invasiveness and impact on native species

Many species of salmonids have been stocked into waters outside of their native range. The invasiveness and impact of these species on native species varies depending on their biological traits, and on environmental conditions, such as climate. In Japan, rainbow trout and brown trout, both listed in 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, occur as non-native species. The invasiveness of these two species is thought to be related to seasonal flooding, given flood waters can physically damage fry and prevent population establishment. Rainbow trout have successfully invaded waters in Hokkaido, northern Japan, where the likelihood of flooding is low between June and July, when their fry emerge, but successful invasions are rare in regions south of Hokkaido. Brown trout, however, have successfully invaded waters not only in Hokkaido, but also other regions. Since brown trout have a similar life history to the native white-spotted charr and masu salmon, with fry emerging before the flood season, they are more suited to the Japanese climate than Rainbow trout. Rainbow and brown trout interact with native species in various ways, but a common outcome of these interactions is the displacement of native charr species. Legal regulations of non-native salmonids should be based on understandings of the ecological traits of each invasive species and regional impacts on native species. Given the ongoing nature of climate change, the nature and extent of the effects of rainbow and brown trout on native species might also change.     

海州湾及邻近海域春夏季典型断面鱼类浮游生物群落的结构特征

根据2015年5―7月在海州湾及邻近海域存在空间异质性的南北两个典型断面进行的鱼卵、仔稚鱼水平拖网调查数据,采用多元统计分析等方法研究了该海域春、夏季鱼类浮游生物群落的空间变化。结果表明,本次调查共获得鱼卵33587粒,仔稚鱼713尾。出现鱼卵25种(未定种1种),隶属于14科25属,仔稚鱼13种(未定种1种),隶属于13科13属。鱼卵优势种主要是鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、多鳞鱚(Sillago sihama)、(魚銜)属(Callionymus spp.)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)、江口小公鱼(Stolephorus commersonni)和短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri);仔稚鱼优势种主要是(魚銜)属和斑鰶(Konosirus punctatus)。鱼类浮游生物种类组成年代际变化明显,目前以生命周期短、个体小、资源更新节律快的小型鱼种为主;研究表明,鱼类浮游生物的优势种在不同月份和断面之间存在一定变化,5、6月南北两断面优势种组成不同,7月开始出现共同优势种。从鱼类浮游生物的空间分布来看,近岸海域的丰度较高,5、6月鱼类浮游生物的平均丰度均为北面断面1高于南面断面2,7月反之。鱼类浮游生物群落在两个典型断面随月份呈现出不同特征,水深、温度和盐等海洋环境因子综合影响着春、夏季海州湾及邻近海域鱼类浮游生物群落结构。     

海南岛南渡江鱼类种类组成和分布现状

为了解海南岛河流鱼类种类组成和分布现状,2016-2017年对海南岛代表性河流——南渡江进行了全流域的采样调查。调查过程中共采集到鱼类样本1 249.79 kg,共计17 755尾,包含鱼类物种136种,隶属于13目50科108属。结果表明,南渡江鱼类种类保存相对完整,本次调查鱼类种数占历史总种数的89.48%;在鱼类区系上,以鲈形目52种居首位,占总数的38.2%,其次为鲤形目的 46种和鲇形目的 16种;在种类变化上,新出现27种,其中包括尼罗罗非鱼、云斑尖塘鳢等11种外来鱼类。同时也缺失43种鱼类,鲤形目和鲈形目缺失较为严重,鲤形目由历史的第一大目变为如今的第二大目;在鱼类分布上,以河口的灵山和上游山区的白沙鱼类保护最为完好,种类最多,分别为73种和60种。     

兴化湾海域鱼类多样性的时空变化

利用2009年1月、2008年4月和9月兴化湾海域(位于福建省沿海中段)鱼类学调查资料,研究兴化湾海域鱼类种类组成、种类数和多样性的时空分布,探索当地地形、地貌、水文环境等因素对鱼类多样性的影响.结果表明,在3次调查中,共鉴定鱼类123种,其中1月47种、4月48种和9月81种.鲈形目种类有51个,占总种类数的41.46%.1月、4月和9月,鱼类质量H值分别为2.59,1.78和2.65,尾数H值分别为2.84,2.42和2.42,其中质量H值的季节变化特征与种类数相同,而尾数H值冬季最高.1月鱼类的尾数多样性仅与种类数相关(r=0.69,P=0.0145);4月尾数H仅与尾数密度相关(r=0.62,P=0.023 8),9月尾数多样性与种类数和尾数密度均不相关,显示出1月的种类数,4月尾数密度分别是影响鱼类多样性分布的主要因素.种类季节更替率从1月到4月为79.75%.从4月到9月为82.41%.从9月到次年1月为77.88%.兴化湾内湾潮滩地形和径流,不同潮流在中湾交汇,洄游性鱼类去留是影响兴化湾海域鱼类种类和多样性分布的主要因素.     

春、秋季武湖浮游动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

2007年和2008年春（5月）、秋（11月）季对武湖浮游动物进行了4次调查,共检出浮游动物133种,其中原生动物61种,轮虫63种,枝角类6种,桡足类3种。浮游动物物种数春季较多,2007年和2008年分别为86种和85种;秋季较少,分别为73种和72种。2007年春季浮游动物总丰度最高,为49605个/L;2007...     

Species composition and diversity of fish larvae in the Subtropical Convergence Zone of the Sargasso Sea from morphology and DNA barcoding

Specific regions of otherwise oligotrophic oceans seem to attract fish spawning and sustain significant abundances of fish larvae. The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre is known as the spawning area of the Atlantic eels, but numerous other fish species also spawn in the area. In order to evaluate spatial variability of larval fish in the region, we examined species diversity, composition and abundances at eight stations in the Subtropical Convergence Zone (STCZ) using morphological identification and DNA barcoding. From a total of approximately 3500 specimens collected, at least 154 species from 50 families could be identified. The family Myctophidae had the highest species richness, with at least 32 species represented. The myctophids Lepidophanes gaussi, Bolinichthys indicus, Notolychnus valdiviae and Ceratoscopelus warmingii were the four most abundant species. Other common species included the three eels: Nemichthys scolopaceus, Ariosoma balearicum and Anguilla anguilla. Larval fish species composition differed substantially between the relatively closely spaced stations on either side of prominent hydrographic fronts in the study area, presumably because of the strong environmental gradients. Common eel species were concentrated between the fronts whereas common myctophids were of highest abundance at the outer edges of the fronts. The abundances of most species were generally enhanced in the vicinity of the fronts. The use of combined morphological and DNA‐barcoding identification methods facilitated species identification, and we could document substantially higher levels and a larger degree of spatial variability in species diversity of fish larvae than previously shown for oligotrophic ocean areas.     

东海近岸海域浮游动物群落时空分布

为探讨东海近岸海域浮游动物时空分布特征,根据2013年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和12月(冬季)东海近岸海域3个航次的浮游动物调查资料,分析了该海域春季、夏季和冬季浮游动物的种类组成、丰度与生物量、优势种季节变化及生态类群。结果显示,3个航次共鉴定浮游动物108种(含未定种),浮游幼体14类,隶属于7门15大类,其中桡足类和水母类的种类和数量占绝对优势,桡足类为最优势类群,共47种,占总种数的43.52%,水母类共19种,占总种数的17.59%。浮游动物种类季节变化较为明显,夏季种类显著高于春季和冬季。各季节浮游动物种类数目与纬度呈负相关。浮游动物平均丰度与平均生物量随季节变化较为明显,其中平均丰度与平均生物量冬季最低,平均生物量夏季最高,平均丰度春季最高。根据浮游动物对水文环境条件耐受性和生活海区的差异性将浮游动物群落分为6个生态类群:近岸低盐种、广温广盐种、高温高盐种、近岸暖温种、暖水种和大洋广布种。其中东海北部近岸海域春、冬季近岸低盐种和广温广盐种占绝对优势,夏季暖水性种群所占比例高;长江口及邻近水域暖水性种群在春、夏、冬三季中均占主导地位;东海中南部近岸海域春、冬季暖水性种群占绝对优势,但夏季高温高盐种、大洋广布种优势明显。各季节中华哲水蚤均为优势种,但其他优势种季节更替较明显,其中春、夏两季优势种更替率为90.9%,夏、秋两季为50%。     

不同增养殖水体中华绒螯蟹肌体矿物元素比较分析

对不同增养殖水体中华绒螯蟹可食部分主要矿物元素等指标进行分析研究,结果表明:中华绒螯蟹可食部分含9种以上矿物元素,雄蟹矿物元素中平均值以钙含量最高,雌蟹矿物元素平均值以磷含量最高。中华绒螯蟹钾的含量明显高于钠。比较不同增养殖水体雄蟹常量元素含量,固城湖放流与长江野生蟹无显著差异(P>0.05),均较其它水体雄蟹高,雌蟹常量元素太湖网围与长江野生无显著差别(P>0.05),含量都较高,尤以太湖网围常量元素含量为最高。雄蟹、雌蟹微量元素呈现相同规律:铁、锰以金坛池塘、固城湖放流含量较高。铜含量以长江野生为最高。锌含量各水体无显著差别。     

洱海浮游植物群落结构及季节演替

2011年4月至2012年3月对洱海浮游植物群落结构及季节演替进行了周年调查.结果表明,洱海常见浮游植物有7门、80属、115种;其中,蓝藻门24种,硅藻门16种,绿藻门65种,金藻门和隐藻门各2种,甲藻门和裸藻门各3种.春季以钝脆杆藻(Fragilaria capucina)、直链藻(Melosira sp.)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)为优势种;夏季以直链藻、小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、转板藻(Mougeotia sp.)、尖尾蓝隐藻、惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)、乌龙藻(Woronichinia sp.)为优势种;秋季以乌龙藻、游丝藻(Planctonema lauterbornii)为优势种;冬季以游丝藻、水华束丝藻(Aphanizonmenon flos-aquae)、钝脆杆藻为优势种;浮游植物生物量的季节变化表现为秋季最高、夏冬季次之、春季低,最高值出现在11月,达5 899.17×104个/L,最低值出现在2月,为339.21×104个/L.与历史资料相比,近年来洱海浮游植物生物量呈上升趋势,多样性指数降低,蓝藻水华优势种由鱼腥藻转变为微囊藻和乌龙藻,绿藻门细胞数量占浮游植物细胞总数量的比例持续增加.