三疣梭子蟹“黄选1号”盐度耐受性分析

通过盐度突变和渐变两种方法测定了三疣梭子蟹"黄选1号"的盐度耐受性。盐度突变条件下,Ⅱ期幼蟹24、48、72h低盐半致死浓度分别为21.655、22.109、23.184;高盐半致死浓度分别为50.711、50.061、49.612。80日龄成蟹24、48、72h低盐半致死浓度分别为5.13、7.49、8.56;高盐半致死浓度分别为54.49、52.74、52.21。在逐渐降低盐度条件下,Ⅱ期幼蟹可在盐度6.7的海水中存活,而80日龄成蟹可在盐度为5.7的海水中存活;随着盐度逐渐升高,Ⅱ期幼蟹和80日零成蟹均可在盐度47.7的海水中存活。三疣梭子蟹"黄选1号"具有较宽的盐度耐受范围。     

盐度对三疣梭子蟹生长、蜕壳及能量利用的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了盐度(15,20,25,30,35)对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)幼蟹生长、蜕壳和能量利用的影响,探讨了三疣梭子蟹生长的最适盐度、蜕壳与生长的关系以及不同盐度水平下蟹的蜕壳同步性。实验时间为50 d,结果显示:1、盐度显著影响三疣梭子蟹的摄食、生长和能量利用。盐度20、25和30组,三疣梭子蟹的日摄食率(FId)较小,但其食物转化效率(FCEd)较高,其中盐度30组蟹的食物转化效率显著高于盐度15和35组(P<0.05),与盐度20和25组差异不显著(P>0.05)。盐度20、25和30组的能量吸收效率(K1)和净生长效率(K2)显著高于盐度15和35组。实验结束时,盐度30组三疣梭子蟹获得了较高的湿重、相对增重率和特定生长率,且显著高于盐度15和35组(P<0.05),而与盐度20和25组间的差异不明显(P<0.05)。回归分析表明,当水体盐度为26.3时,三疣梭子蟹特定生长率(SGRd)最大。2、不同盐度下,三疣梭子蟹幼蟹从Ⅶ期生长到Ⅹ期的蜕壳周期为18.9~23.5 d,各盐度组间的差异不明显(P>0.05),但盐度30组三疣梭子蟹蜕壳周期较其他盐度组缩短了3.1~4.6d。低盐(15)下,三疣梭子蟹出现MDS(蜕壳未遂)死亡,蜕壳受到抑制;而高盐(35)则抑制三疣梭子蟹新壳的硬化,盐度20和25组三疣梭子蟹的蜕壳同步性较好。实验结果初步表明,养殖生产中水体盐度控制在25左右有利于三疣梭子蟹的蜕壳同步及生长。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)耐低盐的遗传力估计

应用数量遗传学原理和全同胞组内相关法估计三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)Ⅱ期幼蟹和80日龄稚蟹耐低盐性状的遗传力。实验中采用梭子蟹室内人工控制定向交尾方法,构建了32个全同胞家系,包括9个半同胞家系。测定Ⅱ期幼蟹和80日龄稚蟹在盐度11胁迫下的存活率分别为55%和64%,差异显著。利用SPSS软件的一般线性模型(GLM),计算存活率变量的方差组分,估计耐低盐性状的遗传力。基于全同胞方差组分分析显示,全同胞方差组分估计的遗传力是对三疣梭子蟹两个发育阶段狭义遗传力的无偏估计值,Ⅱ期幼蟹耐低盐遗传力为0.18,属于低度遗传力;而80日龄稚蟹耐低盐遗传力为0.20,属于低度遗传力。因此,家系选育方法更适于三疣梭子蟹耐低盐新品种培育。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)耐低盐的遗传力估计

应用数量遗传学原理和全同胞组内相关法估计三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)Ⅱ期幼蟹和80日龄稚蟹耐低盐性状的遗传力。实验中采用梭子蟹室内人工控制定向交尾方法,构建了32个全同胞家系,包括9个半同胞家系。测定Ⅱ期幼蟹和80日龄稚蟹在盐度11胁迫下的存活率分别为55%和64%,差异显著。利用SPSS软件的一般线性模型(GLM),计算存活率变量的方差组分,估计耐低盐性状的遗传力。基于全同胞方差组分分析显示,全同胞方差组分估计的遗传力是对三疣梭子蟹两个发育阶段狭义遗传力的无偏估计值,Ⅱ期幼蟹耐低盐遗传力为0.18,属于低度遗传力;而80日龄稚蟹耐低盐遗传力为0.20,属于低度遗传力。因此,家系选育方法更适于三疣梭子蟹耐低盐新品种培育。     

盐度对杂交东方鲀存活和摄食的影响

采用盐度骤变和渐变的方法,研究了盐度0、5‰、10‰、15‰、20‰、25‰、30‰、35‰、40‰、45‰、50‰、55‰、60‰共13个梯度对菊黄东方鲀(♀)×红鳍东方鲀(♂)杂交F1代存活和摄食的影响。研究表明,盐度从30‰骤变到15‰～50‰时,杂交F1存活率最高,显著高于盐度0、5‰、10‰、55‰和60‰梯度的存活率(P<0.05),其中盐度10‰的梯度中杂交F1代存活率约为33.3%,而盐度0、5‰、55‰和60‰梯度的存活率均低于1%;盐度5‰～50‰为杂交F1可摄食盐度,其中20‰～35‰是最佳摄食盐度。盐度渐变时,盐度5‰～50‰梯度中杂交F1代存活率最高,显著高于盐度0、55‰和60‰梯度的存活率(P<0.05),其中盐度0的梯度中杂交F1代存活率最低,约为12%;盐度0～60‰为杂交F1可摄食盐度,其中盐度20‰、25‰、30‰、35‰和40‰时,杂交F1摄食率无显著差异,在盐度30‰时摄食量和摄食率均达到最大。表明,菊黄东方鲀(♀)×红鳍东方鲀(♂)杂交F1代是广盐性鱼类,对盐度适应能力较强,而且适应盐度渐变的能力强于盐度骤变。     

三疣梭子蟹幼蟹配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维适宜含量研究

以初始平均体重为7.1 g的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)幼蟹为试验对象,以粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维为试验因素,各设3个水平,采用正交试验设计L9(34),配制成9种饲料,在室内水族箱进行为期4周的饲养试验,以探讨三疣梭子蟹幼蟹配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和粗纤维的适宜含量.结果表明,三疣梭子蟹幼蟹配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和粗纤维的适宜含量分别为40%、6%～8%和≤5%时,三疣梭子蟹幼蟹增重率和蜕壳率高,饲料系数低和蛋白质效率较高.     

三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食和碳收支

20 0 2年 6～ 9月 ,在自然水温 (2 4 0、2 4 9和 2 6 3℃ )和投喂鹰爪虾虾仁的条件下测定了 3个体重组 (0 73± 0 15 g、1 5 5± 35 g和 3 75± 0 5 2g)三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食和碳收支。结果表明 ,温度和体重对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食量均有明显影响 ,其中体重的影响更为显著。以湿重和干重(比能值 )计算得到三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的特定生长率 (SGR)和生态转换效率 (Eg)分别为 2 5± 1 33～3 0± 0 95和 19 4± 4 8～ 5 9 4± 2 2 9,2 8± 0 73～ 4 3± 2 2 8和 10 1± 2 3～ 2 9 1± 12 4。在三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的C收支模式中 ,代谢C所占的比例最大 ,占总摄食C的 5 0 %以上 ,其次是生长C ,约占总摄食C的 2 8% ,蜕壳和排粪消耗的C的比例较小 ,一般少于 5 %。三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的个体大小和水温是影响C收支的重要因素 ,其中温度是主要因子。随个体的增大和试验水温的升高 ,三疣梭子蟹生长C占总摄食C的比例减少 ,代谢C的比例增加 ,蜕壳C和排粪C所占的波动较小。     

不同近交程度对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)繁殖性能的影响

以本实验室建立的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)全同胞家系为研究对象,通过连续观测6代三疣梭子蟹近交家系的抱卵量、排幼量、孵化率、单位体重抱卵量、单位体重排幼量及幼体发育各阶段的变态率6个指标来评价近交对三疣梭子蟹繁殖性能的影响.方差分析显示,在实验亲蟹的规格大小对测量数据无影响的条件下,近交系数每增加10％,各近交代与非近交代F1m在单位体重抱卵量与单位体重排幼量的差异不显著(P＞0.05),这2个指标的近交衰退系数分别为-2.789％～-6.620％和-1.188％～-5.938％;孵化率的差异也不显著(P＞0.05),衰退系数为-1.859％～-7.222％,表明没有明显的近交衰退;由溞状幼体(Z)阶段、大眼幼体(M)阶段到Ⅱ期幼蟹阶段的变态率变化趋势可知,随着近交代数的增加,各阶段的变态率呈下降趋势.     

环境因子变化对锯缘青蟹后期幼体及仔蟹变态存活率的影响

通过实验对锯缘青蟹Z、M、C1～C4仔蟹在不同温度、盐度及干露时间的条件下，观察变态及存活率的差异。结果表明：1．温度改变对Z5变态率有影响，30—26℃温度突变其变态率为53％，30-28～25℃温度渐变变态率为60％，对照组(30℃)为57％；温度改变对M的变态存活率和变态时间间隔无影响．但C1变态为C2的时间间隔比对照组延长24～48h。2．盐度改变对青蟹Z5及C1-C4。仔蟹存活和变态的影响不同,在直接由盐度33移至28、21、15、8的不同条件下，Z5和M的盐度忍耐下限分别为21和15；C1-C4仔蟹在以上的盐度变化条件下均能成活、变态，但C4仔蟹在28、33高盐度下部分个体蜕壳不遂或蜕壳后死亡。3．蟹苗及仔蟹耐干露能力随着个体长大而增强；同规格蟹苗在干露6～18h条件下，变态时间间隔随着干露时间的增加延长24．48h；M在潮湿海绵和不透风的条件下放置12h，可正常变态，离开海绵则在6h内全部死亡；但C1-C4仔蟹即便离开海绵18h，也能正常存活变态。     

不同近交程度对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)繁殖性能的影响

以本实验室建立的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)全同胞家系为研究对象,通过连续观测6代三疣梭子蟹近交家系的抱卵量、排幼量、孵化率、单位体重抱卵量、单位体重排幼量及幼体发育各阶段的变态率6个指标来评价近交对三疣梭子蟹繁殖性能的影响。方差分析显示,在实验亲蟹的规格大小对测量数据无影响的条件下,近交系数每增加10%,各近交代与非近交代F_(1m)在单位体重抱卵量与单位体重排幼量的差异不显著(P0.05),这2个指标的近交衰退系数分别为-2.789%~-6.620%和-1.188%~-5.938%;孵化率的差异也不显著(P0.05),衰退系数为-1.859%~-7.222%,表明没有明显的近交衰退;由潘状幼体(Z)阶段、大眼幼体(M)阶段到Ⅱ期幼蟹阶段的变态率变化趋势可知,随着近交代数的增加,各阶段的变态率呈下降趋势。     

Effect of salinity and temperature on salinity tolerance of the sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis>

Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus juveniles acclimated to different environmental conditions (23, 25, and 27°C combined with 25, 30, and 35 psu) were assessed for tolerance to increasing and decreasing levels of salinity at a rate of 2 psu h⁻¹. They were also tested for the LS₅₀ (median lethal salinity) when transferred directly into a series of higher salinity (32–46 psu) and lower salinity (9–25 psu). The CSMax (critical salinity maximum), CSMin (critical salinity minimum), USTL (upper salinity tolerance limit), and LSTL (lower salinity tolerance limit) were positively correlated to the acclimated salinity level but negatively correlated to temperature. The CSMax of A. japonicus was 6.2–10.0 psu higher than the USTL, and the CSMin was 5.5–8.5 psu lower than the LSTL, indicating that gradual changes in salinity resulted in the wide range of salinity tolerance that was observed, but that abrupt changes in salinity resulted in the narrow range of tolerance. Two-way analysis of variance revealed that salinity and temperature had a significant effect on 50% CSMax, 50% CSMin, USTL, and LSTL (P < 0.001). The information obtained in this study will be valuable for the further development of the sea cucumber aquaculture industry in China.     

光裸星虫对盐度和温度的耐受性研究

试验结果表明,(1)盐度从20突变为5时,其成活率为60%;盐度由20突变至50时,成活率为0.求得光裸星虫96 h半致死盐度上限为41.7.(2)盐度由25每隔12 h上升5至盐度50时,其成活率由100%降至60%,盐度逐渐由25降至5,光裸星虫成活率由100%降至85%.(3)当水温由25 ℃急骤降至20、15、10、5 ℃时,光裸星虫的成活率依次为100%、100%、100%、70%;当水温由25 ℃急骤升至30 ℃时,光裸星虫的成活率仅为10%;当突变温度急骤升至35 ℃时,其成活率为0.求得其96 h急性半致死温度上限为27.5 ℃.(4)水温由22 ℃每隔12 h逐渐升至25、30、35、40 ℃时,光裸星虫成活率下降幅度不大,分别为100%、100%、85%、85%.水温由22 ℃每隔12 h逐渐降至20、15、10、5 ℃时,其成活率均为100%.根据试验结果可知,光裸星虫属广温、广盐种.     

Salinity effects on osmoregulation and gill morphology in juvenile Persian sturgeon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser persicus</Emphasis>)

The effect of abrupt and 5-day gradual salinity transfers from freshwater (FW) to 11 ‰ Caspian Sea brackish water (BW) was investigated in juvenile Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus with three different weight groups: 1–2 g (1.62 ± 0.27 g), 2–3 g (2.55 ± 0.41 g) and 3–5 g (4.28 ± 0.76 g). Mortality rates, blood osmotic pressure, gill morphology and branchial Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase (NKA) activity were measured 4 and 10 days after abrupt transfer and 9 and 15 days after the initial gradual transfer (i.e. 4 and 10 days after reaching Caspian Sea salinity). Fish under 3 g could not survive increased salinity, and the blood osmotic pressure of the remaining surviving fish increased and remained elevated. However, heavier fish were able to survive and successfully acclimate, even to rapid salinity change with osmotic pressure reduced to Caspian Sea osmolality levels. At the gill level, the developmental increase in chloride cell volume and a higher NKA content most probably allow juveniles weighing more than 2 g to sharply increase NKA activity if the fish are transferred to BW. The rapid chloride cell proliferation occurring with increased salinity should strengthen this acclimation response. Therefore, a drastic physiological change occurs when fish weigh more than 2 g that allows migration to higher salinities. The triggering signal on chloride cells must be further investigated in order to optimize this functional step.     

温度与盐度对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼能量代谢的联合效应

在实验室条件下采用中心复合设计和响应曲面法,以影响能量代谢的2个重要环境因子(温度和盐度)为自变量,以耗氧率、排氨率与CO2排泄率为响应值,研究并探讨了温度(13~36℃)与盐度(0~20)对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼能量代谢的联合影响。结果表明,温度与盐度的一次效应、盐度的二次效应及其互作效应对耗氧率、排氨率与CO2排泄率均有显著影响(P>0.05);温度的二次效应对耗氧率和CO2排泄率没有显著影响(P>0.05);所考察因子与耗氧率、排氨率与CO2排泄率间二次多项回归方程的决定系数分别达到0.958 1、0.977 8和0.979 5(P<0.01),可用于预测。温度效应较盐度明显,盐度较低时,能量消耗对温度变化较为敏感;在等渗点附近,耗氧率、排氨率和CO2排泄率较高;盐度超过等渗点时,低温和高盐环境对幼鱼的能量代谢有抑制作用。氧氮比(O∶N)随盐度变化而变化,温度对其没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当温度与盐度分别为13~36℃与0~10时,罗非鱼幼鱼主要依靠蛋白质和脂肪氧化供能;盐度为20时,脂肪成为主要供能物质;本实验条件下呼吸商的均值为0.752。本研究有助于更好地解释温度与盐度对罗非鱼新陈代谢的影响,同时可以为研究环境因子对能量的时空分配模式的改变提供生物能量学依据。     

盐度突降对拟穴青蟹仔蟹生长发育和Na＋／K＋-ATP酶活性的影响

研究了盐度（6、13、20、27和33）对拟穴青蟹仔蟹（Scylla paramamosain）生长发育和Na＋/K＋-ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明，盐度对拟穴青蟹仔蟹特定生长率（甲宽和体重）、C3蜕壳间期、甲宽增量（C1至C2和C2至C3）及Na＋/K＋-ATP酶活性有显著影响（P〈0．05），但对仔蟹存活率、C2蜕壳间期及C3至C4甲宽增量无显著影响（P〉0．05）.盐度13处理组特定生长率最高、蜕壳间期最短，盐度69．1：理组特定生长率最低，但与盐度20、27和33处理组无显著差异（P〉0．05），而盐度33处理组蜕壳间期的延长降低了其生长速度；除C1蜕壳为C2的甲宽增量以盐度20处理组最大外，C2、C3蜕壳后的甲宽增量均为盐度13处理组最大；不同盐度条件下，仔蟹Na＋／K＋-ATP酶活性在实验开始后12h、48h、168h和264h时分别表现为盐度6〉13〉20〉27〉33、6〉13〉27〉20〉33、6〉13〉20〉27〉33和6〉13〉33〉20〉27的趋势，低盐环境下酶活性的升高可能有助于拟穴青蟹仔蟹对低渗环境的调节。试验结果表明，拟穴青蟹C1～C3的适宜盐度下限为13以上，C3后对低盐环境的适应能力明显增强，可在盐度6以上的低盐度环境中正常生长。     

A simple test to estimate the salinity resistance of fish with specific application to O. niloticus and S. melanotheron

In order to develop a simple and accurate index of the salinity resistance of tilapia, batches of 10 juveniles (5 to 20 g) of two different species Oreochromis niloticus and Sarotherodon melanotheron reared in freshwater were subjected to gradual increases in salinity until 100% mortality. Seven daily increments of salinity were tested with 4 replicates: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 g l⁻¹ day⁻¹, while control batches were kept in fresh water. The temperature was maintained at 27 °C. The concentration of oxygen, ammonia and the pH were not limiting factors. The mortality, monitored on a daily basis, appeared after 2–51 days and was spread out over 1–20 days, depending on the increment of salinity. The higher the daily rate in salinity increase, then the shorter the time lapse before total mortality occurred. The cumulative mortality as a function of salinity fit well with simple linear regressions. The criterion of the resistance to salinity was the index MLS (median lethal salinity) defined at each daily rate as the salinity at which 50% of fish died. For S. melanotheron, the mean MLS was 123.7±3.5 g l⁻¹ whatever the daily rate in salinity. For O. niloticus, the MLS was 46.3±3.4 g l⁻¹ for daily increases in salinity ranging from 2 to 8 g l⁻¹ day⁻¹ and decreased significantly (P<0.05) above this level. The MLS-8 g l⁻¹ day⁻¹ ,which takes into account the full capacity of the fish to adapt to the increasing salinity, appeared to be a simple, optimized and efficient criterion for assessing the resistance to salinity for O. niloticus and S. melanotheron. This criterion can be a useful tool for ranking the different parental strains and hybrids of different genus and species of tilapia used in programmes of genetic selection for growth and salinity tolerance.     

方格星虫中培苗对温度、盐度和干露的耐受性试验

研究了方格星虫中培苗对盐度突变、温度突变和盐度渐变、温度渐变及干露的耐受性。试验结果表明,方格星虫中培苗耐受盐度的范围比较广泛,为10~45,适宜的盐度为15~40;适宜温度为15~30℃,对低温有较强的耐受力。方格星虫中培苗在低温保湿干露48h未发生死亡,大量死亡集中在72~96h。根据试验结果可知,方格星虫中培苗对环境的适应性较强,耐温、耐盐范围较广,且具有较强的耐干露能力,便于苗种运输。     

Extension of nursery culture of Scylla serrata (Forsskål) juveniles in net cages and ponds

To address the preference of mud crab farmers for larger size Scylla serrata juveniles (5.0–10 g body weight or BW; 3.0–5.0 cm internal carapace width or ICW), a study was conducted to compare the growth and survival of crab juveniles (2.0–5.0 g BW; 1.0–3.0 cm ICW) produced a month after stocking of megalopae in net cages when reared further in net cages installed in earthen ponds or when stocked directly in earthen ponds. In a 3 × 2 factorial experiment, three stocking densities (1, 3 and 5 ind m⁻²), two types of rearing units (net cages or earthen pond) were used. Megalopae were grown to juvenile stage for 30 days in net cages set inside a 4000 m² brackishwater pond and fed brown mussel (Modiolus metcalfei). Crab juveniles were then transferred to either net cages (mesh size of 1.0 mm) or earthen ponds at three stocking densities. After 1 month, no interaction between stocking density and rearing unit was detected so data were pooled for each stocking density and rearing unit. There were no significant differences in the growth or survival rate of crab juveniles across stocking density treatments. Regardless of stocking density, survival in net cages was higher (77.11±6.62%) than in ponds (40.41±3.59%). Growth, however, was significantly higher for crab juveniles reared in earthen ponds. The range of mean BW of 10.5–16.0 g and an ICW of 3.78–4.33 cm obtained are within the size range preferred by mud crab operators for stocking grow‐out ponds.     

温度对三疣梭子蟹呼吸代谢及其相关酶活力的影响

为研究温度对三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus呼吸代谢的影响,以三疣梭子蟹幼蟹(1.17±0.03)g和成蟹(57.57±1.16)g为实验材料,设5个实验温度水平(15、18、21、24、27℃),测定其在不同温度下的耗氧率和排氨率以及成蟹肝胰脏和肌肉组织中的丙酮酸激酶(PK)、己糖激酶(HK)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)的活力。实验结果显示,三疣梭子蟹耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的升高而升高。幼蟹耗氧率在各个温度水平下差异显著(P0.05),成蟹耗氧率仅在15-18℃与21-27℃之间差异显著(P0.05);幼蟹和成蟹排氨率在15-18℃与21-27℃之间差异显著(P0.05)。幼蟹和成蟹的氧氮比随温度的升高总体呈下降趋势,其氧氮比范围为1.38-3.02,表明三疣梭子蟹以蛋白质为主要代谢能源物质。随实验温度升高,成蟹肝胰脏中的PK活力呈上升趋势,而成蟹肌肉组织中的PK和HK的活力则随温度升高总体呈下降趋势。温度对三疣梭子蟹肝胰脏组织中SDH的活力影响显著(P0.05),SDH的活力随温度的升高呈上升趋势,在27℃时达到最大值。综上所述,无氧代谢方面,随实验温度的升高,三疣梭子蟹成蟹肝胰脏组织的糖酵解速率增大,肌肉组织对葡萄糖的利用能力下降;有氧代谢方面,成蟹肝胰脏SDH活力随实验温度的升高而升高,一定程度上反应了三疣梭子蟹在高温环境下有氧代谢加强。