张网渔具霞水母兼捕减少装置的初步研究

近年来,霞水母的旺发严重影响了东、黄海秋冬汛张网渔业。为了维持渔业生产的正常进行,利用霞水母和目标渔获物的个体大小以及行为特性的差异,通过在网囊前安装网目长度为45cm的分隔网片和释放口所组成的兼捕减少装置(BRD)来释放霞水母。根据2000年和2001年的海上试验显示,该装置能有效减少霞水母兼捕,平均释放率达91.29%;而目标种类的平均逃逸率为13.35%,其中梭子蟹、鲳鱼的逃逸率较高,分别为52.84%和33.44%,带鱼和小黄鱼的逃逸率较低,分别为5.23%和6.27%,棘头梅童鱼的逃逸率为9.14%;同时由于霞水母的释放,使得作业中的暴网事故明显减少;霞水母BRD自设计开发、试验以后,得到了广泛的运用,自2003年起,已在江苏省启东市所辖350余艘张网渔船上全面推广应用。     

南海北部拖网方形和菱形混合网目网囊的渔获性能研究

为评价南海北部拖网方形和菱形混合网目网囊对主要渔获物的网目选择性,使用套网法,开展混合网目网囊(试验网)和传统菱形网目网囊(对照网)的对比选择性试验,结合Logistic和Richards曲线拟合选择性曲线,分析2种不同网目结构网囊对南海北部蓝圆鲹的选择性能。试验结果显示：试验网中数量逃逸率和质量逃逸率均高于80%的渔获种类有8种,而对照网只有5种;蓝圆鲹作为2种网囊中渔获质量最高的渔获种类,试验网中蓝圆鲹的数量逃逸率和质量逃逸率分别为25.35%和20.98%,而对照网中分别为16.39%和15.48%。选择性结果表明,试验网和对照网2种网囊Richards曲线拟合更好,模型残差和赤池信息指数更小,其拟合的蓝圆鲹的50%选择叉长分别为14.31 cm和13.60 cm。因此,方形和菱形混合网目网囊对多种副渔获的释放率较高,使用该网囊可以有效提高拖网的选择性能,保护渔业资源的可持续利用。     

桁拖网渔具分隔网片对虾类的分隔效率

利用分隔网片将桁拖网渔具网囊分为上下2层(虾囊和鱼囊)以实现虾类和鱼类渔获分离,对于改善桁拖网渔具作业性能、提高目标种类渔获质量以及实现选择性捕捞具有重要的意义.为分析不同网日尺寸(60mm、75mm和90mm)分隔网片对主要渔获种类的分隔效率,在吕泗渔场开展了2个航次的海上生产实验.利用分隔装置性能分析模型,对哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)和葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravier)的渔获数据进行拟合.结果表明,不同虾类接触分隔网片的概率没有显著性差异;虾类个体50%接触概率体长约为40mm,表明大多数进入网具的虾类都能接触分隔网片.随着分隔网片网目尺寸增大,50%选择体长也逐渐增大.因此,分隔网片的分隔效率随之提高.鱼囊和虾囊的网目尺寸相同,但结构有所差异.比较在不同网囊尺寸选择性假设条件下渔获数据的拟合结果后发现,鱼囊和虾囊具有相同选择性的假设更为合理;通过比较发现,分隔网片对虾类的尺寸选择性与相同网目尺寸的网囊选择性具有较大的差异.本研究还对产生这一差异的原因进行了探讨.     

蟹笼渔具逃逸口位置对三疣梭子蟹逃逸行为的影响

为了检验蟹笼渔具逃逸口对三疣梭子蟹逃逸行为的影响,实验使用红外水下摄像装备观察了三疣梭子蟹对3种不同配置逃逸口(位于侧网底部、开口高度3.2 cm和4.0 cm以及位于侧网顶部、开口高度4.0 cm)的反应行为。水下观察结果显示,三疣梭子蟹在笼底的探索行为使其能轻易发现和接近底部逃逸口,而垂直搜索行为能使其发现和接近顶部逃逸口,虽然发现并接近顶部逃逸口所需的时间显著大于底部逃逸口,但平均次数无显著性差异;87%接近逃逸口的个体企图穿越逃逸口,且逃逸口位置对此无显著影响;所有个体均采用侧身姿态穿越逃逸口,甲高是决定个体成功逃逸的关键因素;穿越顶部逃逸口的三疣梭子蟹需要花费更多的时间和精力调整姿态和位置以更好地匹配逃逸口,但广义线性混合模型(GLMM模型)拟合结果显示,逃逸口位置对个体逃逸成功率没有显著影响,表明三疣梭子蟹具有较高的个体姿态操纵能力,而笼内个体数量对逃逸成功率具有显著的影响。结合水下观察,研究认为个体在探索行为的活跃程度和浸泡时间会影响逃逸口的性能;考虑到东海近海蟹笼的结构和渔业现状,研究认为在蟹笼侧网靠近底部安装一个逃逸口是目前可行的技术措施。     

日本蟳入笼行为及其地笼网逃逸口选择性的实验研究

选取蟳山东沿海捕获的体质健壮日本(Charybdis japonica),在实验室水槽内暂养1周后开展相关实验。观察蟳光照、诱饵条件对日本入笼行为的影响。结果表明,蟳日本畏光,在明亮条件下大多数分布于养殖水槽的四角,在黑暗条件下趋向随机分布,蟳遮黑处理和放置诱饵均能增加日本的入笼比例;在地笼网底部设置尺寸(长×高)分别为4 cm×3 cm、4.5 cm×3 cm、5 cm×3 cm、5.5 cm×3 cm的长方形逃逸口时,蟳日本50%选择甲长(L50)分别为3.75cm、4.24 cm、4.54 cm、5.08 cm,选择范围(SR)分别为0.65 cm、0.45 cm、0.62 cm、0.82 cm;L50与逃逸口长度呈线性相关关系,约为逃逸口长度的92.3%。根据实验结果,蟳结合日本最小性成熟甲长和市场最小可接受规格,综合分析认为,地笼网逃逸口最适尺寸(长×高)为4.3 cm×3 cm。本研究旨在为有效保护日本蟳幼蟹资源提供技术依据。     

不同的拖网网囊设计对网目张开的影响

底层鱼类在底层网板拖网的不同部位的逃逸主要集中在网囊段。研究中发现，除了不同的网身形状外，网囊的逃逸率主要起因在于网囊的结构和网囊不同部位的网目角张开度。此外，当鱼积聚在网囊底部时，鱼体对抗网目的压力和水流扩充而在网囊端部造成阻塞，这就改变了网囊网目的张开形状和网目度的张开度。     

青岛斋堂岛海域春季双桩竖杆张网网囊网目的选择性

2014年春季,采用平行作业法,以2a=16 mm(a为目脚长度)的菱形目网囊为对照网(CN),选取30 mm菱形目网囊和20 mm、30 mm、40 mm的方形目网囊(分别以30D、20S、30S和40S表示)作为实验网囊,对青岛斋堂岛附近海域的双桩竖杆张网进行了不同网目形状的网囊和不同网目尺寸方形目网囊的选择性比较试验。以多元统计分析方法进行种间选择性分析,以Logistic曲线作为选择性模型、采用极大似然估算法进行种内选择性分析。结果显示,与对照网相比,所有实验网囊均能有效释放玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)、舒氏海龙(Syngnathus schlegeli)等低值渔获以及经济鱼类的幼体。比较不同网目形状网囊的渔获数据发现,方形目网囊较菱形目网囊具有更好的选择性,其中30S网囊对玉筋鱼和舒氏海龙的释放率(以尾数计)分别比30D网囊高4.61%和16.80%,对六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)和日本枪乌贼(Loigo japonica)的50%选择体长(胴长)L50分别比30D网囊大38.47%和61.29%。比较不同网目尺寸方形目网囊的渔获数据发现,当实验网为20S和30S时,六丝钝尾虾虎鱼的L50分别为6.58 cm和7.20 cm,选择范围(SR)分别为3.02 cm和0.87 cm;当实验网为20S、30S和40S时,日本枪乌贼的L50分别为2.88 cm、4.03 cm和10.49 cm,SR分别为0.74 cm、0.52 cm和2.67 cm;不同尺寸的方形目网囊对这2种渔获物的L50随着网目尺寸的增大而增大。根据实验海区各种渔获物的经济价值、低值鱼类和幼鱼的释放比例以及分拣渔获物的劳动力投入等综合分析认为,30 mm方形目网囊在保护渔业资源的同时对渔业生产不会造成显著影响,建议予以推广。     

黄海区青岛近海双桩张网网囊网目选择性研究

使用套网法对黄海区青岛近海主要捕捞对象中的鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)和兼捕对象白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)进行数据分析,使用Logistic曲线作为其选择性曲线模型,求得不同网目尺寸网囊对鹰爪虾和白姑鱼的体长选择性曲线,并运用极大似然估计法进行曲线参数估算,对桩张网渔具不同网目尺寸的网囊选择性进行分析.结果表明:试验网囊网目尺寸为30 mm、33 mm、40 mm时,鹰爪虾的50%选择体长L50分别为5.309 cm、5.778 cm、6.972 cm,其选择范围(SR)分别为1.091 cm、1.290 cm、1.571 cm;白姑鱼的50%选择体长L50分别为6.581 cm、6.908 cm、7.441 cm,其SR值为1.934 cm、2.144 cm、2.322 cm.随着桩张网网囊网目尺寸的增大,鹰爪虾和白姑鱼的L50随之增大,SR值也逐渐增大.针对鹰爪虾来说,33 mm规格网囊的选择性能比30 mm 和 40 mm的要好.本研究选择该海区的主要捕捞对象鹰爪虾以及兼捕量较大的白姑鱼为研究对象,旨在为合理确定适合黄海区的张网最小网日尺寸提供科学依据,以保证黄海区渔业资源的可持续利用.     

帆张网网囊网目尺寸对小黄鱼的选择性

为探索帆张网不同网目尺寸网囊对小黄鱼的选择性,2017年4月在舟山渔场中部用传统方法(套网法)对5种不同网目尺寸(35 mm、45 mm、55 mm、60 mm、65 mm)网囊开展了选择性实验。应用Logistic模型对小黄鱼选择性曲线进行拟合,采用极大似然法估算模型参数。结果显示:①实验期间主要捕获对象为小黄鱼,数量和重量分别占比66.94%和84.48%,体长范围71～190 mm,平均体长124 mm;②随着网目尺寸的增加,网囊中小黄鱼优势体长总体上大于套网;③网囊网目尺寸为35 mm、45 mm、55 mm、60 mm和65 mm时,小黄鱼L50分别为80.425 mm、103.496 mm、119.711 mm、122.676 mm和137.026 mm,SR分别为50.202 mm、52.540 mm、61.120 mm、41.730 mm和63.560 mm,L50呈现逐渐增大的趋势;④小黄鱼网囊网目尺寸(m)与50%选择体长(L50)的关系为L50=1.776 m+20.300 (R2=0.980);⑤5种网目尺寸网囊中小黄鱼尾数逃逸率均高于重量逃逸率,网囊网目尺寸≤45 mm时,其尾数及重量逃逸率均低于5%,网囊网目尺寸≥55 mm时,其尾数及重量逃逸率均超过10%,甚至可达50%。综合分析,目前实施的55 mm网目尺寸能有效释放小黄鱼幼鱼,但网目尺寸仍需扩大。     

东海区方形目与菱形目拖网网囊对小黄鱼的选择性研究

采用套网法对双船底拖网不同网目尺寸(40、50、60、65 mm)的方形目和菱形目网囊捕捞东海区小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)进行选择性实验,对不同网囊网目结构、不同网囊网目尺寸的选择性数据进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)网囊网目尺寸小于50 mm,小黄鱼的逃逸率极低,网目结构选择性差异不明显。大于50 mm时,方形目网囊逃逸率均略高于菱形目结构,但方形目与菱形目逃逸率差异并不显著(P0.05)。(2)网目尺寸为50 mm、60 mm和65 mm时,方形目网囊的50%选择体长(L_(0.5))分别比菱形目网囊的L_(0.5)大28.5%、16.8%和7.3%,方形目网囊对于小黄鱼具有较好的选择性。(3)根据小黄鱼的50%选择体长(L_(0.5)),结合现行可捕体长标准以及不同阶段渔获物体型特征,建议菱形网目尺寸为60 mm或者方形网目尺寸为55 mm,二者具有相同的选择性和渔获率。     

长天井、大网目囊网的机帆渔船双拖网增产对虾和释放幼鱼的试验研究

为合理利用我国北方海区对虾资源，每年秋季在渤海使用机动渔船双拖网捕捞生产。由于渤海既是主要的对虾渔场，又是多种经济鱼类产卵繁殖和幼鱼生长的良好场所。在拖网捕虾的同时，大量捕到当年的幼鱼，损害渔业资源。因此，在1974—1977年研究一种能够多捕对虾、大量释放幼鱼的新型双拖网。新型网的主要特点如下：它的天井网比原型网长一倍左右，并增加侧网使网口的覆盖面积和网高相应扩大，防止对虾接触网具后弹跳逃逸；将囊网网目放大到50毫米，以释放网内的幼鱼。试验效果较为满意。在模型网水槽试验中，新型网的主要优点是阻力较小、网口较高和网口前方覆盖面积较大。捕捞生产试验证明可以增产对虾40％以上，少捕幼鱼不少于60％。     

虎嘉鱼食性及食物消化的研究

本文报导虎嘉鱼(Hucho bIeekeri K.)的食性及食物消化的研究结果,其食性以水生昆虫和鱼类为主食。虎嘉鱼是较有经济价值的鱼类,这一研究对虎嘉鱼的开发和利用及人工养殖提供了科学依据。     

东海区拖网网囊网目选择性研究

通过东海区拖网网囊网目对带鱼和小黄鱼的选择性试验，对拖网最适网囊网目尺寸进行了分析研究。结果表明：1．网囊网目45mm，小黄鱼和带鱼的逃逸率均较低，渔获中兼捕大量当年生经济幼鱼；2．网囊网目54mm，小黄鱼的50％选择体长尚小于其优势体长组范围，带鱼的50％，选择体长已部分进入其优势体长组范围；3．网囊网目65mm，选择体长范围与选择鱼种的优势体长组范围基本一致。综合分析认为：目前东海区最理想的拖网网囊网目不小于60mm。     

The influence of warp length on trawl dimension and catch of walleye pollock <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theragra chalcogramma</Emphasis> in a bottom trawl survey

ABSTRACT:   Variations in trawl dimension, bottom contact, and catch with differing warp lengths during walleye pollock surveys conducted by the Fisheries Research Agency were examined. The ratio of warp length to fishing depth (scope ratio) was set at 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 at depths of 110 m. At a 2.5 scope ratio, the net mouth shape and footgear contact fluctuated, as the trawl door did not contact the bottom. Footgear contact was complete when the scope ratio was 3.0 or more. Walleye pollock, sculpins and flatfishes were the main catch in all tows, and the catch increased with scope ratio. There was no difference in the length frequency of walleye pollock ( n  = 300) captured at 2.5 and 3.0 scope ratio. However, the length frequency at 3.5 was significantly different from that of other scope ratios. These results suggest that at a scope ratio of 3.0 or more, the trawl door will not leave the bottom at any depths. To compliment echo surveys for walleye pollock, a 3.0 scope ratio would be optimal, since the catch data for a 3.5 scope ratio was dissimilar from that of scope ratios.     

浅海围网养殖鱼类捕捞网箱的设计与试验

为解决浅海围网设施养殖鱼类的捕捞和分级,以浮绳式围网养殖为研究对象,根据养殖围网设施的结构和大小、敷设技术和主要性能,结合围网养鱼方式和养殖生产的特点,设计并制作了一种分级捕捞网箱。网箱由框架钢筋、网衣、绳索、分级栅等构件制作而成,网箱网身呈圆柱形,顶部呈倒圆台形,整体高1 515 mm,体积约为1 m3,分为入鱼口、分级栅、取鱼口等3部分。在实验室用鲫鱼对分级栅进行了试验,结果表明,分级栅间距为15 mm和20 mm时,小规格鱼残留率平均为7.78%和4.75%,大规格鱼逃逸率平均为2.38%和3.00%。海上试验结果显示,大规格鱼捕获率90%以上。研究表明,通过日常投饵养鱼驯化将养殖鱼引诱至网箱内,通过提升网箱、驱使箱内小规格鱼群从分级栅游离,剩下的大规格鱼提出水面后迅速放入活鱼舱,从而达到捕大留小的目的。     

Evaluation of codends with sorting grids, exit windows, and diamond meshes: Size selection and fish behaviour

This paper presents the results of an experiment aimed at improving the size selection of cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in the Nordic bottom trawl fishery. Three systems simulating commercial conditions were tested: a 135 mm diamond-mesh codend fitted with a 55 mm sorting grid (Sort-V); a 135 mm diamond-mesh codend fitted with two lateral exit windows; and a codend built entirely of 155 mm diamond mesh. The selectivity curves showed similar selection ranges (SR) for the three systems. For cod, the mean SRs were around 8 cm, while for haddock, they were around 6 cm. All the estimated l₅₀ values were far above the minimum landing sizes (MLS). For cod, the mean l₅₀s were 56.1, 53.9, and 60.7 cm for the sorting grid, exit windows, and diamond-mesh configurations, respectively, while for haddock, they were 50.2, 50.6, and 49.9 cm, respectively. Underwater observations revealed that most of the fish escaped from the grid and exit-window codends as soon as they reached the vicinity of the sorting device. In contrast, fish remained inside the diamond-mesh codend for a longer time, and consequently were more exposed to physical damage before escape. In addition, many fish escaped from this codend during haul back and these fish were not likely to survive due to the rapid changes in pressure. Thus, the selectivity results obtained with this type of codend should be interpreted carefully.     

桁拖网作业中鱼虾分隔的初步试验研究

1996年末,我们在浙江渔场进行了桁拖网作业的鱼虾分隔试验,如同我们过去对这类渔具所作的放大网目以释放鱼、虾幼体;伸长吊纲,提高网口以增加对三疣梭子蟹的捕捞产量(季星辉等,1984)一样,本次试验也是这类网具选择性研究的内容之一,目标是改善桁拖网的选择性。在提高这种作业经济效益的同时,充分兼顾保护渔业资源和海洋生态环境的社会效益。 试验工作是在现有多囊捕虾桁拖网上,选择其中一个囊网,用一片目大为100mm的网片进行分隔,使鱼进入原囊网下方增设的盛鱼囊袋,而虾因其遇惊会弹跳的习性,穿过分隔网片进入原囊网。实践证明,分隔的效果是明显的,虾的分隔率达到55～68％,鱼的分隔率达到95％。现有的试验是初步的,我们将创造条件继续下去。     

Size selective capture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in floating pots

Little is known about the size selectivity of cod in static fishing gears such as pots and traps. In this field study, floating fishing pots were equipped with 40, 45 and 50 mm square mesh escape windows in order to estimate the size selectivity of cod at different mesh sizes. Relationships between selectivity parameters and mesh size, as well as an optimal mesh size for the escape window with respect to current minimum landing size of cod in the Baltic Sea were sought. The results show that the floating pot is not only species selective when used in the Baltic Sea cod fishery, the implementation of an escape window reduced the proportion of undersized bycatch in the pots by more than 90%. The estimated length at 50% retention was found to be a direct function of fish body length (girth) and mesh size of the escape window, while the estimated selection range remained unchanged regardless of mesh size. Optimal mesh size, with respect to the length at 50% retention and current minimal landing size of 38 cm in the Baltic, was determined to be 45 mm. Strong indications (significant on the 0.01 probability level in the case of 50 and 40 mm escape windows) suggested that the relative fishing power of the pots increased with the implementation of an escape window. This result could be explained as a “saturation effect”, i.e. the probability of cod entering the pot is likely to be negatively dependent on cod density in the pot. The high species selectivity and the low catch rate of undersized fish have consolidated the floating pots position as a highly benign fishing method and the foremost alternative gear for the future coastal cod fishery in the Baltic Sea.     

Sampling performance and operational quality of a frame trawl used to catch juvenile fish

SUMMARY: A sampling trawl with a rigid mouth; that is, the frame trawl, was designed so as to catch the large larval and juvenile fish more efficiently. The net consisted of four 13 m panels (nylon multifilament and twine diameter φ 0.75 mm, mesh size 8 mm). The frame of the net's mouth was composed of four stainless steel pipes (length 4 m, diameter φ 76 mm, thickness 5 mm). Several operations were conducted to investigate the capability of catching juveniles. A lot of Sardinops melanostictus juveniles, which are generally difficult to catch, were caught during every operation. Underwater observations proved that juveniles could not elude the capture. The frame trawl requires no special handling and is possible to operate in a rough sea.     

Effects of Dietary Protein Concentration on Growth, Survival, and Body Composition of Muskellunge Esox musquinongy and Tiger Muskellunge Esox masquinongy × E. luscius Fingerlings

Growth rate, survival and body composition of muskellunge Esox musquinongy (initial mean total length = 125 mm) and tiger muskellunge E. masquinongy × E. lucius (initial mean total length = 115 mm) fed semi-purified diets differing in protein level from 31 to 40% and 34 to 45%, respectively, were evaluated in 8-wk trials. The minimum protein level that yielded satisfactory growth rates for muskellunge was 37%, whereas tiger muskellunge growth rates were highest for fish fed a 45% protein diet. Growth differences were caused by changes in protein quantity, not quality, as amino acid ratios were similar for test diets and showed no imbalances among diets. Condition factors for both fishes increased with dietary protein. Survival of muskellunge (73%) and tiger muskellunge (97%) was not pffected by diet type. Body protein increased and fat content decreased in both fishes when fed higher dietary protein. Results suggest that both fishes respond similarly to dietary changes, but that substantial differences exist in protein requirements.