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1.
Qing-Lin Wang Yun-Wei Dong Shuang-Lin Dong Fang Wang 《Aquaculture International》2011,19(6):1165-1175
The effects of heat-shock during pelagic stages on growth and survival of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were investigated to test the possibility to acquire high thermal tolerance individuals after the heat-shock selection. Larvae
at the stages of blastula, gastrula, and auricularia were heat-shocked at selected temperatures (21.5, control; 26, 28, and
30°C) for 45 min and returned to 21.5°C for continuous rearing. There was a significant difference in thermal sensitivity
among different developmental stages, and thermal tolerance of the larvae was correlated with the expression of heat shock
protein 70 (Hsp70). Juveniles after the heat-shock selection at pelagic stages showed higher induced thermotolerance than
those without heat-shock. Therefore, heat-shock application at early pelagic development stages is potentially a useful way
to select high-thermotolerance variety of the sea cucumbers. 相似文献
2.
The neuropeptide cubifrin-I and its derivative cubifrin-L have recently been shown to be potent substances that induce in
vitro oocyte maturation and spawning in the Japanese common sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. We have examined the reproductive behavior of A. japonicus in vivo following the injection of cubifrin-L into the body cavity with the aim of determining the practical value of using
this peptide to induce spawning in the hatchery setting. The responsiveness of ovarian fragments with oocytes >155 μm in diameter
to cubifrin-L in vitro was well correlated with the spawning success induced in vivo by a cubifrin-L injection. Mature sea
cucumbers injected with cubifrin-L displayed sequential reproductive behaviors, which comprised climbing up the side wall
of the tank toward the water surface, waving of the head, and shedding of gametes. Gamete shedding started about 60 and 80 min
after the injection of cubifrin-L in males and females, respectively, and was completed almost simultaneously in the two sexes
about 2 h post-injection. Repeated injections of cubifrin-L at intervals of about 10 days successfully induced multiple spawnings
in males and females. These results demonstrate that cubifrin-L can be used as an effective inducer of spawning in Japanese
sea cucumber cultivation. 相似文献
3.
In the present study, we evaluated the effect of yeast polysaccharide (YSP) on the immune function of Apostichopus japonicus at different pH levels. Juvenile sea cucumbers were fed artificial feed containing 0.5% YSP. Phagocytic activity and activity
of lysozyme (LSZ), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured under pH stress after 24 h. The results
showed that the phagocytic index, the activity of LSZ and ACP in the intestines increased at pH 10.0, and ACP activity in
the body wall decreased. The phagocytic rate and ALP activity in the intestines were not different from the control group.
The phagocytic index was also not different from the control group at pH 5.5. The activity of LSZ and ACP in the intestines
and the activity of ALP increased, while the activity of ACP in the body wall decreased. The phagocytic rate of YSP group
increased and the phagocytic rate of control group decreased. Thus, this study indicated that YSP can modulate the non-specific
immunity of A. japonicus, and the reasonable dose of YSP might be used as the immunostimulants in sea cucumbers farming under pH stress. 相似文献
4.
Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus juveniles acclimated to different environmental conditions (23, 25, and 27°C combined with 25, 30, and 35 psu) were assessed
for tolerance to increasing and decreasing levels of salinity at a rate of 2 psu h−1. They were also tested for the LS50 (median lethal salinity) when transferred directly into a series of higher salinity (32–46 psu) and lower salinity (9–25 psu).
The CSMax (critical salinity maximum), CSMin (critical salinity minimum), USTL (upper salinity tolerance limit), and LSTL
(lower salinity tolerance limit) were positively correlated to the acclimated salinity level but negatively correlated to
temperature. The CSMax of A. japonicus was 6.2–10.0 psu higher than the USTL, and the CSMin was 5.5–8.5 psu lower than the LSTL, indicating that gradual changes
in salinity resulted in the wide range of salinity tolerance that was observed, but that abrupt changes in salinity resulted
in the narrow range of tolerance. Two-way analysis of variance revealed that salinity and temperature had a significant effect
on 50% CSMax, 50% CSMin, USTL, and LSTL (P < 0.001). The information obtained in this study will be valuable for the further development of the sea cucumber aquaculture
industry in China. 相似文献
5.
In order to verify which factors affect habitat selection for aestivating and in the active adult Apostichopus japonicus, animals were tested for their selection of attachment site in an experimental device (1-m pipes) in which the perceived
environmental stimuli (light intensity, degree of contact with a hard surface, geotaxis) varied depending on the attachment
site. During the aestivating season, the animals showed a strong selection for attachment sites during the daytime and nighttime;
they also showed positive stereotaxis (thigmotaxis), negative phototaxis, and negative geotaxis. The results suggest that
(1) habitats are not suitable for the aestivating adult A. japonicus unless these three environmental requirements are satisfied. 相似文献
6.
Takumi Fujino Hideki Sawada Hiromichi Mitamura Reiji Masuda Nobuaki Arai Yoh Yamashita 《Fisheries Science》2017,83(3):367-372
Populations of sea cucumbers, including the Japanese common sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, have been seriously depleted worldwide due to overfishing. Mark–recapture study is an efficient means of collecting ecological data. However, the use of such a method in sea cucumbers is difficult because they lack hard tissues in the body wall. Here we tested the viability of various tagging methods on A. japonicus. First, we applied conventional tags using four different methods [single spaghetti (T-bar) tagging, double spaghetti tagging, ribbon tagging, and Atkins tagging] to ten individuals per method in aquaria for 14 days. Of the methods used, single spaghetti tagging had the highest retention rate. Then we examined the retention rate of single spaghetti tags on ten individual sea cucumbers for up to approximately 6 months in rearing conditions. The single spaghetti tagging method showed a retention rate of 100% over at least 7 days, and 50% of the tags remained embedded after 56 days. The longest duration of tag retention was 174 days, at which time the experiment was terminated. These results indicate that single spaghetti tagging is reliable for both short- and longer-term studies, making it a useful tool for ecological and conservation studies in sea cucumbers. 相似文献
7.
Huayu Song Mengxun Wang Zhongkai Wang Haiyang Yu Zhigang Wang Quanqi Zhang 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2016,42(4):1073-1092
8.
Gang Yang Xiangli Tian Shuanglin Dong Mo Peng Dongdong Wang Kai Zhang 《Aquaculture International》2016,24(2):675-690
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Chinese herbal medicine (rhubarb, Rheum officinale Bail), probiotic (Bacillus cereus BC-01), prebiotic (yeast polysaccharide), and antibiotic (florfenicol) supplementation on the growth, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of juvenile sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka; initial weight, 4.67 ± 0.06 g). The control treatment was fed only the basal diet (CT treatment), whereas four other treatments were fed the basal diet supplemented with rhubarb (RH treatment), B. cereus BC-01 (BC treatment), yeast polysaccharide (PO treatment), or florfenicol (FL treatment). Groups of ten sea cucumbers were housed in separate tanks, and each diet was fed to five randomly selected groups. The specific growth rates of the individuals in the RH and BC treatments were significantly higher than those in the CT, PO, and FL treatments. The apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein in the RH and BC treatments was significantly higher than that of crude protein in the CT and PO treatments. The alkaline phosphatase activity of the coelomocytes in the RH and BC treatments was significantly higher than that in the CT and FL treatments. Coelomocytes in the PO treatment had the highest acid phosphatase activity. Higher than average lysozyme activity was observed in the PO and FL treatments. Fold and enterocyte heights in the mid-intestinal tract of sea cucumbers in the CT and RH treatments were lower than those in the BC, PO, and FL treatments. Microvillus height was greatest in the RH treatment and lowest in the FL treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed remarkable atrophy of microvilli and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in the FL treatment. These results suggest that dietary rhubarb, B. cereus, and yeast polysaccharide supplementation can improve the health of sea cucumbers, whereas long-term florfenicol supplementation may have a negative impact on their intestinal healthy and immune response of sea cucumbers. 相似文献
9.
Katsumasa Yamada Masakazu Hori Susumu Matsuno Tatsuo Hamano Masami Hamaguchi 《Fisheries Science》2009,75(3):601-610
It has been suggested that the Japanese sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, has three color types (red, green, and black), although the qualitative difference between the color types, particularly
between the green and black types, is unclear because of continuous color variation among color types. This study elucidated
the color variation between green and black types using image processing (RGB, red–green–blue system) and multivariate analysis to demonstrate whether or not the black and green types can be quantitatively classified.
Moreover, spatial variation of the RGB value among various local sites was clarified to estimate potential environmental factors
that may affect the color variation. The series of analyses revealed that a quantitative boundary between green and black
types could be provisionally established, and also that spatial variability in the intermediate (continuous) color trait between
green and black types was significant. Potential environmental factors (depth and industrial activity index) were correlated
with the color traits in both color types. These results suggest that the green and black types cannot be regarded as independent
color traits and that the color variation between green and black types may be influenced by local environmental factors. 相似文献
10.
ABSTRACT: Thermal limits, induced thermotolerance and the expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in an echinoderm Apostichopus japonicus were studied. The sublethal and lethal temperatures for the juveniles were 30 and 34°C, respectively; a previous sublethal heat shock exposure (30°C, 2 h) could increase the survival rates of the sea cucumbers when they were exposed to 34°C. This induced thermotolerance could last for at least 2 days. Levels of Hsp70 increased substantially after sublethal heat shock exposure and linearly decreased with time. This result indicated that a close relationship existed between the induction of thermotolerance and the levels of Hsp70 in A. japonicus. 相似文献
11.
The red race of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was introduced into China from Japan for large-scale seed production because of its economic value. This paper reports the
effects of stocking density, temperature, and salinity on survival and growth of early larvae before and after feeding, in
order to establish conditions for optimal larval growth and production. To maximize the yield per unit of space, densities
of 0.5–1 larvae/ml are recommended for non-feeding larvae, while 0.1–0.2 larvae/ml are best for feeding larvae. Higher survival
and growth values were obtained for both non-feeding and feeding larvae at temperature ranges from 21 to 24°C. Larvae reared
at a salinity of 30‰ always showed maximum growth and survival. Based on results of this study, a temperature range from 21
to 24°C and a salinity of 30 are considered optimal for early development of the red A. japonicus. 相似文献
12.
Ahlem Hamza Kais Fdhila Dora Zouiten Ahmed Sleheddine Masmoudi 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2016,42(2):495-507
This study examined the effects of two probiotics (Virgibacillus proomii and Bacillus mojavensis) on the digestive enzyme activity, survival and growth of Dicentrarchus labrax at various ontogenetic stages in three separate experiments. These probiotics were incorporated as single or mixed into fish feed for a period of 60 days. The growth parameters, proximate composition of whole body, digestive enzymes and gut microbiology were monitored at regular. The increments in length and weight and the survival were significantly higher (P < 0.05), and the values of food conversions were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fishes fed the probiotic. The administration of V. proomii and B. mojavensis in diet resulted in an increase (P > 0.05) in body ash and protein content and in the specific activity of phosphatase alkaline and amylase in the digestive tract of all the fishes. V. proomii and B. mojavensis persisted in the fish intestine and in the feed in high numbers during the feeding period (group 1: 5.8 × 104 CFU/ml, group 2: 9.6 × 104 CFU/ml, and group 3: 9.8 × 104 CFU/ml day 60). The two probiotics V. proomii and B. mojavensis were adequate for improved growth performance and survival and for healthy gut microenvironment of the host. 相似文献
13.
Marianna Vaz Rodrigues Claire Juliana Francisco Gianmarco S. David Reinaldo José da Silva Maria Fernanda Falcone-Dias João Pessoa Araújo Júnior 《Aquaculture International》2018,26(1):127-138
Francisella noatunensis orientalis is a bacterium that causes emerging bacteriosis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in many parts of the world, including Brazil. It is a non-motile, Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, facultative intracellular coccobacillus. This species of bacteria is responsible for low to high mortality in fish farms, causing economic losses for fish farmers. This study aimed to detect the presence of F. noatunensis orientalis using qPCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) and to describe lesions caused by the bacterium in O. niloticus in Brazilian aquaculture. For this purpose, 360 fish from six fish farms (30 per farm) were sampled at two time points (n = 180 per sampling). Necropsies and histopathology were performed for lesion observation, in addition to qPCR and sequencing for detection and identification of Francisella species. Environmental data were collected using a multiparameter sonde YSI EXO2. All measured limnological variables were within the optimum range for cultivation of Nile tilapia. The major lesions present were melanization of the skin, splenomegaly, granulomas, and inflammatory cell responses. The prevalence of francisellosis varied from 0 to 86.66% between time periods and fish farms analyzed, and an outbreak was observed during the second sampling period. This study describes the prevalence of francisellosis in O. niloticus and reports that the lesions found are not exclusively associated with this bacterial disease. 相似文献
14.
Ofelia S. Reyes Marietta N. Duray Corazon B. Santiago Manuele Ricci 《Aquaculture International》2011,19(1):155-164
The free-living nematode, Panagrellus redivivus, was tested as live food for grouper Epinephelus coioides larvae during the first feeding stage. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the acceptability of the free-living
nematodes in grouper larvae at first feeding, the optimum nematode density and the response of the larvae to nutritionally
enriched nematode. All experiments were conducted in 200-L conical tanks filled with 150-L filtered seawater and stocked at
15 larvae L−1. Duration of feeding experiments was up to day 21 (experiment 1) and 14 days (experiment 2 and 3). Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia (experiment 1) and Brachionus plicatilis alone (experiment 2 & 3) was used as the control treatment. Observations indicated that the grouper larvae readily fed on
free-living nematodes as early as 3 days posthatching, the start of exogenous feeding. Optimum feeding density for the larvae
was 75 nematodes ml−1. The enrichment of cod liver oil or sunflower oil influenced the total lipids and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids of P. redivivus, which in turn influenced those of the grouper larvae, however, growth and survival of the larvae were not affected (P > 0.05). The results from this investigation showed that the nematode, P. redivivus, can be used as first live food for grouper larvae from the onset of exogenous feeding until they could feed on Artemia nauplii. 相似文献
15.
The effect of aqueous extract of Cratoxylum formosum on innate immune response and disease resistance in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus was investigated. The fish were fed diets containing 0% (control), 0.5% (diet 1), 1% (diet 2), and 1.5% (diet 3) of C. formosum aqueous extract for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, parameters of innate immune response including phagocytosis
of blood leukocytes, lysozyme activity in plasma, and respiratory bust activity were examined. Feeding the fish with diet
2 and diet 3 for 20 days enhanced phagocytic activity and for 30 days stimulated lysozyme and respiratory burst activities.
Diet 1 increased the phagocytic activity at 30 days, but did not affect the other measured parameters. All parameters were
not significantly changed (P > 0.05) in the control group throughout the experiment. Following 30 days of feeding, fish were infected with S. agalactiae. The cumulative mortalities of bacterial-infected tilapia that were fed diet 1, diet 2, and diet 3 were 56, 12, and 10%,
respectively, compared with 85% in the control group. These results indicate that the aqueous extract of C. formosum may elevate the innate immune response and enhance disease resistance in tilapia. 相似文献
16.
In this study, four essential oils—cinnamon oil, leech lime oil, lemongrass oil, and turmeric oil—were examined for their
antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus iniae, a bacterium that is pathogenic in fish, in which it causes streptococcosis. Cinnamon oil was the most potent antimicrobial
agent among these oils, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40 μg/ml. By using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
(GC–MS), it was found that the major components of cinnamon oil were cinnamaldehyde (90.24), limonene (2.42%), cinnamyl acetate
(2.03%), linalool (1.16%), and α-terpineol (0.87%). Of these compounds, only cinnamaldehyde exhibited antimicrobial activity
against S. iniae, with an MIC of 20 μg/ml. In an in vivo trial, no mortality was apparent in fish fed on fish diets supplemented with 0.4%
(w/w) of cinnamon oil and with 0.1% (w/w) of oxytetracycline 5 days prior to infection with S. iniae. These results indicate that cinnamon oil had a protective effect on experimental S. iniae infection in tilapia, and thus has the potential to replace the antibiotics used to control this disease. 相似文献
17.
Streptococcus dysgalactiae strains have been isolated from cultured amberjack Seriola dumerili and yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata in Japan. To characterize the fish isolates, we performed genetic analysis and compared the biochemical properties of these
isolates with those of the S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae and S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains isolated from mammals. The genetic analysis revealed that the fish isolates were genetically very similar to each
other with high DNA–DNA relatedness (>95.4%) and sequence homology. Meanwhile, the DNA relatedness between mammalian isolates
and the fish isolates was 73.4–82.6%. In biased sinusoidal gel electrophoresis (BSFGE) analysis, the restriction patterns
of mammalian isolates were different from those of fish isolates. The fish isolates did not show streptokinase activity in
plasminogen obtained from mammals. These characteristics enabled us to distinguish between the fish isolates and the Sdd and Sde strains isolated from mammals. In order to obtain epidemiological information on the fish isolates, BSFGE patterns from 284
S. dysgalactiae strains from fish in Japan were examined. Based on the results of BSFGE analysis, the fish isolates were classified into
16 groups (AP1–AP16) with restriction enzyme ApaI. The dendrogram based on BSFGE analysis indicated that all fish isolates using in this study were closely related. 相似文献
18.
We analysed the genetic diversity of Melicertus kerathurus (Penaeidae), a commercially valuable penaeid shrimp that is distributed in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic Ocean.
We examined the polymorphism of a 494 bp DNA segment of the mitochondrial COI region in 173 individuals, sampled in nine Mediterranean
and two Atlantic samples, covering the whole range of the species from the tropical waters of the Gulf of Guinea to the eastern
part of the Mediterranean Sea. The mean nucleotide and haplotype diversities were π = 0.00275 and h = 0.718, respectively, for the global data set, with the highest values occurring in the African samples and the lowest in
the Adriatic Sea. A clear sample differentiation was found (F
st = 0.194), but this did not reflect a geographical pattern and there were only faint traces of an Atlantic–Mediterranean subdivision.
Mismatch analysis and a high significant negative value of Tajima’s D suggested that M. kerathurus is not at mutation drift-equilibrium, but underwent a recent expansion after a period of low effective sample size. A postglacial
recolonisation of the Mediterranean from an Atlantic refuge could be hypothesised based on these data. 相似文献
19.
ABSTRACT: Random sequencing of the genomic DNA of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida was conducted. The sequences were assembled into 930 contigs. The total length of these contigs accounts for 37.5% of the genome of P. damselae subsp. piscicida. The contigs contain 2055 open reading frames (ORFs) that have homology with genes in the GenBank database. Furthermore, some of the ORFs have homology with reported virulence related genes, and are classified as encoding colonization factors, exotoxin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thirty-seven ORFs have homology with colonization factors. In those colonization factors, 27, three, and four ORFs have homology with polar flagellar-related genes, capsule-related genes, and others (accessory colonization factors, superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn), MshA biogenesis protein, and heme receptor genes), respectively. Five ORFs have homology with exotoxin-related genes (2 hemolysin, phospholipase, hyaluronidase, lysophospholipase L2 genes). Further, six ORFs have homology with LPS-related genes. 相似文献