三角帆蚌培育淡水珍珠的研究现状

三角帆蚌是我国主要的淡水育珠蚌。就我国三角帆蚌的生物学、珍珠培育技术的研究和生产现状进行了综述,总结了三角帆蚌育珠生产中存在的主要问题,并提出了相关的建议。     

我国淡水贝类种质资源现状与保护利用

我国淡水贝类资源丰富、种类繁多,有记录的淡水贝类目前已经超过470种,广泛分布于我国各地的湖泊、河流和山间湿地等生态系统中。其中我国特有种贝类在各主要分布水系的比例均高于50%,特有种质资源十分丰富。淡水贝类不仅在生态系统中扮演着重要的角色,而且具有巨大的经济价值。淡水珍珠蚌中三角帆蚌和褶纹冠蚌,以及一些食用贝类如中华圆田螺、螺蛳、河蚬等的资源开发比较充分,但是由于淡水贝类分布范围广、栖息环境多样,相对于其他一些淡水贝类,目前研究还仅限于资源调查和物种鉴定层面。整体上,国内淡水贝类的种质资源评估不够系统,保护和开发利用未得到足够重视。本文就我国淡水贝类物种多样性与区域分布、淡水贝类种质资源可持续开发与利用情况、引进淡水贝类种质资源与利用现状及淡水贝类种质资源现行保护措施进行概述,并提出有关淡水贝类种质资源保护和可持续利用的建议,以期促进我国淡水贝类资源保护和开发利用协同发展。     

淡水优质珍珠培育及加工技术

<正>一、培育技术1.育珠蚌种选择为生产淡水优质珍珠,江西抚州洪门水库开发有限公司于1997年底成功地从日本引进了池蝶蚌原种,并于1998年繁殖成功。池蝶蚌原产日本琵琶湖,日本以该蚌培育优质淡水珍珠产品享誉世界珍珠市场。经过近十年研究,池蝶蚌的壳宽是三角帆蚌的1.23倍,外套膜的厚度是三角帆蚌的1.78倍,贝壳珍珠层的厚度是三角帆蚌的2.08倍,珍珠生长速度是三角帆蚌的1.62倍,大规格、优质珍珠的比例是三角帆     

池蝶蚌育珠技术

池蝶蚌原产日本琵琶湖，日本以该蚌培育优质淡水珍珠产品享誉世界珍珠市场。近年来，我国主要淡水育珠蚌三角帆蚌因近亲繁殖，引起种质退化严重，育珠性能下降，育珠蚌抗病力低，培育的珍珠产品颗粒小、质量差，从而造成珍珠品位低，经济效益差。为此，我市于1997年底，引进池蝶蚌原种，1998年繁殖成功。     

四大家鱼种质资源的研究进展

四大家鱼是我国淡水养殖和捕捞的主要对象,本文从种质资源鉴定、保护、种质标准的角度出发,简要介绍了目前我国四大家鱼种质资源的现状,以及遗传标记在四大家鱼种质资源中研究进展,并就目前普遍存在的四大家鱼遗传衰退的原因进行分析,比较详细的提出了四大家鱼种质资源保护的目的、策略和措施。     

三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌育珠性能比较

三角帆蚌,隶属于瓣鳃纲,真瓣鳃目,蚌科,帆蚌属,是中国特有的优质淡水育珠蚌。三角帆所产的珍珠产量佳,珠质细腻、光滑、色泽鲜艳、形状较圆,但珍珠生长比较缓慢。池蝶蚌与三角帆蚌同属帆蚌属(日本称为池蝶蚌属),是中国大陆近年来从日本、台湾引进的优良珠贝类。与三角帆蚌相比,池蝶蚌具有壳、珍珠层、外套膜较厚,珍珠质分泌能力强等优点。     

三角帆蚌养殖水体重金属污染的研究进展

<正>我国珍珠年产量位居世界第一,超过世界总量的80%,其中,淡水珍珠产量超过95%,三角帆蚌是淡水珍珠育珠主力军,年产量超过淡水珍珠年产量的80%。随着社会大众对珍珠需求的不断攀升,三角帆蚌人工养殖成为提升珍珠产量和品质的有效手段。在三角帆蚌养殖过程中,养殖水体或多或少都会被一种或多种污染物所污染,进而污染三角帆蚌本身,轻则对三角帆蚌生长发育造成影响,重则导致三角帆蚌死亡。据研究表明,造成三角     

三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌杂交繁育初试

为解决目前我国淡水育珠贝类种质资源退化、缺少优良品种的问题,使用人工自然受精法进行了三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌杂交试验,共获得三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌正交后代20万只,反交后代15万只,三角帆蚌自交后代13万只,池蝶蚌自交后代10万只。养殖及育珠试验表明,以反交F1代生产性能最优,插片手术后第3年的杂交F1代大规格优质珍珠(粒径>8 mm)所占比例达37.98%。     

三角帆蚌贝壳基质蛋白研究进展

贝壳和珍珠是碳酸钙在有机基质调控下形成的结构高度有序的生物矿化物。贝壳有机基质包括贝壳基质蛋白、糖和少量的脂类,其中贝壳基质蛋白对贝壳和珍珠的形成过程具有重要的调控作用。三角帆蚌是我国重要的淡水育珠蚌,三角帆蚌贝壳基质蛋白的研究对于揭示淡水珍珠形成机理和培育高品质淡水珍珠具有重要意义。本文介绍了已发现的与三角帆蚌棱柱层和珍珠层形成相关的26个基质蛋白,包括氨基酸组成、一级结构、高级结构等结构特征,以及参与贝壳碳酸钙沉积、贝壳有机框架形成、晶体形貌调控、贝壳着色调控及与珍珠重量性状的关联性等生物矿化功能方面的最新研究进展,为进一步提高珍珠质量提供参考。     

辽宁省水产种质基因库信息平台的构建与应用

针对辽宁省水产原良种场、海洋和淡水种质资源保护区、自然沿海海域及主要河流的重要水产经济物种,开发构建了生物种质信息库、DNA条形码数据库和分子标记信息库,并整合形成辽宁省水产种质基因库信息平台。平台涵盖重要水产经济物种150种,分子标记上万个,在水产物种种质鉴定、水产生物遗传多样性评价和水产种质资源保护区与原、良种场管理等方面具有较高的应用价值。本平台将推进水产种质保护和合理利用工作的深入开展,为水产科学工作者和生产者全面了解水产种质的特性,拓宽优势资源和遗传基因的使用范围提供数据保障。     

Comparative analysis of total carotenoid content in tissues of purple and white inner-shell color pearl mussel,Hyriopsis cumingii

The freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii is the most important mussel species for freshwater pearl production in China. Mussel shell color is an important indicator of pearl quality. The objective of this study was to assess whether total carotenoid content (TCC) in H. cumingii is related to shell color. TCC of different tissues (gonad, gill, hepatopancreas, kidney, axe foot, mantle, and adductor muscle) of purple and white inner-shell H. cumingii was determined by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The results revealed that TCC ranged from 12.91 ± 0.78 to 56.30 ± 0.74 μg/g. In general, TCC was higher in the hepatopancreas, followed by the mantle, gonad, gill, kidney, axe foot, and adductor muscle. TCC in gonad, gill, hepatopancreas, kidney, and mantle of purple mussels was significantly higher than that of white mussels. TCC in mussel tissues of H. cumingii was significantly different (P < 0.001) with respect to shell color. There were significant positive correlations between TCC in mussel mantle and shell color intensity. Future studies will assess the biological roles of carotenoids in shell color formation.     

不同施肥方法对鱼蚌综合养殖池塘浮游植物群落结构的影响

通过155 d围隔实验检验了不同施肥条件下鱼蚌综合养殖水体中的浮游植物群落结构。实验设3个处理:施鸭粪、施化肥、兼施鸭粪和化肥。放养种类为三角帆蚌、草鱼、鲫、鲢和鳙,放养量分别为每围隔20、15、5、5和5个。结果发现,围隔内浮游植物生物量平均值为(2.1~6.0)×108个/L。不同施肥方法对浮游植物种类组成和优势种、叶绿素a(Chl.a)、生物量以及蓝藻在浮游植物生物量中的比例无显著影响。浮游植物群落变化表现出较明显的季节性特点,影响围隔浮游植物群落的理化因子为TN、NH3-N和DO。研究表明,采用不同施肥方法的围隔内浮游植物群落结构未表现出显著差异,难以从浮游植物角度解释兼施鸭粪和化肥的围隔珍珠产量高于施鸭粪或施化肥的围隔的事实,也难以确定珍珠产量与浮游植物群落结构之间存在必然的联系。     

三角帆蚌生长性状和内壳色与所产无核珍珠质量的相关性分析

为了研究供片蚌和育珠蚌对无核珍珠质量的影响,以三角帆蚌紫色选育系F₅为材料,在插植无核珍珠前,测量了供片蚌和育珠蚌的壳长、壳高、壳宽、体质量等生长性状,检测了供片蚌内壳色颜色参数L、a、b、dE。经过18个月育珠,测量了育珠蚌的壳长、壳高、壳宽、体质量,计算其特定生长率,检测了育珠蚌内壳色颜色参数L、a、b、dE,测量了育珠蚌所产无核珍珠的颜色、大小、圆度、光泽和产珠量。结果发现,供片蚌生长性状与所产无核珍珠大小、圆度和产珠量相关性不显著(P>0.05)。供片蚌内壳色与无核珍珠颜色相关性极显著(r=-0.400~0.376,P<0.01),供片蚌dE值越大所产紫色珍珠比例越高、dE值越小所产白色珍珠比例越高。育珠蚌特定生长率与所产无核珍珠大小、光泽和产珠量相关性极显著(r=0.237~0.516,P<0.01),相关程度为体重> 壳长> 壳宽> 壳高,育珠蚌特定生长率与所产无核珍珠圆度相关性极显著(r=-0.284~-0.256,P<0.01),相关程度为壳长>体质量>壳宽>壳高。育珠蚌内壳色与所产无核珍珠颜色、大小、圆度、光泽和产珠量相关性不显著(P>0.05)。综合各性状相关性分析,改良供片蚌内壳色可以改良珍珠颜色,改良育珠蚌的生长性状可以改良珍珠大小、光泽、圆度和产珠量。     

Optimization of fish to mussel stocking ratio: Development of a state-of-art pearl production mode through fish–mussel integration

Integrated aquaculture has been widely used for pearl production in the freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii farming in China, but the production technology has not reached the state of the art. This study explored the optimal stocking ratio of fish to mussel (fish–mussel) through a 90-day experiment conducted in land-based enclosures. The integrated system included pearl mussel, grass carp, gibel carp, silver carp and bighead carp, with four fish–mussel stocking ratios by number: 1:1 (R1), 2:1 (R2), 3:1 (R3) and 4:1 (R4). The pearl yield was higher in the R2 enclosures than in the R1 and R4 enclosures, whereas the fish yield was higher in the R3 and R4 enclosures than in the R1 and R2 enclosures. The phosphorus (P) utilization efficiency was higher in the R2, R3 and R4 enclosures than in the R1 enclosures. The wastes of nitrogen (N) and P enhanced with the increase of fish–mussel ratio. Regression analyses indicated that the fish–mussel ratio was 2.3:1 for the maximal pearl yield, and 3.6:1 for the maximal fish yield, and 1.6–2.3:1 for the minimal N waste, and 1.9–2.9:1 for the minimal P waste. This study indicated that the suitable fish–mussel stocking ratio was 2:1 in the integrated culture of H. cumingii, grass carp, gibel carp, silver carp and bighead carp.     

缺氧和有毒微囊藻胁迫下三角帆蚌鳃和主要消化器官以及晶杆体的扫描电镜观察

为了阐明缺氧和有毒铜绿做囊藻对三角帆蚌鳃和主要消化器官的毒理效应和组织病理,实验利用扫描电镜研究了暴露于缺氧和有毒铜绿做囊藻下三角帆蚌的鳃、胃、肠以及晶杆体等器官组织病理学变化。结果显示,从第7天开始缺氧和有毒藻类复合胁迫组三角帆蚌的鳃丝及柱状细胞出现大量坏死和脱落,胃肠腔面纤毛脱落、上史细胞破裂坏死,晶杆体在第5天已经完全消失;第7天单独缺氧组和单独有毒藻类组的鳃和消化道出现少量的病变,单独缺氧组晶杆体在第7天完全消失,单独有毒藻类组晶杆体则一直存在。胁迫消失后,3个实验暴露组的晶杆体都未恢复正常对照组水平,因此缺氧和有毒铜绿做囊藻对三角帆蚌鳃和消化系统产生不可恢复性损伤,双重胁迫组影响最为严重,缺氧胁迫组相对有毒铜绿做囊藻胁迫组影响更为显著。本研究为三角帆蚌在缺氧和有毒藻类胁迫下的生理适应机制提供了组织病理学上的参考,并为其作为富营养化水体治理工具种的可行性提供了理论依据。     

Genetic diversity of freshwater pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii) in populations from the five largest lakes in China revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)

Triangle sail mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii) is the most important mussel species commercially exploited for freshwater pearl culture in China. Its genetic diversity was studied among populations from the five largest freshwater lakes of China, Poyang Lake (PY), Dongting Lake (DT), Taihu Lake (TH), Hongze Lake (HZ), and Chaohu Lake (CH), by the polymorphism of the inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detections showed that a total of 62 loci were amplified from eight primers; of those, 31.88%, 31.15%, 31.03%, 27.27% and 26.92%, respectively, were polymorphic in each of the five populations across all genotypes tested. The average heterozygosities were 0.4747, 0.3274, 0.2366, 0.2099 and 0.2018 in each of these populations from PY, TH, DT, CH and HZ, respectively. Phylogenic analyses showed that PY and TH populations clustered with CH and HZ and formed a group, while the DT population on its own formed a separated branch. The smallest distance (0.0404) was scored between PY and TH populations, indicative of their closest relationship; the biggest distance (0.2438) was found between PY and DT populations, suggesting their greatest divergence. The present study provided genetic basis for managing mussel stocks from these lakes separately to best preserve the genetic diversity of H. cumingii. On the other hand, since the population in PY displayed the highest genetic diversity, it may be used preferably in future selective breeding to improve pearl yield and quality.     

摄食配合饲料的鱼密度和EM菌对蚌鱼综合养殖系统中浮游植物的影响

通过93 d围隔实验比较了增加摄食配合饲料的鱼(草鱼和银鲫)密度和添加EM菌对三角帆蚌、草鱼、银鲫、鲢和鳙综合养殖系统中浮游植物群落和初级生产力的影响。采用2×2实验设计,设4个处理:LF0(20尾草鱼+10尾银鲫)、LFA(20尾草鱼+10尾银鲫+EM菌)、HF0(40尾草鱼+20尾银鲫)和HFA(40尾草鱼+20尾银鲫+EM菌)。所有处理中三角帆蚌、鲢和鳙密度相同,均为每个围隔内40只蚌、8尾鲢和2尾鳙。实验期间围隔内不换水,每天分2次投喂配合饲料;定期向LFA和HFA围隔内泼洒EM菌。结果显示,围隔内出现浮游植物超过81种,分别隶属7门、32科、73属;实验前期浮游植物优势种为微囊藻和栅藻,后期转为微囊藻、平裂藻和腔球藻;浮游植物生物量平均为3.2×108～8.3×108个/L;摄食配合饲料的鱼密度和EM菌对浮游植物种类组成和多样性无显著影响,但高密度草鱼和银鲫组(HF0和HFA)中浮游植物生物量和群落呼吸强度较高,初级生产力较低;添加EM菌可降低蓝藻在浮游植物生物量中的比例,增加初级生产力。研究表明,在蚌鱼综合养殖中放养摄食配合饲料的鱼密度不宜过高。     

鱼蚌混养对池塘水质、藻相结构及三角帆蚌生长的影响

2012年4月26日—2012年12月12日通过在鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中放养不同密度的三角帆蚌,研究不同三角帆蚌放养比例对鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中水质、藻相结构及三角帆蚌生长的影响。实验中,鲢鳙放养比例统一为3∶7,总密度为1.5尾/m3。三角帆蚌放养密度则设置4个水平,分别为单养鲢鳙鱼池塘(0只/m3),低密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(0.8只/m3),中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(1.0只/m3)和高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(1.2只/m3)。结果显示,混养三角帆蚌池塘的水化指标(TP、PO4-P、NH3-N、NO2-N和NO3-N)均显著低于单养鱼池塘。中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘除NH3-N和化学需氧量(COD)与低密度三角帆蚌混养池塘无显著差异外,其他各项水化指标均显著低于其他3个池塘,并且极显著低于单养鲢鳙鱼池塘。单养鲢鳙鱼池塘藻类平均密度均极显著高于鱼蚌混养池塘,其中在鱼蚌混养池塘中浮游植物密度与三角帆蚌密度成负相关关系。单养鲢鳙鱼池塘的浮游植物生物量均极显著低于中、高密度鱼蚌混养池塘,并且显著低于低密度混养池塘。浮游植物生物量与三角帆蚌密度成正相关关系,鱼蚌池塘中绿藻和裸藻的生物量在养殖过程中上升显著。低、中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘三角帆蚌存活率均显著高于高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘;低密度混养池塘中蚌湿重、壳长及壳宽相对增长率均为最大,显著高于中、高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘。研究表明,养鱼池塘混养三角帆蚌不仅能改善养殖池塘的水质,还能控制藻类数量,促使绿藻和裸藻等大型藻类的生长,提高养殖水体浮游植物的生物量总量,最终还能有效提高三角帆蚌的存活率及生长率。从改善水质,藻相结构,蚌成活率及生长等指标角度考虑,在鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中,三角帆蚌最佳放养密度为1.0只/m3。     

Freshwater nucleated pearl quality is influenced by host mussel growth traits in Hyriopsis cumingii

Hyriopsis cumingii is one of the most important freshwater pearl mussels in China. Recently, this species can produce freshwater nucleated pearls of high quality. Here, we investigated whether nucleated pearl quality is influenced by the growth traits of the host mussel or other factors like cultivation period. We implanted host mussels with a spherical nucleus consisting of a small piece of mantle tissue from donor mussels. After 24 and 36 months of culture, host mussel growth traits including body weight and shell length, height, width and weight were recorded. These factors were then correlated with the quality traits of the pearls they produced, such as nacre thickness, size, weight, lustre and colour. Results indicated pearls obtained at 36 months after seeding were significantly larger in terms of nacre thickness, size and weight compared to those harvested at 24 months. In particular, nacre thickness (r = 0.33–0.48, P = 0.00), pearl size (r = 0.39–0.43, P = 0.00) and pearl weight (r = 0.35–0.47, P = 0.00) were showed to be significantly correlated with host mussels shell length, body weight and shell weight at 24 or 36 months. Larger and heavier host mussels tended to produce bigger pearls. In contrast, host mussels did not affect pearl colour. Cumulatively, our results suggest that longer culturing times and a larger host mussel may help produce better quality nucleated pearl. This information can help guide selective breeding programs designed to improve pearl quality produced by H. cumingii.     

Evaluation of laser labeling on growth and survival of the freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii

Laser labeling techniques have been developed for breeding programs in aquatic organisms through this study. This study assessed their use in Hyriopsis cumingii, an important Chinese freshwater pearl mussel. In preliminary studies, H. cumingii juveniles between 55 and 95?days old were labeled by a laser engraving machine. The mortality rate decreased in an age-dependent manner, no differences in growth between treated and unlabeled juveniles at 85 and 95?days of age. Hundred-day-old juveniles were labeled with four different sized labels. The mortality rate and growth inhibition were significantly higher with the largest label size (2.55?cm) compared to the smaller size and control. Four different types of laser intensity were applied to 100-day-old juveniles, but mortality rates and growth inhibition after high current treatments were significantly higher than the lower currents and control. The wing part, center, lower edge, left edge and right edge were labeled in different 100-day-old juveniles. Labeling of the left edge caused higher mortality and growth inhibition than the other sites. No significant differences were found after either side of the shell was labeled compared to the control. All labels remained clear without any deformation after several months. In summary, the optimal strategy for the laser labeling of H. cumingii would be in juveniles >85?days. The label size, laser intensity and positions could affect their growth and survival. There was no difference labeling either side of the shell. This study showed laser labeling is a relatively simple and practical marking method for mussels such as H. cumingii.