不同浒苔型饲料对幼刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长、消化及非特异性免疫的影响

以浒苔、石莼、豆粕、扇贝边、葡萄糖、贝壳粉、维生素和矿物质预混料为原料配制刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)饲料,利用酿酒酵母菌菌液和碱性蛋白酶制剂对刺参饲料进行4种不同的处理,得到5组实验用饲料,分别为对照组、发酵组、酶解组、复合组和鲜浒苔组.将上述饲料饲喂初始体重为(1.92-0.02)g的幼刺参42 d,每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复30头幼刺参.结果显示,不同的浒苔型饲料对幼刺参的存活率(SR)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FC)有显著影响(P＜0.05),而对其脏壁比(R)无显著性影响(P＞0.05).复合组和鲜浒苔组SR要显著高于酶解组(P＜0.05),而与其他2组均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).鲜浒苔组WGR远高于其他各组(P＜0.05),而复合组和发酵组WGR显著高于酶解组(P＜0.05),与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05).幼刺参的SGR规律与WGR一致.鲜浒苔组FC显著低于对照组、发酵组和酶解组(P＜0.05),与复合组差异不显著(P＞0.05).随着摄食饲料时间的推移,对照组、发酵组、复合组和鲜浒苔组淀粉酶(AMS)活力先升高再下降后趋于稳定,而酶解组一直呈现下降趋势.酶解组纤维素酶(Cellulase)活力呈现一直下降的趋势,而其他组呈现波动变化,且均高于初始活力值.随着摄食饲料时间的推移,除酶解组外,其余各组胰蛋白酶(TRY)活力前后时间点变化差异不大,且每个采样点幼刺参TRY活力大小顺序始终是对照组＞复合组＞鲜浒苔组＞发酵组＞酶解组.不同浒苔型饲料饲喂的幼刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).鲜浒苔组ACP活力最大,且与复合组无显著性差异(P＞0.05),而显著高于其他3组(P＜0.05).鲜浒苔组和复合组AKP活力显著高于酶解组和对照组(P＜0.05),与发酵组无显著性差异(P＞0.05).复合组SOD活力最大,且显著高于发酵组和酶解组(P＜0.05),而与对照组和鲜浒苔组均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).由此得出,幼刺参在摄食先酶解后发酵的饲料后能够得到良好的生长效果,并可改善自身肠道消化,维持正常免疫.这为解决刺参饲料原料短缺以及浒苔高值化利用提供了依据和方法.     

不同浒苔型饲料对幼刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长、消化及非特异性免疫的影响

以浒苔、石莼、豆粕、扇贝边、葡萄糖、贝壳粉、维生素和矿物质预混料为原料配制刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)饲料,利用酿酒酵母菌菌液和碱性蛋白酶制剂对刺参饲料进行4种不同的处理,得到5组实验用饲料,分别为对照组、发酵组、酶解组、复合组和鲜浒苔组。将上述饲料饲喂初始体重为(1.92±0.02)g的幼刺参42 d,每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复30头幼刺参。结果显示,不同的浒苔型饲料对幼刺参的存活率(SR)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FC)有显著影响(P0.05),而对其脏壁比(R)无显著性影响(P0.05)。复合组和鲜浒苔组SR要显著高于酶解组(P0.05),而与其他2组均无显著性差异(P0.05)。鲜浒苔组WGR远高于其他各组(P0.05),而复合组和发酵组WGR显著高于酶解组(P0.05),与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。幼刺参的SGR规律与WGR一致。鲜浒苔组FC显著低于对照组、发酵组和酶解组(P0.05),与复合组差异不显著(P0.05)。随着摄食饲料时间的推移,对照组、发酵组、复合组和鲜浒苔组淀粉酶(AMS)活力先升高再下降后趋于稳定,而酶解组一直呈现下降趋势。酶解组纤维素酶(Cellulase)活力呈现一直下降的趋势,而其他组呈现波动变化,且均高于初始活力值。随着摄食饲料时间的推移,除酶解组外,其余各组胰蛋白酶(TRY)活力前后时间点变化差异不大,且每个采样点幼刺参TRY活力大小顺序始终是对照组复合组鲜浒苔组发酵组酶解组。不同浒苔型饲料饲喂的幼刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均有显著性差异(P0.05)。鲜浒苔组ACP活力最大,且与复合组无显著性差异(P0.05),而显著高于其他3组(P0.05)。鲜浒苔组和复合组AKP活力显著高于酶解组和对照组(P0.05),与发酵组无显著性差异(P0.05)。复合组SOD活力最大,且显著高于发酵组和酶解组(P0.05),而与对照组和鲜浒苔组均无显著性差异(P0.05)。由此得出,幼刺参在摄食先酶解后发酵的饲料后能够得到良好的生长效果,并可改善自身肠道消化,维持正常免疫。这为解决刺参饲料原料短缺以及浒苔高值化利用提供了依据和方法。     

饲料中添加浒苔对仿刺参幼参生长、消化酶活性和免疫力的影响

在水温17~18℃和盐度30条件下,将初始体质量为(4.09±0.26)g的仿刺参饲养在15个循环水玻璃缸(容积100L)中,投喂在基础饲料中添加0%、3%、6%、9%和12%浒苔的饲料,于投喂后第7、14、28d和42d分别检测仿刺参的生长指标、消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和褐藻酸酶)和体腔液免疫酶(溶菌酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶)的活性。试验结果表明,投喂试验饲料后第14、28d和42d:(1)饲料中添加6%和9%浒苔组仿刺参的特定生长率显著增加(P0.05),在不同取样时间其他添加组仿刺参的的特定生长率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);(2)饲料中浒苔添加量为6%和9%试验组仿刺参的4种消化酶比活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中6%组仿刺参的消化酶比活力最高;(3)饲料中浒苔添加量为6%时,仿刺参溶菌酶活力显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0.05);饲料中浒苔添加量为6%和9%时,仿刺参碱性磷酸酶活力和超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0.05);添加浒苔可以显著提高酸性磷酸酶活力,至第42d,试验组酸性磷酸酶活力高于对照组(P0.05),且浒苔添加量为6%时活力最高。在本试验条件下,饲料中添加浒苔可以提高仿刺参的特定生长率、消化酶活力及免疫力,浒苔的最适添加量为6%~9%。     

几种饲料原料对刺参幼参生长和体成分的影响

研究了不同饲料原料对刺参Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)幼参生长和体成分的影响.实验采用鱼粉、鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii Kuntze、浒苔Enteromorpha prolifera、海带Laminaria japonica和海泥5种主要原料配制的饲料投喂体长为4.18±0.23cm、体重为5.99±0.26g的刺参幼参,进行了为期80d的养殖实验.实验结束时,投喂鼠尾藻饲料、浒苔饲料和动物性饲料的刺参特定生长率(SGR)分别为95.36%/d、92.29%/d和84.87%/d.这三者之间无显著差异,但生长效果要好于投喂海带饲料和海泥饲料的刺参.实验结果表明,在特定的室内养殖条件下,虽然刺参能够更好地利用植物性蛋白,但是可以将动物性蛋白作为刺参的辅助性饲料成分,配制出营养更全面的配合饲料;浒苔作为刺参幼参的养殖饲料原料是完全可行的;海带粗加工产品不适于用做刺参饲料的主要成分.     

几种陆、海生植物源对仿刺参幼参生长指标的影响

使用鼠尾藻、亨氏马尾藻、石莼、浒苔、马齿苋、羊栖菜、海带等7种植物源单独投喂仿刺参幼参,一种商品饲料作为对照组,各试验设3个平行,每平行20头幼参(体质量2.5~3.5g/头),试验周期60d,之后通过对比体长、特定生长率、质量平均增加率、蛋白质表观消化率、存活率、饲养水质等指标,得出可能适宜作为幼参人工配合饵料的配料成分。试验结果表明,以体长为考核指标,各种植物源对其影响依次为:马尾藻海带200目浒苔粉鼠尾藻马齿苋石莼粉400目浒苔粉羊栖菜添加海泥400目浒苔,部分组别之间差异极显著(P0.01);以幼参特定生长率、质量平均增加率、表观消化率、饵料系数为考核指标时,鼠尾藻、马尾藻、石莼、浒苔各项数值优于其他植物源,差异显著(P0.05);马尾藻的蛋白质表观消化率高于其他植物源,羊栖菜的表观消化率值最低;浒苔、石莼、鼠尾藻、马尾藻较其他植物源更有利于幼参生长,可作为幼参人工配合饲料组分。     

海星棘皮投喂仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)的效果

在饲料中添加海星棘皮,与两组商品饲料分别投喂体重为5.0–6.7 g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka),进行60 d养殖试验,研究其对仿刺参平均增重率(AWGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FCR)、摄食率(FR)和蛋白表观消化率(APD)的影响。结果显示,各组仿刺参生长良好,成活率无显著差异(P>0.05);60 d时,各组仿刺参的AWGR和SGR变化趋势相同,由高到低依次为市售2组、海星组、市售1组;海星饲料组仿刺参的FCR最低,与其他两组间差异不显著(P>0.05);海星饲料组与市售1组的FR间差异不显著(P>0.05),与市售2组FR间有显著差异(P<0.05);海星饲料组仿刺参的饲料转化率(FE)明显高于其他两组(P<0.05);海星饲料组仿刺参的APD最高,为67.28%,与市售1组的APD差异显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,添加海星棘皮可以较好地促进仿刺参的生长和提高饲料的利用,可添加到仿刺参幼参饲料中用作饲料源。     

饲料中添加甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)块根与茎蔓对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

在刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)配合饲料中添加不同比例(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%)的甘薯块根粉与甘薯茎蔓粉,测定了添加2种甘薯饲料成分对刺参生长和非特异性免疫力的影响。结果显示,在50 d实验期间,投喂添加甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组刺参平均体重随实验时间呈上升趋势,实验结束时,添加20%甘薯块根粉组终末体重显著高于对照组(P0.05),10%、30%组特定生长率(SGR)与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);投喂添加10%甘薯茎蔓粉的实验组刺参SGR与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),其余各组SGR均低于对照组(P0.05)。投喂添加10%、20%甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组刺参体腔液中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)均显著高于对照组(P0.05);投喂添加10%甘薯茎蔓粉饲料的实验组ACP显著高于对照组(P0.05),刺参体腔液中的溶菌酶(LZM)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、CAT和AKP与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。研究表明,当甘薯块根与茎蔓的添加比例分别在30%和20%以下时,可满足刺参的营养需求,促进或保证刺参的生长,提高刺参免疫能力。     

饲料中添加3种不同投入品对筏式浅海网箱刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖生长的影响

以刺参的存活率、增重率、特定生长率和肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶及肠道组织结构变化为评价指标,通过42 d的养殖实验,研究了在基础饲料(空白组)中添加20%生物胶为粘合剂制备粘性饲料(粘性饲料对照组),通过添加浒苔干粉(浒苔组)、微生态制剂(微生态制剂组)、中草药(中草药组)3种投入品对浅海筏式网箱养殖刺参生理及生长的影响。结果显示,在散失率方面,粘性饲料比空白组饲料散失率降低33.42%,添加浒苔干粉、微生态制剂、中草药对饲料散失率的影响差异不显著(P0.05);在生长方面,中草药组的增重率和特定生长率均为最高,分别达到(41.50±1.39)%和(0.82±0.02)%/d,显著高于其他4个实验组;在存活率方面,微生态制剂组和中草药组的存活率显著高于空白组和粘性饲料对照组。其中,中草药组存活率最高,达到(94.03±2.28)%;在消化酶活性方面,浒苔组、微生态制剂组和中草药组的淀粉酶活性分别在第10、20、30天达到峰值,峰值分别为(1.70±0.05)、(1.60±0.04)、(1.77±0.04)U/mg prot;粘性饲料对照组的蛋白酶活性波动最大,其活性在第10天达到峰值为(1.78±0.09)U/mg prot;空白组、粘性饲料对照组和浒苔组的纤维素酶活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在实验周期内中草药组的纤维素酶活性表现为持续上升,而微生态制剂组刺参的纤维素酶活性表现出先下降后上升的趋势,最低值为(0.14±0.01)μg/g·min;肠道组织结构方面,粘性饲料对照组的肠道黏膜上皮层厚度显著增加(P0.05),浒苔组的肌肉层厚度显著增加(P0.05),中草药组和微生态制剂组刺参肠道组织结构完整,上皮细胞分泌旺盛。研究表明,通过添加生物胶所制作的粘性饲料可显著降低饲料散失率,添加微生态制剂和中草药可显著提高网箱养殖刺参的成活率,并显著提高刺参个体的消化酶活力和增重率,添加浒苔对刺参生长影响不显著。     

裂壶藻对刺参生长、免疫及消化酶的影响

以初始平均体重为(12.5±2.0)g的刺参为研究对象,在室内玻璃钢桶内进行了56 d饲喂实验。以基础饲料为对照组(A),研究基础饲料中分别添加0.5%(B)、1.25%(C)、2.0%(D)的裂壶藻对刺参生长、免疫及消化酶的影响。结果表明,C组、D组可显著提高刺参的特定生长率(SGR)(P0.05)。C组和D组刺参体腔液碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、吞噬活性、肠道淀粉酶均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。C组的体腔液呼吸爆发活性和肠道蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。B组的AKP、LZM、肠道淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。饲料中添加裂壶藻各处理组刺参成活率均为100%。实验结果表明,1.25%-2.0%裂壶藻添加量可显著提高刺参的生长速度和免疫酶活性;饲料中添加1.25%裂壶藻能够显著增加刺参肠道的蛋白酶、淀粉酶的消化活性:裂壶藻有作为刺参营养添加剂的应用前景。     

两种甘薯饲料原料的营养成分及其对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)摄食与生长的影响

在刺参配合饲料中添加6个比例(10％、20％、30％、40％、50％、60％)的甘薯块根粉与甘薯蔓茎粉,测定两种甘薯饲料原料的营养成分及其对仿刺参摄食与生长的影响.结果显示,甘薯块根粉中粗蛋白含量为10.01％,甘薯蔓茎粉中粗蛋白含量为5.54％;每100 g甘薯块根与蔓茎粉中氨基酸总量分别为7.33 g和4.37 g.在30 d的实验期间,投喂添加甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组仿刺参平均体重随实验时间呈上升趋势,实验结束时,10％和20％组特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组(P＜0.05), 30％组SGR与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05).投喂添加10％甘薯蔓茎粉的实验组仿刺参SGR与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),其余各组SGR均低于对照组(P＜0.05).投喂添加10％、20％甘薯块根粉饲料的实验组仿刺参食物转化率(FCE)显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),投喂添加10％甘薯蔓茎粉饲料的实验组FCE与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),其余各实验组仿刺参FCE显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结果表明,当甘薯块根粉和甘薯蔓茎粉添加比例分别低于30％和10％时,可满足刺参的营养需求,提高饲料利用效率,保证并促进仿刺参的摄食与生长.     

Evaluation of three seaweeds Gracilaria bursa-pastoris, Ulva rigida and Gracilaria cornea as dietary ingredients in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of three seaweeds Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (GP), Ulva rigida (UR) and Gracilaria cornea (GC) as dietary ingredients on the performance, nutrient utilisation and body composition of European sea bass juveniles. Six experimental diets were formulated to replace 5% (GP-5, UR-5, and GC-5 Diets) and 10% (GP-10, UR-10 and GC-10 Diets) fish protein hydrolysate (CPSP) by each of the three seaweeds. A control diet was used, without inclusion of any seaweed. Diets were fed to duplicate groups of 25 European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles (IBW = 4.7 g) for 10 weeks. Growth performance was only significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in fish fed the GC-10 diet, whereas the feed conversion ratio increased significantly in those fish. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and lipid were significantly lower in fish fed diet GC-10 relative to those fed the control diet. Carcass composition was similar among treatments, although fish fed GC-10 exhibited significantly higher ash content.The results obtained in this study suggest that the inclusion of G. bursa-pastoris (GP) and U. rigida (UR), up to 10%, can be considered as very interesting ingredients in diets for sea bass juveniles, as no negative consequences on growth performance, nutrient utilization or body composition were observed. On the other hand, the inclusion of G. cornea (GC) should be limited to 5% of the diet.     

Optimum Level of Dietary n‐3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids for Juvenile Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

A feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum level of dietary n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) for juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicas, based on growth performance and fatty acid compositions. Diets with five n‐3 HUFAs levels (0.15, 0.22, 0.33, 0.38, and 0.46%) were fed to sea cucumber juveniles (1.97 ± 0.01 g) once a day for 60 d. The sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.22% n‐3 HUFAs showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio than the sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.15% n‐3 HUFAs, but not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.33, 0.38, and 0.46% n‐3 HUFAs. The sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.46% n‐3 HUFAs showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher eicosapentaenoic acid and saturated fatty acid than the sea cucumber fed diets containing 0.15% n‐3 HUFAs, but not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.22, 0.33, and 0.38% n‐3 HUFAs. The results of growth performance and n‐3 HUFA compositions of body wall indicated that the optimum level of dietary n‐3 HUFAs for juvenile sea cucumber is between 0.22 and 0.46%.     

四种不同添加物对仿刺参非特异性免疫力和肠道免疫基因Aj-p105、Aj-p50、Aj-rel和Aj-lysmRNA表达的影响

本实验研究了饲料中添加酵母多糖(6.3 g/kg)、马氏副球菌(109 cfu/kg)、大黄(25.0 g/kg)和氟苯尼考(15.0 mg/kg)4种添加物对仿刺参[初始体质量(4.68±0.36)g]非特异性免疫力以及肠道组织免疫相关基因Aj-p105、Aj-p50、Aj-rel和Aj-lys mRNA表达的影响.每个处理分别设置5个重复,以投喂未添加上述任何成份的基础饲料组作为空白对照,养殖实验周期为60 d.结果发现,饲料中添加马氏副球菌能显著提高仿刺参体腔细胞的吞噬活性和呼吸爆发活力,而添加酵母多糖可以显著提高仿刺参体腔细胞的吞噬能力,但是添加氟苯尼考显著降低了仿刺参体腔细胞的呼吸爆发活力;而在仿刺参中肠肠道组织中,酵母多糖和马氏副球菌处理组免疫基因Aj-p105和j-p50 mRNA的表达均大幅上调,显著高于对照组.其中,酵母多糖添加组增幅分别为43.2％和63.1％,马氏副球菌添加组的增幅分别为49.8％和48.0％.马氏副球菌添加组中免疫基因Aj-lys的表达显著高于对照组,增幅为46.4％;大黄添加组中Aj-p105 mRNA的表达量显著高于对照组,而氟苯尼考添加组中Aj-p50、Aj-rel和Aj-lys的mRNA表达量相对于对照组均显著下降.研究表明,饲料中适当添加酵母多糖和马氏副球菌可有效提高仿刺参非特异性免疫力,而饲料中抗生素氟苯尼考的添加会降低仿刺参非特异性免疫力.     

饲料中添加精氨酸对仿刺参幼参生长、免疫能力及消化酶活力的影响

为研究精氨酸对仿刺参幼参生长、免疫能力及消化酶活力的影响,在基础饲料中添加0、1.00%、2.00%、3.00%和4.00%的包膜精氨酸(精氨酸含量为40%),配制精氨酸含量为0.32%、0.73%、1.16%、1.61%和1.99%的5种实验饲料(命名为D1,D2,D3,D4和D5),饲喂初始体质量9.10 g的仿刺参幼参60 d。结果表明,精氨酸显著提高了仿刺参的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率,且在D4组达到最高;D3、D4和D5组仿刺参的脏壁比、肠壁比及肠长比显著低于D1和D2组,但3组之间差异不显著;精氨酸显著提高了体壁粗蛋白的沉积,但对水分及粗脂肪含量影响不显著;精氨酸显著提高了体壁谷氨酸、精氨酸、亮氨酸、组氨酸、羟脯氨酸、必需氨基酸及总氨基酸的含量,降低了赖氨酸含量;体腔液中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)活力随着精氨酸含量的增加而显著提高;肠道蛋白酶活力与饲料精氨酸含量呈二次负相关关系(Y酶活=-3.228X2精氨酸+2.865X精氨酸+26.24,R2=0.934),D3、D4和D5组纤维素酶活力显著高于D1和D2组,淀粉酶及脂肪酶活力不受精氨酸含量的影响。以增重率为评价指标,一元二次回归分析表明,体质量9.10 g的仿刺参饲料中精氨酸适宜含量为1.55%(7.10%饲料粗蛋白)。     

Effects of Dietary Lysine Levels on Growth,Intestinal Digestive Enzymes,and Coelomic Fluid Nonspecific Immune Enzymes of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus,Juveniles

A 56‐d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lysine levels on growth performance, intestinal digestive enzymes, and nonspecific immune response of Apostichopus japonicus juveniles. Five semipurified diets were formulated to contain graded levels of lysine (from 0.28 to 2.32% of dry matter). Although no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in survival rate, final weight (FW), and body weight gain (BWG), the FW and BWG increased from 0.28 to 1.19% with increasing dietary lysine levels, then showed a declining tendency. Broken‐line regression analysis of BWG indicated sea cucumber requires lysine at 0.76% of dry diet. Proximate composition, lysine content of the body wall, and total amino acid profiles were not affected by dietary treatments. Intestinal protease level increased with increasing dietary lysine level from 0.28 to 1.19%, then decreased. Acid phosphatase and superoxide dismutase activities of the sea cucumbers were not affected by various dietary lysine levels; however, significantly (P < 0.05) higher alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in sea cucumbers fed 2.32% lysine diet than those fed diets having 0.28 and 1.89% lysine. Overall, sea cucumber juveniles fed with diets containing between 0.76 and 1.19% lysine showed better growth performance, digestive enzymes, and nonspecific immune enzyme activities.     

Effects of dietary heat‐killed Lactobacillus plantarum L‐137 (HK L‐137) on the growth performance,digestive enzymes and selected non‐specific immune responses in sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dietary heat‐killed Lactobacillus plantarum L‐137 (HK L‐137) on growth performance, digestive, non‐specific immune and phagocytosis of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumbers (initial body weight 1.35 ± 0.04 g) were fed diets supplemented with five levels of HK L‐137 (0, 0.005, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.25 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diets) for 60 days. Results indicated sea cucumbers fed with diets containing 0.05 and 0.25 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diets showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight gain and specific growth rate than other groups. Sea cucumbers fed with diets containing 0.05 and 0.25 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diets showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher protease activity than control group. Higher amylase, lysozyme and phagocytic activities were found in 0.25 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diet group. Higher superoxide dismutase enzyme and alkaline phosphatase activity was found in 0.05 g HK L‐137 kg^?1. While no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in acid phosphatase activity. These results suggested that dietary supplementation of 0.05 g HK L‐137 kg^?1 diets would have benefit on growth, digestive enzymes and several non‐specific immune parameters of sea cucumber.     

Preliminary Study of the Dietary α‐Tocopherol Requirement in Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) requirement in juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumbers averaging 1.48 ± 0.07 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into 18 rectangular plastic tanks of 20 L capacity in a recirculating system (20 animals per tank). Six semi‐purified experimental diets with average protein and crude lipid levels (dry matter) of 29.7 ± 0.36% and 4.39 ± 0.23% (mean ± SD), respectively were formulated to contain 0 (E4), 15 (E12), 30 (E23), 60 (E44), 120 (E77) and 600 (E378) mg α‐tocopherol/kg diet, supplied as dl‐α‐tocopheryl acetate. Diets were analyzed for α‐tocopherol content by HPLC and the α‐tocopherol levels were 4.01, 12.4, 23.1, 44.3, 77.4 and 378 mg α‐tocopherol/kg diet for E4, E12, E23, E44, E77 and E378 diets, respectively. Casein and defatted fish meal were used as the protein sources in the diets while wheat flour was the carbohydrate source. Sea cucumbers were fed each of the six experimental diets in triplicate groups. At the end of the 14‐week feeding trial, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) of sea cucumbers fed on E23, E44, E77 and E378 diets were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of animals fed on E4 and E12 diets. However, there were no significant differences in WG, SGR and FE among sea cucumbers fed on E23, E44, E77 and E378 diets or among those fed on E4 and E12 diets. Survival of sea cucumbers fed on E44, E77 and E378 diets were significantly higher than those of animals fed on E4, E12 and E23 diets. However, there were no significant differences among sea cucumbers fed on E4, E12 and E23 diets or among those fed on E44 and E77 diets. Whole‐body vitamin E concentration increased with α‐tocopherol content of the diets. Broken line analysis of WG showed an optimum dietary α‐tocopherol requirement of 41 mg α‐tocopherol/kg diet in sea cucumber. These results indicated that the optimum dietary α‐tocopherol requirement in sea cucumber in the form of dl‐α‐tocopheryl acetate could be higher than 23.1 mg α‐tocopherol/kg diet but lower than 44 mg α‐tocopherol/kg diet.     

Effects of the partial substitution of dietary fish meal by differently processed soybean meals on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and activity of intestinal brush border enzymes in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

This study evaluated the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) in the diet of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) with differently processed soybean meals on growth performance; apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs); the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the brush border digestive enzymes: leucine amino peptidase, maltase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; and the fish morphometric and flesh quality. European sea bass with an initial average body weight of 187.8 ± 1.4 g, were fed either a FM based (control) diet or a soy replacement isoproteic, isolipidic and isocaloric diet. The treatments consisted replacing FM protein by: 25% toasted, dehulled and solvent-extracted soybean meal (SE25); 50% dehulled and toasted soy seeds subjected to dry extrusion and mechanical oil extraction (ME50); 50% enzyme-treated soybean meal (ET50) and an inclusion of 60% composed of 30% toasted, dehulled and solvent-extracted soybean meal and 30% enzyme-treated soybean meal (SE + ET/60). ADCs values of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid and gross energy did not significantly differ between ME50 and SE + ET/60 but both of them were inferior to the other treatments (P < 0.05). Compared with the control FM-based diet, only the group that consumed the ME50 diet had lower specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and gross protein retention efficiency values (P < 0.05). The protein efficiency ratio did not differ between the FM-based control group and all other soy derivate groups (P > 0.05). In order to gain more insight on the effects of the diet on fish growth, activity of the brush border enzymes was measured. No significant differences were found in leucine amino peptidase and maltase activities, between the control group and the other soy derivate groups. The activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was significantly higher in the upper section in fish that consumed the control diet compared with fish that consumed the soy derivate diets. Yet, the main activity of this enzyme was found in the lower intestinal section. In all the soy derivate diets except for the SE25 diet, the activity of alkaline phosphatase was significantly lower than its activity in the control diet. Feeding diets that include various types and levels of soybean derivatives did not affect the whole body composition and slaughter yield but significantly reduced liver weight. The results show that in methionine supplemented diets, FM can be replaced in terms of protein by 25% SE, 50% ET or 60% soy composed of 30% SE and 30% ET without hampering fish performance. The inclusion of 50% protein from ME resulted in significantly lower growth performance and feed utilization.     

大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆摄食、生长及体组成的影响

研究了大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长及生理生化指标的影响。5种饲料分别含有0、12.0%、25.0%、37.0%和49.5%的SPC以替代相应的鱼粉,并分别添加0、0.83%、1.65%、2.48%和3.30%的必需氨基酸混合物(L-lysine∶DL-methionine∶L-leucine∶Lvaline∶L-threonine=18∶6∶3∶2.5∶2)以平衡各组饲料的氨基酸组成。每种饲料投喂3个水族箱(300 L),每个水族箱放养实验鱼16尾,实验鱼初始体质量为(31.1±0.1)g。经过9周生长实验,结果显示随着饲料中SPC替代水平的升高,大菱鲆摄食率、特定生长率均显著下降(P0.001)。然而,当使用0~37.0%的SPC替代鱼粉时,各处理组饲料效率和蛋白质效率未出现显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中SPC替代鱼粉对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。各处理组干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率之间也未出现显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,在本实验条件下SPC不能作为大菱鲆饲料中替代鱼粉的有效蛋白源,造成SPC替代效果较差的主要原因是其对大菱鲆饲料适口性的显著影响。     

Optimum dietary protein and lipid levels for growth of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

A feeding trial of three protein (200, 300 and 400 g kg⁻¹) and two lipid levels (20 and 100 g kg⁻¹) was conducted to determine the proper dietary protein and lipid levels for growth of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Dietary protein and lipid levels were adjusted by adding with different levels of soybean meal, squid liver oil and soybean oil, respectively. Three replicate groups of sea cucumbers (average weight of 1.3 g) were fed the experimental diets for 12 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, survival was not affected by dietary protein and lipid levels (P > 0.05). Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumbers were significantly affected by dietary protein (P < 0.006) and lipid levels (P < 0.001). The highest WG and SGR were observed in sea cucumbers fed the 200 and 400 g kg⁻¹ protein diet with 20 g kg⁻¹ lipid (P < 0.05). WG and SGR of sea cucumbers fed the diet containing 20 g kg⁻¹ lipid were higher than those of sea cucumbers fed the 100 g kg⁻¹ lipid diets (P < 0.05) at each dietary protein level. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, carbohydrate and gross energy of sea cucumbers fed the 20 g kg⁻¹ lipid diets were significantly higher than those of the 100 g kg⁻¹ lipid diets at 200 and 400 g kg⁻¹ protein (P < 0.05). Moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash contents were not significantly different among the groups. The results of this study indicate that the diet containing 200 g kg⁻¹ protein (170 g kg⁻¹ digestible protein) with 20 g kg⁻¹ lipid (13 g kg⁻¹ digestible lipid) may be sufficient for optimum growth of juvenile sea cucumber.