桑沟湾养殖海区沉积物-海水界面氮、磷营养盐的通量

20 0 2年 5月和 7月分 4个航次对桑沟湾养殖海区海底沉积物进行了底质与间隙水营养盐(NH+ 4,NO- 3,NO- 2 ,PO3- 4)的分析 ,并使用Fick第一定理对该海区沉积物 海水界面营养盐的通量进行了估算。研究结果表明 ,各站点间隙水三氮和磷酸盐的平面分布和垂直分布有较大的差异。用 4个航次的数据估算全年由沉积物向上覆水扩散的NH+ 4的通量为 376 33μmol/m2 ·d ,NO- 3、NO- 2 和PO3- 4的通量分别是 33 0 2、6 4 1、10 .0 8μmol/m2 ·d。估算桑沟湾全年由沉积物扩散进入上覆水的总无机氮的量为 2 81 7t,可以满足该湾浮游植物初级生产需要的 2 8 73% ,释放的无机磷的总量为 4 16 2t,可以完全满足该湾全年浮游植物的需求。研究结果为桑沟湾海湾沉积物 海水界面氮、磷营养盐的通量建模提供了重要数据 ,结论可以运用到规模化养殖海湾养殖容纳量的进一步研究之中。     

桑沟湾海带养殖容量的研究

首次对桑沟湾的海带养殖容量进行了调查研究。采用了无机氮作为估算桑沟湾海带养殖容量的关键因子，通过无机氮的供需平衡估算海带养殖容量。结果显示，海底沉积物中释放的无机氮为该湾无机氮的主要来源，而由海水交换所带入的无机氮次之。海带生长期间海水交换周期为３９ｄ，比８０年代中期延长了近１倍。桑沟湾在海带生长期间由海水交换、陆地径流、动物排泄和海底沉积物中释放所进入该湾的无机氮总供应量为１２２８ｔ；而浮游植物     

桑沟湾养殖海域柱状沉积物中磷的赋存形态和生物有效性

以桑沟湾扇贝和海带两个养殖海区的柱状沉积物为研究对象，采用连续提取法将沉积物中磷的赋存形态分为交换态磷（Ex-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、自生磷（Au-P）、碎屑磷（De-P）和有机磷（Or-P），并分析了各形态磷的垂直分布特征；利用沉积物年代序列测定的结果，结合桑沟湾水产养殖历史，探讨了近200年来桑沟湾养殖海域沉积物中磷形态的含量变化情况，并进一步分析了该区域的生物有效磷。结果表明，柱状沉积物中上层各形态磷的含量高于底层，表明养殖活动使桑沟湾表层沉积物中的磷含量增大。各形态磷的含量在贝壳沉积区内变化幅度均较大，Or-P是沉积物中磷的主要形态；扇贝养殖区沉积物中的总磷（TP）、Or-P和海带养殖区沉积物中的TP、Or-P在沉积时间序列上分布基本一致，其含量变化与各时期工业生产和海水养殖活动密切相关；两个区域柱状沉积物中潜在生物有效性磷占总磷的百分比为61.2%和71.0%。沉积物中Ex-P的含量对该海域的初级生产力的影响较大。     

桑沟湾贝类养殖水域沉积物再悬浮的动力机制及其对水体中营养盐的影响

基于海流、波浪、水环境和沉积环境指标的实测资料,探讨了桑沟湾贝类养殖水域沉积物再悬浮的动力机制,并估算了一次大的动力过程作用下桑沟湾沉积物中氮、磷营养盐的释放量。结果表明,(1)在小风速(≤5.0m/s)条件下,波浪在海水-沉积物界面产生的切应力量值与底流切应力大致相当;在较大风速(5.0～11.8m/s)条件下,波浪切应力比底流切应力高出一个量级;(2)当风浪较小(风速≤3.6m/s)时,随底层流速的周期性变化,底层水体浊度变化并未呈现出明显的规律性,二者相关系数值仅为0.22,这说明底流作用只会引起沉积物的水平输运,对沉积物再悬浮的贡献相对较小,沉积物再悬浮的动力主要来自波浪扰动;(3)据估计,桑沟湾贝类养殖水域沉积物再悬浮的临界波浪切应力在0.04N/m2左右,对应的风速约为8m/s;(4)据估算,一次大的动力过程作用下桑沟湾沉积物中无机氮和活性磷酸盐的最大释放量,春季分别为10.24t和1.71t,这相当于全湾水体中无机氮平均含量增加9.54μg/L,活性磷酸盐平均含量增加1.59μg/L;夏季分别为11.04t和0.95t,相当于全湾水体中无机氮平均含量增加10.28μg/L,活性磷酸盐平均含量增加0.88μg/L;(5)贝类养殖使桑沟湾生物沉积作用加强,而沉积物再悬浮造成的内源释放,又对桑沟湾的水产养殖产生反馈作用。     

九龙江-厦门湾氮磷污染物入海通量估算与研究

本研究初步估算2011—2020年九龙江总氮、总磷污染物入海通量,分析年际通量变化和月际通量的空间变化,探讨了可能的影响因素。结果表明,2011—2020年间九龙江总氮和总磷的入海通量呈现递减趋势,但仍具有较高养分通量的特点,总氮和总磷的入海通量排放主要受到畜禽养殖和化肥施用等人为活动的影响。2018年九龙江北溪的总氮通量最高,西溪的总磷通量最高,南溪最低。入海通量的空间差异主要与径流量有关,北溪的畜禽养殖和西溪的化肥施用是导致养分入海的主要因素,九龙江氮磷污染物入海与水产养殖关系较小。本研究对九龙江-厦门湾提出有关污染物总量控制措施建议,为当地政府做好重点河流污染物总量控制提供参考。     

桑沟湾沉积物有机质的碳氮稳定同位素分析及其来源解析

本研究分析了桑沟湾表层沉积物的粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、碳和氮稳定同位素(δ13C和δ15N)的时空分布特征,估算了贝藻生物沉积对近海沉积物有机质的贡献。结果显示,桑沟湾沉积物成分组成以粉砂为主,且粒径分布与海水养殖和水动力学条件密切相关;TOC、TN的季节变化和平面分布均呈相似性,数值上总体表现为春季最高,秋季最低,季节差异不大,在贝藻、鱼贝和贝类养殖区域出现较高值;而δ13C和δ15N的季节变化和平面分布有较大差异。从相关性分析可以看出,TOC和TN呈极显著正相关(r=0.955, P<0.001),表明桑沟湾表层沉积物的TOC和TN具有同源性。根据对δ13C和C/N的综合分析表明,贝类生物沉积、海带(Saccharina japonica)和土壤有机质是桑沟湾沉积物有机质的主要来源。采用三元混合模型估算得到贝类生物沉积贡献率为67.52%,土壤有机质贡献率为26.47%,海带贡献率为5.97%。研究表明,海洋贝藻生物沉积对近海碳埋藏具有显著影响。     

桑沟湾春季海–气界面CO_2交换通量及其与养殖活动的关系分析

为研究不同养殖活动对海–气界面CO_2交换通量(F)的影响,于2014年5月采用走航式CO_2分压仪对中国北方典型的多营养层次混合养殖海域—桑沟湾养殖区的表层水CO_2分压(pCO_2)进行了大面调查,并通过数据计算桑沟湾海区的F值。在调查过程中,选择在网箱养殖区、贝类养殖区、藻类养殖区等区域内进行24 h定点连续观测。探讨了春季桑沟湾海–气界面CO_2的交换通量及其主要影响因素。大面调查结果显示,桑沟湾内海水中pCO_2总体变化趋势是由湾内向湾外递减,网箱养殖区海水中pCO_2远远高于其他区域。在大面调查中,贝类、藻类、贝藻混养、网箱养殖区的F值分别为(–1.02±0.83)、(–15.40±1.28)、(–4.32±1.41)、8.14 mmol/(m~2·d)。定点连续监测显示,藻类、贝类、网箱养殖区的pCO_2 24 h平均值分别为(320±14)、(330±10)、(413±37)μatm。研究表明,光合作用是海–气界面CO_2交换通量的主要影响因素之一,不同养殖区之间的海–气界面CO_2交换通量差异显著。影响各养殖区海–气界面CO_2交换通量日变化规律的影响因子与走航调查结果一致。养殖活动是影响海–气界面CO_2交换通量的主导因素。     

桑沟湾养殖区春季pCO2分布特征及影响机制

2012年5月27～29日对桑沟湾贝类养殖、贝藻混养、藻类养殖等区域水-气界面区pCO2等参数的连续走航和贝类养殖区的日变化观测,讨论了桑沟湾不同养殖区域水-气界面区pCO2的分布特性及机制。结果显示,在该航次水质及气候条件下,桑沟湾养殖区域叶绿素偏高,溶解氧始终处于过饱和状态,最高达140%,强烈的浮游藻类光合作用消耗大量无机碳,水-气界面始终是大气CO2的汇。其中贝类养殖区pCO2低于贝藻混养区,低于藻类养殖及湾外近海区域。当然,这还不足以说明这一海区水-气界面可能是大气CO2的汇区,需要精细的航次计划做全面观测,例如养殖区域沉积的大量颗粒有机物在某些特定条件下的再悬浮、降解对水气界面CO2的贡献以及实际意义上的埋藏通量究竟有多大等。     

桑沟湾春季海–气界面CO2交换通量及其与养殖活动的关系分析

为研究不同养殖活动对海–气界面CO2交换通量(F)的影响，于2014年5月采用走航式CO2分压仪对中国北方典型的多营养层次混合养殖海域—桑沟湾养殖区的表层水CO2分压(pCO2)进行了大面调查，并通过数据计算桑沟湾海区的F值。在调查过程中，选择在网箱养殖区、贝类养殖区、藻类养殖区等区域内进行24 h定点连续观测。探讨了春季桑沟湾海–气界面CO2的交换通量及其主要影响因素。大面调查结果显示，桑沟湾内海水中pCO2总体变化趋势是由湾内向湾外递减，网箱养殖区海水中pCO2远远高于其他区域。在大面调查中，贝类、藻类、贝藻混养、网箱养殖区的F值分别为(–1.02±0.83)、(–15.40±1.28)、(–4.32±1.41)、8.14 mmol/(m2·d)。定点连续监测显示，藻类、贝类、网箱养殖区的pCO2 24 h平均值分别为(320±14)、(330±10)、(413±37) μatm。研究表明，光合作用是海–气界面CO2交换通量的主要影响因素之一，不同养殖区之间的海–气界面CO2交换通量差异显著。影响各养殖区海–气界面CO2交换通量日变化规律的影响因子与走航调查结果一致。养殖活动是影响海–气界面CO2交换通量的主导因素。     

桑沟湾养殖水域沉积物中营养要素(TOC、TN和TP)溶出动力学特性

2003 年8~11 月对桑沟湾进行了两次生态环境的调查研究,测定了其扇贝、海带和牡蛎养殖区3个站位的表层沉积物中有机碳、总氮、总磷的含量,并且通过沉积物水界面交换室内培养实验得到了沉积物水界面有机碳、总氮、总磷的交换量与时间的动力学关系,利用连续函数和非线形拟合技术计算了沉积物水界面有机碳、总氮、总磷的交换速率。其交换速率变化范围TOC 为22 .96~172. 41 mg/m2·d,TN为1 .71~10. 83 mg/m2·d,TP为1. 22~7 .66 mg/m2·d。总体趋势是相同站位的交换速率为8月高于11月,不同站位的交换速率为扇贝和牡蛎养殖区高于海带养殖区。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.