低温对菲律宾蛤仔能量收支的影响

在实验室内采用静水法，测定了在315和8℃下，菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率与体重的关系及其能量收支情况。实验数据显示，在实验的温度范围内，菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率都与体重负相关；温度对耗氧率的影响与体重有关。摄食率、生长率（净生长率、毛生长率）与温度正相关。温度对能量分配影响较大，代谢分配率、排粪分配率随温度的升高而降低，且变化极其显著（P＜0.01)；生长分配率随温度的升高而增大。在能量收支方程中，排粪能所占比例较大，在41.131%-60.69%之间，代谢能在23.37%－32.73%之间，生长能在6.13%-34.63%之间，排泄能所占的比例最小，低于3％。     

温度、盐度、饵料浓度对大竹蛏能量收支的影响

在室内静水系统中,以大竹蛏的摄食率、耗氧率、排泄率和同化率等为指标,研究了温度、盐度和饵料密度对大竹蛏的能量收支影响,建立了不同温度、盐度及饵料浓度下大竹蛏的能量收支方程。结果表明:在试验温度范围内,大竹蛏的摄食能随着温度的升高而增加,其耗氧率也随之而升高;在试验所设定的盐度范围内,在盐度28时,用于生长的能量比例最大,生长能高;在所设定的饵料密度范围内,大竹蛏的摄食能随饵料密度的增加而增加。     

菲律宾蛤 仔生理生态学研究：Ⅱ.温度,饵料对同化率的影响

在室内试验条件下，研究了温度、饵料的种类、密度和质量对菲律宾蛤仔同化率的影响。试验结果显示，随水温的升高，菲律宾蛤仔滤水率、摄食率、同化率以及净生长率均有明显的增加，经方差分析（ＡＮＯＶＡ）显示，温度对它们的影响极显著。菲律宾蛤仔对新月菱形藻、球等鞭金藻和亚心形扁藻的同化率基本相同。饵料的丰度和质量是影响菲律宾蛤仔同化率的重要因素，随食物中有机物含量（ＰＯＭ/ＴＰＭ）的增加，同化率也增加；且随饵料     

低温条件下菲律宾蛤仔对蛋白核小球藻摄食率和同化率的研究

试验采用室内静水法,测定了低温条件下(5～10℃)的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)(软体部分平均干重为0.91±0.06 g)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的摄食率(IR)和同化率(AE),其中蛋白核小球藻的浓度为(5.7±0.3)×104cells/mL。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔对小球藻的摄食率和同化率均随温度的升高而增加,在试验温度范围内,各组之间菲律宾蛤仔的摄食率有显著性差异(P<0.05);同化率为42.95%～51.10%,差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明菲律宾蛤仔在低温下仍能生存。     

菲律宾蛤仔生理生态学研究 Ⅰ.温度、体重及摄食状态对耗氧率及排氨率的影响

在室内试验条件下研究了温度、体重及摄食状态对菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示，菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率与体重呈负相关关系，而与温度呈正相关关系，并符合下列模式， Ｑｏ ＝ ２ ．０１５ Ｗ－ ０ ．６３５（ Ｒ ＝ － ０．９６９， Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１ ，ｎ ＝ １４） 和Ｑｎ ＝ ０ ．０６９ Ｗ－０ ．３６９（ Ｒ ＝ ０．７５４ ，Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１ ，ｎ ＝ １３）。在摄食状态下，菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率比饥饿状态有大幅度的提高，分别提高了７５ ．３ ％ 和４０３ ．７ ％ ，表明在摄食状态下蛋白质的代谢明显增加     

菲律宾蛤仔生理生态学研究：Ⅰ.温度,体重及摄食状态对耗氧率及排？…

在室内试验条件下研究了温度、体重及摄食状态对菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示，菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率与体重呈负相关关系，而与温度呈正相关关系，并符合下列模式，Ｑｏ＝２．０１５Ｗ＾－０．６３５（ｒ＝－０．９６９，ｐ〈０．０１，Ｎ＝１４）和Ｑｎ＝０．０６９Ｗ＾－０．３６９（Ｒ＝０．７５４，Ｐ〈０．０１，ｎ＝１３）。在摄食状态下，菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率比饥饿状态有大幅度的提高，分别提高     

菲律宾蛤仔摄食率与温度、壳长和饵料浓度的关系

以等边金藻3011为饵料，采用室内流水法，在12、20和24℃3个温度和不同的壳长、饵料浓度下，测定并计算了温度、壳长和饵料浓度与菲律宾蛤仔摄食率的关系，并建立了相关数学模型。结果显示，在实验条件范围内，摄食率随着饵料浓度的增大而增大，且符合幂函数方程。摄食率可以用温度、壳长和饵料浓度的自然对数方程表示，其模型为：IR=21．2LnT＋20．06LnL＋7．10LnC-97．95，经协方差分析结果表明，其相关系数呈非常显著水平。     

长竹蛏的能量收支研究

为探讨长竹蛏在不同环境条件下的摄食、生理指标变化和能量收支变动规律,本文采用室内静水系统测定长竹蛏的摄食率、耗氧率、排泄率和同化率等指标;研究了温度、盐度和饵料密度对长竹蛏的能量收支影响。研究结果表明:1)在温度为23℃时,摄食能、呼吸能、生长能均达到最高值;2)在盐度为28时,用于生长的能量比例最大;3)饵料密度为10.0×104cell/m L时,生长能达到最高。研究建立了不同温度、盐度及饵料浓度下大竹蛏的能量收支方程。     

不同温度下多棘海盘车对菲律宾蛤仔的摄食选择性研究

为了解不同水温环境中(5~25℃)多棘海盘车(4~8 cm)对菲律宾蛤仔(20~40 mm)的摄食选择性,本实验利用饵料收益率、摄食规格选择性、摄食量与摄食率等指数,分析了温度、多棘海盘车规格及饵料规格对多棘海盘车摄食选择性的影响。结果显示,实验条件下,捕食者及被捕食者规格对饵料收益率影响显著,温度对饵料收益率影响不显著;根据饵料收益模型,4种规格多棘海盘车依次在摄食20、23、30和35 mm蛤仔时的饵料收益率最大,收益率分别为0.62、0.70、0.83、0.94 mg/min;5~15℃条件下,摄食量随水温升高而增大,15℃为多棘海盘车摄食蛤仔的最适水温,此时5~8 cm多棘海盘车摄食量均达最大值,分别为0.37、0.45和0.54 g/d,之后随水温升高摄食量减小;摄食率昼夜差异显著,夜间显著高于白天;青岛近海5—6月的水温(13~18℃)为蛤仔春季繁殖的适宜水温,也是多棘海盘车最适生长和摄食温度,此时应加强对多棘海盘车的防治和清除。     

短期酸化对魁蚶摄食、呼吸代谢及能量收支的影响

采用实验生态学方法，研究了魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)摄食、呼吸代谢及能量收支对短期酸化(pH分别为8.2、7.9、7.6)的响应。结果显示，魁蚶的摄食率(IR)和排粪率(FER)均受pH影响显著(P<0.05)，都随pH的降低而减少；魁蚶的耗氧率(OR)受pH影响显著(P<0.05)，随pH降低呈明显的下降趋势，表明低pH在一定程度上抑制魁蚶的呼吸；排氨率(NR)受pH影响不显著，随pH的降低呈先下降再上升的趋势；O : N值随pH的降低而减小。不同pH条件下的能量收支结果显示，魁蚶的摄食能、呼吸能、排粪能和生长余力(SFG)均随pH的降低而减少。通过建立能量收支方程发现，pH显著影响魁蚶的能量分配(P<0.05)，随pH的降低，魁蚶的呼吸能和排泄能占摄食能的比例增加，而排粪能和生长能占比减少，说明低pH条件下，魁蚶会做出适当生理调整降低IR，增加代谢率，导致能量减少，继而造成SFG减少。研究表明，短期酸化条件下，魁蚶的摄食和新陈代谢显著降低，可能是细胞能量需求的增加和氮损失的协同作用。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).