Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+对茂名海域文昌鱼酸、碱性磷酸酶的影响

试验结果表明,在Cu2+质量浓度为0.096 mg/L水体中生活的文昌鱼酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)均不受抑制作用,在Cu2+质量浓度为0.16、0.256、0.356 mg/L水体中生活的文昌鱼的ACP、ALP活性均显著受抑制(P＜0.05),随时间延长和质量浓度升高,抑制作用增强.在Zn2+质量浓度达到0.195 mg/L时,文昌鱼的ALP与对照组同期相比受抑制作用显著(P＜0.05),随质量浓度增加,受抑制作用增强;ACP在Zn2+质量浓度达到0.39 mg/L时,文昌鱼ACP第10 d影响不显著(P＞0.05),第20 d和30 d表现出显著(P＜0.05)抑制作用,超过这一质量浓度,受抑制作用增强.在Cd2+水体中生活的文昌鱼ALP在Cd2+质量浓度为0.4 mg/L时,抑制显著(P＜0.05),在此质量浓度水体中的文昌鱼ACP在第30 d测定时也表现为抑制显著(P＜0.05),随时间延长和质量浓度增加,文昌鱼ACP、ALP活性受抑制作用增强,在最高质量浓度为2.0 mg/L时,至中期已经死亡.     

A3α肽聚糖对凡纳滨对虾幼体酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力的影响

用含不同质量分数(0.005%、0.01%、0.1%)A3α肽聚糖(PG)的饵料投喂及在育苗水体中添加不同质量浓度(0.005、0.01和0.05 mg/ml)的PG浸浴凡纳滨对虾幼体,以投喂不添加PG的饵料作对照,另设投喂活饵的试验组作参考;饲养7 d后,检测PL1期仔虾体内酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性.结果显示:PG经浸浴和口服能促进幼虾ACP和ALP活性提高;经活饵投喂的幼虾的ACP和ALP活性也较高.活饵组的ACP和ALP活性,0.01%PG添加量组和0.005 mg/ml PG的浸浴组幼体的ACP活性,0.01%和0.1%PG添加量组、PG质量浓度为0.01、0.05 mg/ml的浸浴组的ALP活性均较对照组有显著提高(P < 0.05);口服组和浸浴组ACP活性均与PG浓度正相关,而口服组中0.01%PG添加量组ALP活性最高,浸浴组中PG浓度与ALP活性正相关.试验结果表明,PG能提高幼虾的非特异性免疫力.PG用于育苗的口服质量分数建议为0.05%～0.1%,浸浴质量浓度为0.05 mg/ml.     

Cu2+胁迫对魁蚶生理生化和组织结构的影响

采用生物毒性测试的方法,研究了持续暴露96 h不同浓度Cu2+胁迫对魁蚶生理代谢、组织结构及酶活性的影响。实验设置0.01、0.05、0.10、0.50和1.00 mg/L组5个浓度梯度,不加Cu2+的正常海水作为对照。结果显示,Cu2+胁迫对魁蚶耗氧率(OR)、排氨率(NR)、氧氮比(O∶N)均有显著影响,并且与暴露时间和浓度有关。初次暴露时,OR,NR和O∶N都迅速下降,最低值都出现在1.00 mg/L浓度组,分别为(0.005±0.001)mg/(g·h)、(0.5±0.05)μmol/(g·h)、0.7±0.1,仅为对照组的1%、29%和3%。暴露72 h内Cu2+胁迫均使魁蚶代谢率不同程度下降,之后不同处理组出现差异分化。暴露96 h时,魁蚶对低浓度Cu2+暴露表现出适应,0.01 mg/L处理组呼吸代谢恢复至正常水平,O∶N与对照组无差异,组织结构也未见明显损伤;浓度超过0.05 mg/L处理组魁蚶生理代谢及组织结构受显著影响,O∶N大多降至9以下,出现鳃丝受损和组织结构散乱等明显损伤;0.10 mg/L处理组魁蚶体内ACP和ALP活性在鳃组织中增强,肝脏中受到抑制,而GPX和GST活性增强。研究表明持续暴露96 h Cu2+浓度≥0.05 mg/L环境显著影响魁蚶生理代谢及组织结构,0.10 mg/L Cu2+浓度显著影响魁蚶组织中ACP、ALP、GPX和GST的活性。研究结果为认知魁蚶等滩涂贝类对Cu2+胁迫的响应机制提供基础数据,为预防滩涂潜在重金属污染风险及生物修复提供参考。     

汞对金鱼仔鱼磷酸酶和溶菌酶活性的影响

以体长(1.273士0.116)cm的金鱼仔鱼为研究对象,在水温(22.0士0.5)℃下,养殖在不同质量浓度(0、0.2、1、5、10 μg/L)的Hg2+溶液中,分别在1、7、15 d时,测定不同Hg2+质量浓度下金鱼仔鱼酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和溶菌酶活性.结果显示,汞暴露1d时,不同汞质量浓度下的金鱼仔鱼酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和溶菌酶活性与对照组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);汞暴露7d时,在10 μg/LHg2+下,酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);在1～10 μg/L Hg2+下,碱性磷酸酶活性呈现出明显的诱导激活效应(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);汞暴露15 d时,仅在10 μg/L Hg2+下,酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和溶菌酶活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).试验结果表明,汞暴露下金鱼仔鱼酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和溶菌酶活性随Hg2+质量浓度增大而活性逐渐增强.     

亚硝酸盐对文昌鱼磷酸酶、酚氧化酶及部分生长指标的影响

研究了茂名海域文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcher)耐受亚硝酸盐(NO-2)的极限和在NO-2胁迫条件下体重及磷酸酶(ACP)、酚氧化酶(PO)的变化情况.结果表明,文昌鱼在(25±1)℃温度条件下在96 h内耐受NO-2的半致死浓度LC50为262.98 mg/L.在水体NO-2质量浓度不超过0.34 mg/L时,ACP活性与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),在0.24 mg/L时对碱性磷酸酶(ALP)及PO有显著影响,差异显著(P<0.05);大于12.07 mg/L时,对文昌鱼ALP、ACP及PO活性均有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05).NO-2质量浓度达到33.44 mg/L时,文昌鱼体重与对照组相比受抑制作用显著(P<0.05).     

性早熟中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺与性腺的酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性

采用磷酸苯二钠法在520nm波长测定了未成熟、早熟和正常成熟中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺与性腺中的酸性磷酸酶（ACP）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）。结果表明：（1）各组蟹肝胰腺ACP和ALP活性都显著高于性腺；（2）早熟蟹肝胰腺中ACP活性都显著高于未成熟蟹而低于正常成熟蟹，在各发育阶段没有性别差异，但是，早熟雌蟹和正常成熟雌蟹卵巢中ACP活性都较早熟雄蟹和正常雄蟹精巢低，早熟与正常成熟个体没有差异；（3）早熟雌蟹肝胰腺ALP活性显著高于未成熟和正常成熟雌蟹，而与三组雄蟹处于同一水平，但是，早熟和正常成熟雌雄蟹的性腺中ALP活性没有显著差异。由此得出结论：（1）性腺发育所需营养物质的动员或合成主要与肝胰腺ACP有关；（2）性早熟的发生与肝胰腺中ACP和ALP活性的显著升高有关。     

汞暴露对草鱼器官组织中碱性磷酸酶活性的影响

测定暴露于不同汞离子质量浓度(0 mg/L、0.05 mg/L、0.10 mg/L、0.15 mg/L、0.20 mg/L、0.25 mg/L)下草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)血清、鳃、肝胰脏、脾、肾脏和肌肉等组织器官中碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)活性。研究目的在于评价汞离子对草鱼生理代谢的影响。暴露周期为21 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,血清AKP活性在0.05mg/L、0.10 mg/L和0.15 mg/L汞暴露组无显著性变化(P>0.05),而在0.20 mg/L、0.25 mg/L组显著下降(P<0.01);鳃AKP活性在0.10 mg/L和0.15 mg/L汞暴露组显著上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),而0.05 mg/L、0.20 mg/L和0.25mg/L组无显著变化(P>0.05);肝胰脏和脾脏AKP活性在所有实验组均显著下降(P<0.01);肾脏AKP活性在0.05mg/L组无显著变化,其他实验组均显著升高(P<0.01);肌肉AKP活性在所有实验组均无显著性变化(P>0.05)。本研究说明草鱼暴露于不同汞离子浓度下,具有不同生理功能的器官组织的AKP活性变化存在较大差异     

亚硝酸盐对茂名海域文昌鱼生长及磷酸酶的影响

研究了文昌鱼对亚硝酸盐(NO2-)的耐受极限以及在NO2-胁迫条件下文昌鱼的体重及磷酸酶的变化。结果表明,文昌鱼在(25±1)℃温度条件下耐受NO2-的96h的LC50为262.98mg/L。在水体NO2-不超过0.34mg/L时文昌鱼酸性磷酸酶(ACP)较对照组无显著变化(P>0.05),在浓度为0.24mg/L时碱性磷酸酶(ALP)受显著促进作用(P<0.05);当水体NO2-大于12.07mg/L时,文昌鱼ALP和(ACP)活性均随水体中NO2-浓度的增加受到显著(P<0.05)的抑制作用。水体浓度达33.44mg/L时,文昌鱼体重与对照组相比受抑制作用显著(P<0.05)。     

硝态氮对凡纳滨对虾血清免疫相关酶活性的影响

以体质量(8.68±1.62)g、体长(9.31±0.65)cm的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,通过48h胁迫,研究了不同质量浓度(4.24 mg·L-1、35 mg·L-1、70 mg·L-1、105 mg·L-1和140 mg·L-1,以氮质量浓度计)硝态氮(NO-3-N)对对虾血清中酚氧化酶(PO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)等活性的影响,探讨凡纳滨对虾养殖中NO-3-N的安全质量浓度。结果表明,质量浓度不高于140 mg·L-1的NO-3-N对凡纳滨对虾血清中SOD、PO、AKP、ACP、i NOS、TNOS、LSZ等酶活性的作用主要表现为短期影响;随实验时间增加,组间差异减小;第48小时除35 mg·L-1组外,其他组的诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(i NOS)活性差异并不显著。     

弧菌和大肠杆菌感染对杂色鲍无细胞血淋巴中几种酶活力的影响

将杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor)注射感染大肠杆菌(E.coli)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahemolyticus),在感染后第4、8、12、24、48、96、192小时分别采集无细胞血淋巴,测定碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)的活力.结果表明,弧菌组ACP的活力在第24小时比对照组显著增高;弧菌组的ALP与对照组相比,在第8小时显著增高,第48小时极显著升高,第96小时显著下降.弧菌组的SOD活力在24小时与对照组相比显著降低.而大肠杆菌组ALP、ACP和SOD的活力跟对照组相比,各个时相均无显著差异.由此可见,杂色鲍对致病菌和非致病菌可能有着不同的免疫机制.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).