水温和蜕壳次数对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹耗氧率的影响

为研究水温和蜕壳次数对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹耗氧率的影响,采用静水式密闭装置测定了幼蟹在水温15～35℃范围内和第7～11蜕壳期(C7～C11,幼蟹Ⅳ期～幼蟹Ⅷ期)的耗氧率和耗氧量。结果显示,水温在15～30℃时,幼蟹的耗氧率在各蜕壳期都随着温度的上升而升高,于30℃达到峰值,之后随着水温的上升反而呈现下降的趋势,在C7阶段,水温30℃时幼蟹的耗氧率达到最高值0.661 mg/(g·h);幼蟹的耗氧量在各水温条件下都随着蜕壳次数的增加呈上升趋势,在C11阶段,水温30℃时幼蟹耗氧量达到最高值4.168 mg/h,不同蜕壳次数幼蟹的耗氧量差异显著(P<0.05)。幼蟹耗氧率(R)与温度(T)、不同蜕壳次数幼蟹湿质量(W)的二元回归方程线性关系显著,其关系式为：R=0.239 5+0.009 4T-0.019 7W(r=0.821 5,P<0.01)。研究结果表明,在一定温度范围内,水温、蜕壳次数对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的耗氧率影响显著,三者之间有显著的复相关关系。     

合浦绒螯蟹豆蟹耗氧率与窒息点的初步测定

对合浦绒螯蟹两种规格的豆蟹进行了耗氧率和窒息点测定。结果表明，豆蟹耗氧率与窒息点均随机体重增加而降低。平均体重1．25g的豆蟹耗氧率为0．28mg/(g.h),，窒息点为0．24mg/L，平均体重0．70g的豆蟹耗氧率为0．37mg/(g.h)，窒息点为0．33mg/L，合浦绒螯蟹豆蟹的耗氧率呈现出明显的昼夜变化规律。     

低洼盐碱池池塘养殖中华绒螯蟹试验

１９９７年５月于６６７０ｍ＾２池塘内投入扣蟹，采用配合饲料和青饲料，１９９７年１１月下旬验收，商品蟹规格为１０１ｇ，每１００ｍ＾２产１１．７８ｋｇ商品蟹，投入产出比为１：２．６。     

湖泊网围养殖大规格商品蟹试验

利用浅水草型湖泊网围养殖商品蟹，甲匡投放长江水质系隔年蟹种，乙匡投放当年５期幼稚蟹，丙匡投放辽河水系隔年蟹种，进行对比试验，甲匡成蟹平均上市规格１４２ｇ／只，净增重７．０倍，投入产出比１：１．７０，乙匡成蟹平均规格１００ｇ／只，净增重６４倍，投入产出比１：１．０９，丙匡成蟹平均规格１０５ｇ／只，净增重３．１倍，投入产出比１：１．０８。     

盐度对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹标准代谢的影响

对均重(0.12±0.01)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)仔蟹在6个盐度(0、4、8、12、16、20)梯度下的标准代谢进行研究。各梯度的水温为(24±0.5)℃、溶解氧为(8.12±0.23)g/m L、p H为7.5±0.18。在不同时间段测量各盐度梯度代谢瓶内溶氧量、CO_2含量及NH_3-N含量,将时间与耗氧率、CO_2排出率及NH_3-N排泄率进行回归分析。研究结果表明,根据仔蟹行为及代谢瓶内氧气含量与时间(h)的回归分析将仔蟹行为可分3个阶段:自由运动阶段[DO2.33 mg/L]、生存阶段[0.33 mg/LDO2.33 mg/L]及窒息阶段[DO0.33 mg/L]。在自由运动阶段和生存阶段,盐度对仔蟹耗氧率、CO_2排出率及NH_3-N排泄率影响显著(P0.05);在窒息阶段,盐度对仔蟹的耗氧率、CO_2排出率及NH_3-N排泄率影响不显著(P0.05)。研究结果还表明中华绒螯蟹仔蟹在高溶氧环境的主要供能物质为脂肪;低溶氧环境的主要供能物质为脂肪和碳水化合物;蛋白质在能量供给中的比例随溶氧增加而逐渐增加。     

小规格幼蟹当年养成试验

小规格幼蟹当年养成试验丁文岭（江苏省江都市水产技术推广站）池塘养蟹从蟹苗到养成商品蟹一般分两个阶段，需两年时间。第一年从蟹苗到规格为１０－１００只／５００克的幼蟹（扣蟹）；第二年从扣蟹到成蟹上市。１９９４年由于长江幼蟹（扣蟹）贫缺，价格昂贵，每只达５...     

盐度对中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹代谢的影响

测定了不同盐度(0,6,12,18,24)条件下,中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雌性亲蟹的耗氧率、CO2排出率及NH3 N排泄率,并研究了其呼吸熵、氧氮比、代谢率及能源物质供能比随盐度的变化情况。结果表明,体质量为(55.59±6.24)g的中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹,在水温(16±1)℃条件下,盐度对其耗氧率及NH3 N排泄率影响显著(P<0.05)。在实验盐度范围内(0~24),其耗氧率及NH3 N排泄率均随盐度的升高而下降,CO2排出率及代谢率的变化趋势与耗氧率一致,且盐度为6的实验组亲蟹CO2排出率及代谢率均与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),在盐度12~24范围内,亲蟹CO2排出率及代谢率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);呼吸熵及氧氮比均变化不显著(P>0.05);能源物质以脂肪的供能比例最大,其次是碳水化合物,蛋白质的供能比例最小。分析认为,中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹在生殖洄游过程中主要以脂肪作为供能物质,代谢率与能量消耗逐渐降低。     

中华绒螯蟹的摄食量和胃容量研究

在实验室水族箱控温条件下,以个体重3—50g的河蟹为试验对象,探讨了河蟹日摄饵率与不同饵料,水温和蟹体规格之间的相关关系,并测定了不同规格河蟹胃的物理最大容纳量(胃容量)。研究结果表明,在15—25℃范围内,河蟹的日摄饵率与水温呈指数式递增.25℃时,河蟹对小鱼、配合饵料和熟黄豆的日摄饵率分别是15℃时的1.77、1.68和2.33倍;而在同一水温条件下,河蟹对黄豆的摄饵率最低、小鱼最高,表现出对小鱼有较好的嗜食性。20℃条件下,河蟹的日摄饵率与规格呈负相关关系.统计结果表明,三种饵料中,不同规格的河蟹对配合饵料的摄食随意性较大;河蟹的胃容量与体重呈明显正相关关系.结合体重与摄饵率、胃容量之相关方程,推算了一定水温条件下不同规格河蟹的日投饵次数.     

长江水系中华绒螯蟹当年养成技术

１９９８年和１９９９年笔者连续两次利用温泉水培育早期豆蟹，然后分别在山东威海市和湖北黄州市同时进行成蟹养殖，取得了缩短养殖周期，增加经济效益的预期效果，介绍如下：１早期豆蟹培育１．１ 培育池的准备 用罗非鱼越冬池培育扣蟹，在进排水系统和充气设施完好的基础上，必须先培育好水草，使水面覆盖率达到８０％以上。早期可用大叶浮萍，后期以水花生为好。１． ２ 蟹苗下塘 在 ４月１～４日进行。每 ５０ｍ２放大眼幼体 ５００ｇ，平均１２００～１４００只／ｍ２。下塘时水温与大眼幼体出池时的水温相同。此后由１８℃每天升高１…     

早熟幼蟹的鉴别与控制技术

早熟幼蟹的鉴别与控制技术丁雷宋憬愚岳永生（山东农业大学动科院，泰安２７１０１８）早熟蟹，俗称“老头蟹”，性腺早熟，但又达不到上市规格，且不再生长，在养殖中，会因蜕壳困难而死亡，影响养殖效益。１早熟蟹的鉴别１．１规格规格在５—１０ｇ／只的蟹种中早熟蟹极...     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.