广西西江干流9个卷口鱼群体的形态差异研究

对采自广西西江干流上游(天峨、东兰、大化、都安和合山)、中游(武宣、桂平和平南)以及下游(梧州)的333尾卷口鱼进行传统形态学测量,以主成分分析、单因子方差分析(One-way ANOVA)、判别分析和聚类分析等多种统计方法系统研究卷口鱼9个地理群体间的形态差异。其中,主成分分析共获取4个主成分(PC1～PC4),能解释81.429%的形态差异,PC1和PC2的贡献率分别为61.830%和7.863%,主要反映鱼体背腹轴和尾部的形态变化。PC1和PC2散点图显示,各地理群体间的形态差异在PC1轴上较在PC2轴上更易区分,其中桂平、平南和梧州群体已与其他群体产生明显偏离。进一步的单因子方差分析显示此三个群体的背腹轴性状(D3-6和D5-8)与多数群体存在显著性差异(P0.05)。判别分析中,各地理群体的综合判别率高达96.36%,交互验证后为91.30%,能较好地区分各群体。聚类分析发现,武宣群体与上游5个群体形态最为相似性,先聚为一支,而后依次与形态距离较远的梧州、桂平和平南群体聚类。综上,广西西江干流9个卷口鱼群体间存在较为明显的形态差异,本研究将为卷口鱼种质资源保护管理及合理利用提供参考依据。     

珠江卷口鱼年龄生长、食性和繁殖的研究

本文报道了珠江卷口鱼的年龄生长、食住和繁殖方面的研究结果。通过分析确定:卷口鱼的年龄级由I—IV龄鱼组成,各龄鱼分别占渔获物总量的42.21％、38.21％、19.21％和0.38％。用统计学方法,计算出卷口鱼体长与鳞长的相关式为:L=8 43.30R(r=0.9956);体长与体重的相关式为:W=8.226×10~(-3)L~(3.374)(Γ=0.9654)。对卷口鱼各种食物的组成、季节变化及出现率作了分析探讨。卷口鱼个体绝对怀卵量波动于7878—48880粒之间,平均22250.7粒。绝对怀卵量与体长和体重的相关式为:R=4.5419L~(3.6208)和R=40.88W 1209. 文中对卷口鱼的资源繁殖保护,网具使用和合理捕捞规格等问题进行了讨论。     

齐口裂腹鱼染色体核型和同工酶初步研究

对齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothoraxprenanti)的形态特征、染色体核型和同工酶组织特异性进行了观察和分析。结果显示:齐口裂腹鱼形态学可数性状为背鳍Ⅲ-8,腹鳍Ⅰ-9～10,臀鳍Ⅱ～Ⅲ-5,侧线鳞90～109,侧线上鳞17～24,侧线下鳞14～19,鳃耙数为外侧:14～23,内侧:19～31;其染色体数为2n=132,核型为34m+30sm+24st+44t,臂数NF=196。乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、酯酶(EST)、醇脱氢酶(ADH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)6种同工酶谱在齐口裂腹鱼中有明显的组织特异性。     

五种海洋生物葡萄糖磷酸变位酶和磷酸葡萄糖异构酶的同工酶分析

应用RAPD技术对珠江水系西江段广西桂平至广东肇庆之间的野生卷口鱼遗传多样性进行分析。利用20个随机引物对卷口鱼30个个体的基因组DNA进行了PCR扩增,一共扩增出3840条DNA片段,平均每个个体扩增出128条带。在检测到的128个位点中,多态位点数为85个,占66.4%,标记的分子量在0.2~3 kb之间。个体间最大的遗传距离为0.291 3,个体间最小的遗传距离为0.029 1。30个个体间的平均遗传距离为0.150 1±0.034 3。与野生草鱼、鲫鱼、黄颡鱼、胭脂鱼等相比,卷口鱼的遗传多样性水平较高,表明野生卷口鱼可能存在较大的群体。采用临近聚类法(NJTREE)构建了30个个体相互关系的分支图。30个个体被分为两个群体,显示野生卷口鱼在广西桂平至广东肇庆之间的江段中可能至少存在两个种群。本研究为卷口鱼的种质保护、合理开发利用以及选择育种提供了一些基础数据。     

基于线粒体Cytb基因序列的西江流域广西境内卷口鱼遗传多样性分析

为了解西江流域广西境内卷口鱼(Ptychidio jordani)种群遗传结构及分化程度,采用线粒体Cytb基因序列对西江流域广西境内6个江段的139尾野生卷口鱼的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示,线粒体Cytb基因长度为1 053 bp,碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为29.1%、27.7%、29.3%、13.9%,其中A+T (58.4%)高于C+G(41.6%)。共定义20个单倍型,并聚为2个分支,未观察到明显的地理聚群。6个卷口鱼群体的平均单倍型多样性和平均核苷酸多样性分别为0.768 2、0.002 3,其中红水河群体(单倍型多样性h=0.748 7,核苷酸多样性π=0.003 3)遗传多样性最高,柳江群体(h=0.274 4,π=0.000 4)和左江群体(h=0.374 7,π=0.000 3)的遗传多样性相对较低。卷口鱼总体的遗传分化指数(F_(ST))为0.461 4 (P0.01),表现出较大的遗传分化。两两群体间遗传分化结果显示,左江和柳江种群之间的遗传分化程度最大,而柳江和西江之间最小。AMOVA分析表明西江流域的卷口鱼群体遗传变异一半来自群体内(53.86%),一半来自群体间(46.14%)。中性检验(Tajima's D=-1.082 8,P0.05;Fu's Fs=-6.572 5, 0.01P0.05)与碱基错配分布分析表明西江流域卷口鱼种群大约在0.07～0.187 Ma经历了种群扩张。综上,西江流域广西境内的卷口鱼柳江群体和左江群体遗传多样性较低,总群体分化程度较大,但仍属于一个种群,其中空间距离与地理阻隔对卷口鱼的遗传分化具有一定的促进作用。     

珠江斑鱯人工诱导产卵试验

斑鱯属鲇形目，俗称han鱼、芝麻yan、白须鱼佥，是珠江名贵的野生经济鱼类，与鲈鱼、卷口鱼、鳜鱼一起被誉为西江四大名产。该鱼体型较大，个体重可达10公斤以上，常见的为4～5公斤。在珠江水系中主要分布于西江和北江，西江以成鱼为主，北江以幼鱼为主。     

多鳞白甲鱼的生态习性与开发利用

多鳞白甲鱼Onychostoma macrolepis,隶属鲤形目、鲤科,俗称钱鱼、螭霖鱼,梢白甲、斑纹鱼、石纹鱼、泰山赤鳞鱼。温水性淡水鱼类,分布于我国嘉陵江水系和汉水水系的中上游、淮河上游、渭河水系、伊河、洛河、海河上游的滹沱和山东泰山的溪涧。1形态特征体长,略侧扁,腹部圆形；头短,吻钝,口下位,新月形；具须2对,上颌须极细小,口角须很短；胸部鳞片较小,埋于皮下；背鳍无硬棘,外缘稍内凹,尾鳍叉型；体侧各鳞片的基部具新月形黑斑,背鳍和臀鳍各有     

星洲红鱼形态、染色体组型及细胞核DNA含量的分析

对星洲红鱼(Red Tilapia)形态特征、染色体组型及细胞核DNA含量的研究结果表明:星洲红鱼体型侧扁,体色鲜红；星洲红鱼鳍式:背鳍XⅥ～XⅦ,12 ～ 14;胸鳍13 ～ 14；腹鳍1,5；臀鳍Ⅲ,9～11星洲红鱼体被硬圆鳞,侧线鳞数28～30,上侧线鳞数21～23,下侧线鳞数14 ～16；采用PHA、秋水仙碱腹...     

嘉陵江不同江段蛇(鱼句)耳石形态特征及差异

为研究蛇（鱼句）耳石的形态特征以及不同环境下的耳石形态差异,以蛇（鱼句）左侧微耳石和星耳石作为研究材料,利用传统形态法测量耳石的14个参数且将其转化为11个形状指标,并利用地标点法在星耳石上选取12个地标点,对2016年6—7月间采自嘉陵江上游、中游、下游的195尾蛇（鱼句）的耳石样本进行形态研究。结果显示,蛇（鱼句）微耳石呈肾形,3个江段微耳石形态无显著差异;蛇（鱼句）星耳石呈圆形、椭圆形,表面粗糙,脊突数少于20,翼叶较基叶发达,中央突不明显,主凹槽轮廓似水滴状。相对扭曲主成分分析将3个江段的蛇（鱼句）星耳石分为两种形态类型：Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,其中Ⅰ型主要为嘉陵江上游江段蛇（鱼句）的耳石样本,Ⅱ型则包括嘉陵江中游和下游的蛇（鱼句）耳石样本。传统形态法和地标点法的综合结果表明,两种类型耳石形态差异主要表现在整体轮廓、脊突数,以及基叶、主凹槽和背侧距离等特征上,逐步判别分析对Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型星耳石的正判率达95.5%,区分效果较好。研究表明,嘉陵江不同江段蛇（鱼句）星耳石分为两种类型,且存在显著的形态差异;蛇（鱼句）星耳石的形态差异可能是对水温、流速等环境因子主动适应的结果,如在上游生活的蛇（鱼句）,其较细长且脊突较多的Ⅰ型星耳石能够较好地适应上游低温、多变的急流环境。     

珠江卷口鱼食性的初步研究

<正> 卷口鱼Ptychidio jordani Myers俗名老鼠鱼、嘉鱼,隶属于鲤形目Cypriniformes、鲤科Cyprinidae、鲃亚科Barinae,分布于珠江水系和台湾省,是珠江水系名贵鱼类之一。常见个体体重250～600克,1,000克以上的个体亦不鲜见,历史上曾有每尾体重达2公斤以上的报道。卷口鱼以肉质细嫩、含脂丰富、肉味甘美而驰名,经济价值甚高。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).