池塘养殖水体中土著反硝化细菌的分离与初步鉴定

池塘养殖水体水质恶化问题日益突出,尽管已有各种商品化微生态制剂,但水质净化修复效果始终未得到有效提高。通过采用定向分离、筛选、扩繁来自原生境的土著有益菌的方法进行生物修复,从而提高养殖废水的净化修复效果;该方法具有针对性强、效果佳、安全性高、成本低以及持续活性时间长、无二次污染等优点。2016年9月,从山西省运城黄河滩涂水产养殖主产区养殖中后期的池塘水体中定向分离筛选得到1株土著反硝化细菌,命名为YJ-1,使用奈氏试剂和格利斯试剂对其反硝化能力进行检测。结果显示,奈氏试剂显示黄色,格利斯试剂显示绛红色,说明在细菌培养24h后发酵液中产生了少部分的铵离子和较多的亚硝酸盐,菌落具有反硝化功能。经16SrDNA序列扩增与测定,片段长度为1 441bp。无根系统发育树分析显示,YJ-1与产酸克雷伯氏杆菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)的同源性最高,YJ-1的分离打破了现有微生态制剂成分大多数为各种商品菌的局势;在水产微生态制剂制备过程中定向加入土著反硝化细菌,可有效降低养殖水体中氨氮与亚硝酸盐含量、减少鱼体发病率;反硝化细菌在水产养殖水质净化、城市污水处理中具有较大的应用前景,本研究为其他土著有益菌的分离、筛选、鉴定及应用提供了可借鉴的思路。     

一株中度嗜盐反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及其代谢特性研究

从某海产养殖企业的水质净化单元中分离获取反硝化细菌,探明其对硝酸盐的代谢特性,旨在为高盐度养殖废水的脱氮处理提供耐盐型菌种。采用添加海水的反硝化细菌培养基,利用系列稀释法和平板划线法分离获取反硝化细菌,通过其形态特征和分子生物学特征进行鉴定,并在不同环境条件和营养条件下测定其反硝化活性。试验结果表明,分离筛选得到的反硝化菌株DN20为革兰氏阴性杆菌。该反硝化细菌为Halomonas属,其最佳代谢条件为温度30℃,盐度100,p H 7.5~8.5,C/N(质量比)4∶1。菌株DN20对NO_3~--N的半饱和常数(K_s)为94.09 mg/L,最大比反硝化速率(q_(max))为3.90 mg/(g·h)。     

微生物在对虾养殖中的科学应用

简述了芽孢杆菌、光合细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌的特性及其在对虾养殖中的疾病防治和水质净化机理，以及正确的使用方法。     

硝化细菌与反硝化细菌及其在水产养殖业的应用

近年来,硝化细菌在水产养殖业上的应用越来越引起人们的注意,从而引发了较为广泛的研究。可以说,迄今为止,在大规模集约化的水产养殖生产中,大都使用硝化细菌来净化水质。因为在集约化的水产养殖系统中,经过长期的大量积累,     

海参养殖技术之二利用大菱鲆养殖排水和地下水养参技术

在大菱鲆养殖过程中,循环水量在300%～500%之间,养殖排水的浪费一直困扰着养殖户.在探求如何利用排水资源的过程中,筛选出利用大菱鲆养殖排出水与海水井井水结合提供刺参养殖用水的养殖模式解决了这一问题.     

硝化毛球和底沙对硝化细菌脱氮效果的影响

本实验模拟工厂化养殖模式建立养殖水体净化装置,研究硝化毛球和底沙对硝化细菌净化效果的影响,结果表明:装载硝化毛球、铺设底沙和只投加硝化细菌制剂的三个实验组对养殖水体水质具有一定的净化效果,氨氮、亚硝氮等指标均低于空白组。其中装载硝化毛球的实验组氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌可在短时间大量生长繁殖,形成优势,使养殖池氨氮、亚硝酸盐浓度维持在较低水平;铺设底沙的实验组对硝化细菌净化水质效果影响不大。装载硝化毛球的实验组,水质最清澈,无异味,养殖池底部无残渣碎屑,青虾生长状况良好,增重最多。     

硝化细菌对海参养殖系统水质的净化效果

氨和亚硝酸盐对海洋生物有强烈的毒害作用,是海水养殖系统的主要污染物。本文研究硝化细菌制剂对海参养殖系统水质的净化效果。结果表明:硝化细菌对养殖系统水质有明显的净化效果。投加菌剂的实验组氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮出现峰值的时间和对照组相比明显缩短,表明投加硝化细菌制剂后,养殖系统内的氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌可在短时间内形成优势,促进了氨和亚硝酸盐的进一步转化。对照组氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌需要较长的时间才形成优势,从而导致氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的积累。观察实验过程中海参的生长情况发现,实验组海参生长状况良好,而对照组中海参在19d时全部死亡。     

消毒剂和抗生素对硝化细菌活性的影响

硝化细菌是一种在水产养殖中应用较为普遍的微生态制剂,对于养殖水体水质净化至关重要,养殖系统中消毒剂和抗生素的使用会对硝化细菌活性产生不同程度的影响.本研究选取4种消毒剂(高锰酸钾、硫酸铜、戊二醛和84消毒液)和2种抗生素(土霉素和磺胺),研究不同浓度条件下消毒剂和抗生素对硝化细菌菌剂活性的影响.结果表明,4种消毒剂中高...     

辽宁大菱鲆养殖产业发展形势分析

正为科学准确研判大菱鲆养殖产业发展现状,笔者根据辽宁4个采集点的养殖渔情信息数据,结合辽宁葫芦岛地区兴城市、绥中县大菱鲆养殖主产地实地调研,对2018年辽宁大菱鲆养殖产业发展情况进行分析,针对大菱鲆养殖产业目前存在的问题,提出促进辽宁大菱鲆养殖产业发展对策建议并预测2019年将是辽宁大菱鲆养殖业发展的平衡期。     

不同养殖技术路线下大菱鲆生产成本与效益

大菱鲆是我国北方重要海水养殖鱼类,主要集中在山东、辽宁、河北及天津等地,不同地区的大菱鲆养殖模式不尽相同,养殖过程中的技术环节也有区别,而采用不同养殖技术路线对大菱鲆的生产成本产生明显影响。大菱鲆养殖在我国主要有开放式工厂化流水养殖、封闭式工厂化循环水养殖及网箱养殖三种模式。大菱鲆属冷温型鱼类,其养殖水温通常在8～20℃,而循环水生物处理设施中硝化菌需要在15℃以上时     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。     

浅谈船舶干舷的作用

近几年．在唐山沿海发生的渔船海难、海损事故经统计表明呈增多趋势。这与出海作业渔民的安全意识不强有很大关系．渔民为了挣取更多的效益，在海上，超抗风浪等级作业且人为地增加船的不规范载荷．造成船的储备浮力损失，酿成恶果。笔者认为．在渔船设计建造中，留取的干舷对渔船作业的安全性起相当重要的作用，必不可少。 一、储备浮力的重要性 所谓储备浮力就是自船舶设计水线至水密甲板的水密部分体积，其大小与干舷相关．于舷大则储备浮力大，干舷的重要性就在于能够使船在海中保持正常的浮性和安全。再者，在设计建造渔船时，为了改善…     

脂质体介导的鲫CAB细胞转化及转化细胞的核移植

采用脂质体法成功地使gfp基因转入鲫囊胚细胞株CAB细胞基因组，获得了具有G418抗性的细胞。以转化细胞为供体，银鲫卵为受体，核移植得到了转基因的囊胚和原肠胚；并发现4℃处理细胞24h能显著改善核移植胚胎的发育。