养殖密度和换水量及频率对凡纳滨对虾生长的影响

在26℃下,将体长(2.089±0.021)cm的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)饲养在15 L聚乙烯圆形水桶中,设置400尾/m~3和800尾/m~32个密度和5个换水条件(不换水、日换水量20%、日换水量50%、3 d全量换水、5 d全量换水)双因素处理,研究不同养殖密度和日换水条件对水质和凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长的影响,并根据养殖密度、日换水量及养殖天数对自污染因子的影响,建立了各污染指标与养殖密度、日换水量及养殖天数的回归关系模型。结果显示:养殖密度和日换水量对水体p H无显著性影响(P0.05);水中NO_2~--N、NH_4~+-N及COD浓度均随换水量增大而降低,其中日换水量50%组累积量最低,显著低于其他组(P0.05);3 d全量换水和5 d全量换水试验组中,NO_2~--N、NH_4~+-N及COD浓度在换水前达峰值,在换水次日骤降至最低值,然后逐渐升高,如此循环,但仍低于对照组;相同换水条件下,密度400尾/m~3时自污染因子浓度均低于800尾/m~3组;NO_2~--N(Y_1)、NH_4~+-N(Y_2)和COD(Y_3)浓度指标与养殖密度(X_1)、日换水量(X_2)及养殖天数(X_3)的回归关系模型分别为:Y_1=0.048-0.002X_2-0.001X_3;Y_2=0.163+0.04X_1-0.018X_2+0.01X_3;Y_3=4.85+0.429X_1-0.199X_2。研究表明:在养殖密度400尾/m~3、换水率50%的养殖条件下,可以保证水体自污染程度最低,凡纳滨对虾生长良好。     

罗氏沼虾、尼罗罗非鱼单养或混养的试验比较

将罗氏沼虾、尼罗罗非鱼单养与混养进行了生长比较，每种养殖方式设3个重要。单养罗氏沼尾虾放养密度为7只/m^2，单养尼罗罗非鱼放养密度1尾/m^2。混养密度为罗氏沼虾7只/m^2和罗非鱼1尾/m^2。罗氏沼虾放养规格为1～1.3g/尾，尼罗罗非鱼放养规格7～8g/尾，养殖5个月捕获。结果表明：罗非鱼单养和混养产量与平均个体重无显著性差异，总产量分别为2952kg/hm^2和2779kg/hm^2，平均个体重分别为350g/尾和334g/尾。罗氏沼虾单养与混养产量分别为1377kg/hm^2和961kg/hm^2，平均个体重分别为56g/只和32g/只。鱼虾混养总产量为3730kg/hm^2，比单养鱼或虾增产。     

绿色巴夫藻的营养试验和生产性培养

通过对绿色巴夫藻(Pavloua uiridis)的氮磷营养试验研究和生产性大规模培养的应用得出:适宜的NaNO_3量为60～70mg/L;KH_2PO_4为1.5mg/L;N,P为34:1;培养液中添加NH_2COH_2N和(NH_4)_2SO_4均能促进生长,以10～20mg/L效果较好;大规模培养表现出较好的生产性;在海湾扇贝育苗中应用取得很好的效果.     

锯缘青蟹全人工育苗高产技术

选择规格在350 g/只以上的亲蟹,培育至胚胎心跳达150次/min以上布幼,密度为20万~25万尾/m3。通过换水、投饵等饲养管理,在c2期幼体变态完成后的第2天出池,出苗量达0.3~0.5 kg/m3。     

玛拉巴石斑鱼工厂化人工育苗技术（下）

(2)轮虫、蒙古裸腹蚤的培养:培养池为常用水泥池,24小时连续充气,充气量以轮虫、蒙古裸腹蚤不因缺氧而浮于水面为宜。每天投喂适量酵母和小球藻液,轮虫培养每天投喂酵母量为0.005克/万个,分4～6次投喂;蒙古裸腹蚤投喂酵母量为1～2毫克/升,分3次投喂;每天换水20%,换水后添加小球     

鱼类繁殖中节水孵化技术

0.15m^3水泥孵化缸，用增氧机增氧孵化团头鲂受精卵，水温23～27℃，孵化时间94h，中间换水1次。出苗率96%，孵化用水量为每万粒卵0.01m^3，是环道用水量的1/188。     

雨生红球藻的优化培养研究

以MAV为基本培养基，分别研究了光照、氮、磷、铁、碳等对红球藻生长的影响，并用正交试验研究了光照、温度、接种密度对红球藻生长的影响。结果表明：红球藻生长所需适宜的氮、磷、铁、碳的体积质量分别为KNO3 0.1g/L,KH2PO4 0.02-0.04g/L,FeSO4 0.5mg/L,NaHCO3 0.2g/L。多因子正交试验结果表明，在光照强度为700 lx、培养温度30℃、接种密度为5000/mL时，生长最佳。     

不同养殖密度对亚东鲑亚成鱼生长性能的影响

以西藏亚东鲑为研究对象,对亚东鲑亚成鱼(60～80 g)进行不同密度的养殖实验,设置5 kg/m~3(D1)、10 kg/m~3(D2)、15 kg/m~3(D3)、20 kg/m~3(D4)、25 kg/m~3(D5)等共5个试验组,每组3个重复,在循环水养殖系统中饲养30 d。试验结果表明:5个密度组的试验鱼成活率和肥满度无显著差异(P0.05),但个体生长速度呈现随密度增大而先稳定后显著减小的趋势,其中10 kg/m~3密度组生长速度最快,达到(1.16±0.04)g/d;总增重量则是先增大后减小,其中20 kg/m~3密度组总增重量最大,达到(1 037.99±11.45)g,可能是在一定密度范围内,数量基数增大抵消了个体生长速度的降低。     

海萝(Gloiopeltis furcata)藻体保存和容器内的培养方法

为探索海萝(Gloiopeltis furcata)藻体的陆地工厂化养殖,分三部分实验进行研究:(1)不同长度(0.5、1、1.5 cm)和断开部位(从基部断开、从顶部断开和从藻体分叉处断开)的海萝藻体培养;(2)不同培养密度(0.5、1、2、4 g/L)和培养容器(方形水槽、圆柱形透明塑料薄膜容器和亚克力筒);(3)不同风干方式(自然风干、培养箱风干和空调加风扇吹干)和保存温度(4、18℃)对保存后藻体存活率的影响.结果显示,不同断开部位对相同长度的藻体生长影响不显著(P＞0.05);较小藻体(0.5 cm)的生长速率显著低于其他各组(1.0、1.5 cm) (P＜0.05);方形水槽中海萝藻体的生长速率显著低于亚克力筒和塑料薄膜装置中(P＜0.05);随着培养密度的增加,海萝的日特定生长率呈显著的下降趋势(P＜0.05);以空调加风扇方式进行风干的藻体成活率最高(P＜0.05),在-18℃保存6个月,其成活率为93.8％;在4℃下保存1个月,各组藻体的成活率都为0.较好的条件组合为:进行陆地工厂化养殖的海萝规格应大于0.5 cm,合适的培养密度范围为0.5-1 g/L;成本低且高效的塑料薄膜装置是海萝藻体培养的适宜容器;采用保存海萝藻体于-18℃的方法可使海萝陆地工厂化养殖或相关研究不受制于海萝生长季节,可按需要进行.     

浮球式生物滤器在鲟鱼工厂化养殖生产中的应用

本介绍了双层浮球式生物滤器在封闭循环式鲟鱼养殖生产中的应用情况。在一个120m^3水体，养殖密度19kg／m^3的鲟鱼循环养殖系统中，应用一套动力为4kw、处理能力为40T／h的BAF-40型双层浮球生物过滤设备进行养殖水体的循环使用处理。在生产过程中，对养殖水体的pH、DO、COD、悬浮物、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐等水化学指标进行了监测，并对鲟鱼在养殖过程中不同阶段的生长情况进行了测量。结果表明，在水体循环周期为1次／3h，换水周期为1次／周的条件下COD≤15mg／l、氨氮≤1mg／l、亚硝酸盐≤0．13mg／l、硝酸盐≤24mg/l，经12月养殖，成活率为98％，增重10倍。应用表明BAF-40型双层浮球式生物滤器可完全满足鲟鱼工厂化养殖生产的要求，确保鲟鱼养殖水体的水质和鱼类生长环境，达到良好养殖效果。     

Effects of Population Density and Feeding Rate on Growth and Feed Consumption of Red Swamp Crawfish Procambarns clarkii

Wire-mesh enclosures were used in production ponds to conduct growth trials in which population density and feeding rate were evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for their effects on crawfish growth. Juvenile Procambarus clarkii of uniform size (0.5 g) were stocked at 2 or 20 animals/m² in experiment 1 and weighed biweekly for 12 wk. Rice forage served as the detrital base, and supplemental feed (25% crude protein) was provided at either a low (26–52 kg/ha per week) or high (104–418 kg/ha per week) rate. In experiment 2, mixed sizes of crawfish were stocked at 10/m² or 20/m² and fed the formulated feed at either 52 or 312 kg/ha per week. Feed consumption was estimated for each treatment combination. Only population density significantly affected crawfish growth. Mean weight gain and final weights were inversely proportional to density but only when total crawfish biomass exceeded 1,235 kg/ha. Growth was not significantly influenced by feeding rate, but the high feeding rate resulted in a significantly greater ratio of hepatopancreas weight to body weight and tended to decrease hepatopancreas moisture levels, indicating improved condition. Population density, feeding rate, and their interaction had significant effects on estimated feed consumption. From the simple linear regression of mean feed consumption on crawfish standing crop, it was estimated that crawfish consume about 0.1 kg of dry feed per ha per week per kg of crawfish biomass on a 5 d per week feeding schedule at mean water temperatures, ranging from 14 to 30 C.     

Timing of Supplemental Feeding for Tilapia Production

The staged addition of feed to fertilized fish ponds was evaluated by adding fertilizers to 15 ponds stocked with Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus , then adding feed at half ad libitum rates once fish in the ponds reached a target weight. Each pond was stocked with 750 fish (3 fish/m²), and each treatment included three ponds with first feeding at (a) 50 g, (b) 100 g, (c) 150 g, (d) 200 g, and (e) 250 g. Ponds in Thailand (at the Ayutthaya Freshwater Fisheries Station, Royal Thai Department of Fisheries) were maintained for 236–328 d until the fish reached 500 g.
Growth was similar for all treatments under fertilizer alone (1.17 g/d) and was also similar when feed was applied (3.1 g/d). Feed application rates averaged 1.17% BW/d, indicating substantial use of natural food. Pond water quality did not deteriorate under supplemental feeding. Feed conversion rates averaged 1.03. Multiple regression indicated that 73.8% of the variance in growth was explained by design variables (feed input and days), while 86.2% of the variance in growth was explained by adding dissolved oxygen content and alkalinity into the equation.
The most efficient system was to grow fish to 100–150 g with fertilizers alone, then add feed. First adding feed (at 50% ad libitum) once fish reached 100 g produced the highest predicted annual revenues ($6,164 per hectare). Results of this experiment indicated that either critical standing crop occurred early (before the first fish sample) or did not occur at all in these ponds.     

封闭循环水系统中养殖密度对大菱鲆生长和免疫的影响

研究了大菱鲆幼鱼在封闭循环水系统中养殖密度对其摄食、生长、饲料利用率及免疫机能的影响。实验设计了4组不同处理,初始养殖密度分别为0.66 kg/m2、1.26 kg/m2、2.56 kg/m2、4.00 kg/m2,每个密度组设3个重复,为期100 d,实验结束时养殖密度分别为4.67 kg/m2、7.25 kg/m2、14.16 kg/m2、17.77 kg/m2。结果表明:大菱鲆生长速度与养殖密度呈负相关,各实验组的持定生长率(SGR)值分别为2.67、2.33、2.29、1.98;随着养殖密度的增加,各实验组大菱鲆的体重差异度出现显著变化(P<0.01);大菱鲆的饵料系数与养殖密度呈正相关,实验组1的饵料系数为0.70;实验组4的饵料系数为0.76;养殖密度对大菱鲆的免疫指标碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及肝脏的脏器系数的影响不大。本实验结果可为鱼类循环水工厂化养殖管理提供参考。     

Percid Pond Production Techniques

Tremendous variation in survival and growth of percid fry stocked in ponds was addressed through manipulation of amounts and kinds of fertilizers added and stocking densities of fish. Ponds were filled with water from nearby eutrophic lakes less than one week prior to stocking. Survival in these ponds averaged 64%. whereas ponds filled one month before stocking averaged only 14%. Optimal inorganic fertilization was identified as weekly restoration to 600µg N/L (NH4 +NO₃) and 30µg P/L as PO₄ ^-3. Organic fertilization gave variable results and water qualities. In one experiment, low organic fertilization alone (28 kg alfalfa meal/ha/week) provided survival and growth comparable to optimal fertilization with inorganic nutrients. Although similar in results, inorganic fertilization was more cost effective than the alfalfa meal. Low fish predation from low stocking or survival allowed Daphnia to overgraze algae. This resulted in a crash in both algae and zooplankton in the ponds. Doubling the initial stocking density increased harvests from 150.000 to 300,000 fish/ha and increased yield from 45 to 100 kg/ha.     

Effects of Stocking Size and Density of Tilapia on Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Polyculture

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of stocking size and density of prawns in polyculture.
In one experiment, postlarval prawns (av. wt. 0.02 g) were stocked in six 0.02 ha earthen ponds at 35,00O/ha. Two ponds were stocked with tilapia fry (av. wt. 0.14 g) and two were stocked with tilapia fingerlings (av. wt. 30.1 g), each at 10,000/ha. Two control ponds had no tilapia. Tilipia stocking size had no effect on prawn growth. Mean weight of prawns after 70 days of culture ranged from a low of 4.5 g when cultured with tilapia fingerlings to a high of 6.6 when cultured in monoculture. Prawn survival was adversely affected by tilapia fry. Average prawn survival in tilapia fry ponds was 65% compared to 75% and 91%, respectively, in tilapia fingerling and monoculture ponds.
In a second experiment, postlarval prawns were stocked in nine 0.02 ha earthen ponds at 40,000/ ha. Six ponds were stocked with 30 g tilapia fingerlings, three at 5,000/ha and three at 15,000/ha. Three control ponds received prawns only. After 100 days of culture, prawn weight ranged from an average of 15.9 g in monoculture ponds to 11.5 g in polyculture ponds. Survival was highest (93.8%) in low density polyculture ponds. Survival was lowest (85.6%) in prawn monoculture ponds. Tilapia reproduction had a negative impact on shrimp production.     

Effect of Dietary Protein Concentration and Stocking Density on Production Characteristics of Pond-Raised Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Diets containing 28% and 32% crude protein were compared for pond‐raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus stocked at densities of 14,820, 29,640, or 44,460 fish/ha. Fingerling channel catfish with average initial weight of 48.5 g/fish were stocked into 30 0.04‐ha ponds. Five ponds were randomly allotted for each dietary protein ± stocking density combination. Fish were fed once daily to satiation for two growing seasons. There were no interactions between dietary protein concentration and stocking density for any variables. Dietary protein concentrations (28% or 32%) did not affect net production, feed consumption and weight gain per fish, feed conversion ratio, survival, processing yields, fillet moisture, protein and ash concentrations, or pond water ammonia and nitrite concentrations. Fish fed the 32% protein diet had slightly but significantly lower levels of visceral and fillet fat than fish fed the 28% protein diet. As stocking density increased, net production increased, while weight gain of individual fish, feed efficiency, and survival decreased. Stocking densities did not affect processing yield and fillet composition of the fish. Although highly variable among different ponds and weekly measurements, ponds stocked at the highest density exhibited higher average levels of total ammonia‐nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite‐nitrogen (NO₂‐N) than ponds stocked at lower densities. However, stocking density had no significant effect on un‐ionized ammonia‐nitrogen (NH₃‐N) concentrations, calculated based on water temperature, pH, and TAN. By comparing to the reported critical concentration, a threshold below which is considered not harmful to the fish, these potentially toxic nitrogenous compounds in the pond water were generally in the range acceptable for channel catfish. It appears that a 28% protein diet can provide equivalent net production, feed efficiency, and processing yields as a 32% protein diet for channel catfish raised in ponds from advanced fingerlings to marketable size at densities varying from 14,820 to 44,460 fish/ha under single‐batch cropping systems. Optimum dietary protein concentration for pond‐raised channel catfish does not appear to be affected by stocking density.     

水温和养殖密度对大鳞鲃幼鱼的生长影响

分别进行水温和密度对大鳞鲃(Barbus capito)幼鱼的生长影响实验,旨在探索大鳞鲃适宜的放养密度和生长温度。水温实验设计为6个梯度值15℃、18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃、30℃,幼鱼初始体重为9~12 g,投喂75 d后,结果得出:在水温15~27℃时,随着温度的升高,终末体重会逐渐增加,27℃时最大值为(44.47±9.54)g,水温达到30℃时,终末体重开始下降。24℃、27℃和30℃组体重增长无显著差异,但温度达到30℃时,体重变异系数最大,为(29.82±11.36)%。密度实验设计为4个梯度值20 ind/m3、15 ind/m3、10 ind/m3、5 ind/m3,幼鱼初始体重为0.6~0.7 g,投喂60 d后,结果得出:随着放养密度的下降,体重增长的速度越快。体重、特定增长率、日增重变化在密度为5 ind/m3时最高,密度10 ind/m3与15 ind/m3没有显著差异,达到20 ind/m3时会显著下降。综合考虑,大鳞鲃适宜的养殖温度在24~27℃,静水池塘的放养密度建议在15 ind/m3左右。     

Effects of Diffused Aeration and Stocking Density on Growth, Feed Conversion, and Production of Florida Red Tilapia in Cages

The effects of four levels of diffused aeration (0, 6, 12, and 24 hours/day) and two stocking densities (400 and 600 fish/m³) on the culture performance of caged Florida red tilapia were evaluated in 1 m³ cages in a 2 ha watershed pond on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Fish obtained a nutritionally-complete (36% protein), floating feed from demand feeders for 143 to 146 days. Diffused aeration had no significant ( P > 0.05) effect on fish growth, survival, feed conversion, and production in cages. Combined across all levels of diffused aeration, fish stocked at 400/cage had a greater growth rate (2.21 vs. 1.97 g/day), larger final body weight (370 vs. 335 g), and a lower feed conversion ratio (1.69 vs. 1.80) than fish stocked at 600/cage ( P < 0.05). The final biomass of fish stocked at the higher density (181 kg/m³) was greater than at the lower density (140 kg/m³). The enhancement of water exchange rates by diffused aeration did not increase tilapia growth rate or production in cages.     

Growth of Stocker Channel Catfish to Large Market Size in Single-Batch Culture

Catfish farmers increasingly are producing fish larger than the traditional size of 0.45-0.57 kg/fish in order to meet processing plant requirements for larger fish. Production of larger channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in multiple-batch culture has been investigated in a few studies, but the impact of understocked fingerlings on growth of carry-over fish is unknown. The present study was conducted to quantify growth, feed conversion ratio, net daily yield, and net and total yield of stocker channel catfish grown in single-batch, one-season culture to mean individual weights of 0.60, 0.72, 0.91, or 1.17 kg/fish. Channel catfish (mean weight = 0.26 kg/fish) were stocked into 12 0.1-ha ponds at 11,115 fish/ha. Fish were fed a 32% crude protein floating extruded feed once daily to apparent satiation. When the average weight of the fish population reached the target weight, three randomly selected ponds were harvested. Fish growth was linear in all treatments. Growth rates were similar for fish grown to 0.60, 0.72, and 0.91 kg/fish, and significantly lower ( P < 0.05) than for fish grown to 1.17 kg. Variation in individual fish weight increased linearly with increased duration of culture period. Feed conversion ratio averaged 1.9 and did not differ significantly among treatments. The percentage of the fish population at harvest that fell within the 0.57 to 2.04 kg-size range preferred by processing plants increased from 56.6 to 98-5% as the mean weight at harvest increased from 0.60 to 1.17 kg/fish.     

Effects of three culture densities on growth and survival of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Octopus vulgaris</Emphasis> (Cuvier, 1797)

The purpoase of this research was to test the effects of three culture densities on the growth and survival of Octopus vulgaris. A total of 141 sub-adult octopuses (1,175.4 ± 194.9 g) were randomly distributed in nine tanks of 2,000 l each (3.6 m × 1.1 m, and 50 cm water depth). Three tanks were stocked with a low initial density of 4 kg/m³, while three other tanks were stocked with an initial density of 8 kg/m³, and the remaining three tanks were stocked at an initial density of 15 kg/m³. Octopuses were all fed frozen squid (Loligo gahi) at 5% body weight per day (%BW/day). The experiment lasted for 70 days. Water temperature varied between 20 ± 2°C, and salinity varied between 36 ± 1 ppt. During the entire experiment, dissolved oxygen was always >75%, and ammonia was always lower than 0.1 mg/l. No differences in growth or growth rates (between 0.9 and 1.1%BW/day for the three densities) were found. Nevertheless, mortality was significantly lower for the low density compared to the other two densities tested. Maximum densities in the culture tanks (>25 kg/m³) were attained in the higher culture densities after 56 days of the experiment.