复合微生物制剂在对虾养殖中的应用

复合微生物制剂在改善水质，促进对虾的生长发育，促进饵料生物的生长繁殖，提高营养价值，防病治病，增加产量等方面有明显的作用；复合微生物制剂混合在饵粒中使用，可显提高对虾的生长和成活率；在对虾养殖过程中，抓好塘底处理、饵粒处理、水质处理三项措施结合进行，更能充分有效发挥其作用，保持运用复合微生物制剂于对虾养殖的全过程，将对虾塘的生态环境形成一个良性循环，有利于对虾养殖的可持续发展。     

对虾养殖的水质调控

池塘水质的调控和管理是对虾养殖过程中非常重要的环节.池塘水质的好坏,直接影响到对虾养殖的成败.目前,随着环境的日益恶化,水质污染日趋严重,造成病害频发,因此,加强养殖过程中的水质管理尤为重要.     

对虾养殖的水质调控

一、投放虾苗前的水质培养 养虾池清池消毒后注入经过滤的海水,使水深达1～1.2米,然后消毒。可用“鱼安”或“强氯精”2～3克/米~3或漂白粉20克/米~3进行消毒。如果池水夜间出现发光,可用“虾菌清”,或“灭光保水灵”处理。消毒3～4天后,施肥培水。培水可选择“浮游生物生长素”、“肥水     

凡纳滨对虾3种淡化养殖模式的水质规律研究

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei Boone,1931)的淡化养殖成为近年的养殖热点,随着养殖密度的不断提高,因投饵等自身污染加剧。相对海水,淡化水体的水质稳定性差,水质复杂多变,受气候、藻相的影响显著,因水质诱发虾病的问题也日渐突出。笔者2003年对凡纳     

对虾工厂化养殖的系统结构

对虾工厂化养殖是在人工控制条件下,利用有限水体进行对虾高密度养殖的一种生产方式,它依托一定的养殖工程和水处理设施作为技术支撑,融合无公害生产的管理模式,是一种高效的环境友好型养殖。文章就构建对虾工厂化养殖平台中的各系统环节及该种生产模式的概况作系统综述。     

工厂化养鳖水质调控技术

搞好工厂化养鳖水质的调控,对改善鳖的生态环境条件,加速鳖的生长,提高成活率至关重要。饲料及投喂技术直接影响到养鳖水体水质的污染程度,进而决定着水质的好坏。所以饲料及投喂必须讲究科学。饲料以人工配合饲料为主,辅加动物肝脏、植物油及新鲜蔬菜投喂。动物肝脏...     

锦鲤养殖的水质调控

随着科学技术的发展加上人类的需求越来越大,锦鲤的养殖变得越来越集约化、工厂化,锦鲤养殖水体也更容易恶化,水体里边的污染物质浓度也更高,水体内的组成也更加复杂,污染治理也更加难以下手,通过对水体生物因素、物理因素、化学因素的评价来判断水质的好坏,再根据情况从注入新水、培养水生植物、用微生物制剂调控水质、培养藻类等方法中选择适合的方法去调控水质,建立水中的生态平衡、物质循环平衡。     

复合微生物制剂对虾塘养殖水体生态因子的控制效应

应用利生素-复合微生物制剂对养殖虾塘水体中各项水质因子的控制，含活菌数为10个，g的菌剂，用量为1kg-0．5kg／hm，经二个月的试验，结果表明：有益微生物对提高虾塘水质DO，调节水中PH值及分解有机物(COD)污染和有毒物质有明显的功效。对照塘DO升高20％以上，COD上升16％，NH-N升高11．3％，NO-N升高828．6％，DIN升高101．3％PON升高485％，总有机氮(TN)升高70．7％：而试验塘COD下降12．9％-21．3％NH-N下降43．3％-75．6％，NO-N下降74．8％-100％，DIN下降70．8-94．8％，PON和TN分别下降75．2％-70．7％：和32．3％-38．3％，说明用复合微生物制剂是目前水质处理中一种较为理想的方法。     

对虾养殖中后期水质过浓的调控

养殖中后期水质过浓是目前对虾养殖中普遍存在的问题。一般对虾养殖2个月左右即出现因有机质过多导致的水体浑浊,水色发黑、发暗等现象。大量的有机质分解需要消耗大量的溶氧,化学耗氧量和生物耗氧量已大大超过水体的负荷,致使对虾经常出现缺氧。此外,有机质在溶氧较少的情况下分解产生大量的氨氮、亚硝酸盐等含氮化合物,严重影响对虾的生长。     

对虾海水高密度养殖后期水质因子的昼夜变化规律

2008年7月5～6日,对广东汕尾红海湾对虾养殖场养殖87～88d的海水高密度半封闭养殖虾池水质进行每4h监测分析,旨在了解养殖后期昼夜水质变化状况,为合理和即时调控养殖后期水质提供相关理论数据。结果显示,24h内水质指标除化学需氧量（COD）和无机氮（DIN）基本稳定外,其他因子均有较大波动。其中氨氮（NH4＋-N）在3：00达到高峰,5：00落至低谷,9：00又达到高峰;亚硝酸盐氮（NO2--N）的变化却相反,在3：00落至低谷,5：00达到高峰,9：00又落至低谷;pH和溶解氧（DO）均在5：00降至最低,13：00上升到最高。结果表明,3：00～9：00是虾池水质变动的关键时期,应留意水质变化,适时采取合理增氧措施并投洒相应水质调节剂以提高ρ（DO）,减少NH4＋-N和NO2--N产生及降低其毒性。     

芽孢杆菌对草鱼养殖水质调控作用的研究

研究了芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)对草鱼养殖水质的调控.通过测定水体的氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐氮和总无机氮值等来评价水质变化.测定结果表明,与对照组相比:第28天时,处理组1和2的氨氮含量分别下降13.18％ (P ＞0.05)和48.09％ (P ＜0.01),且处理组2比处理组1下降了26.71％ (P ＜0.05)...     

小球藻与芽孢杆菌对对虾养殖水质调控作用的研究

通过在凡纳滨对虾养殖水体中添加小球藻和芽孢杆菌,研究其对养殖水质的调控作用。结果表明,小球藻和芽孢杆菌联合处理组对水质的调控效果优于只添加芽孢杆菌组或小球藻组。菌-藻联合处理组能很好地降低水体中氮、磷的含量,对氨氮的作用尤为明显;实验进行的第5天内,NH4 -N含量显著低于对照组(P<0·05),降低率为32·94%,NO2--N降低率为10·29%,PO34--P降低率为36·02%。小球藻 芽孢杆菌组NH4 -N含量平均为0·277mg/L,日均积累速率0·0135mg/L·d,而对照组为0·0472mg/L·d;NO2--N平均含量为0·334mg/L,日均积累速率为0·0617mg/L·d。小球藻在调控水质的同时也向水体释放有机物,从而引起水体COD的上升。     

Water quality control using Spirulina platensis in shrimp culture tanks

A cyanobacterium (Spirulina platensis) was co-cultured with black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) for water quality control. We evaluated the effects of: (1) three S. platensis trial conditions on inorganic nitrogen concentrations at one shrimp density (S. platensis trial conditions included: absent, nonharvested and semicontinuous harvesting) and (2) two shrimp densities on inorganic nitrogen concentrations, with and without S. platensis. Semicontinuous harvesting of S. platensis at one shrimp density resulted in significantly reduced (P<0.05) inorganic nitrogen concentrations (NH₄, NO₂ and NO₃). With S. platensis absent, ammonium and nitrite concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 0.6 mg l⁻¹, while nitrate concentrations ranged from 16 to 18 mg l⁻¹ by day 44. With nonharvested S. platensis, considerable variability occurred with nitrogen concentrations. Semicontinuous harvest of S. platensis reduced nitrate to 4 mg l⁻¹, while ammonium and nitrite ranged from 0.0 to 0.15 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The factorial evaluation of shrimp density versus presence and absence of S. platensis resulted in greatly reduced nitrogenous compounds with S. platensis present regardless of shrimp density, and only moderately increased nitrogen with greater shrimp density. Without S. platensis, all nitrogen compounds were substantially elevated and shrimp survived was significantly reduced at high shrimp density.     

Effect of stocking density on soil,water quality and nitrogen budget in Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) culture under zero water exchange system

Soil and water interactions and their influence on growth and production in different densities (SD8 & SD16) under zero water exchange were studied in two successive crops of Penaeus monodon in Tamil Nadu, India during 2007 and 2008. Scraping and tilling during pond preparation increased the mineralization rate than scraping only. During crop, there was no significant difference in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen between the SDs. However, as the crop progressed, organic carbon and total nitrogen content of the soil showed significant difference under both the SDs. Between the SDs, nitrate and phosphate content in water significantly differed, whereas the progress of the crop significantly increased both available and total nutrients. Mass balance of nitrogen indicated that applied feed contributed to 97.4–98.5% of input nitrogen, of which nitrogen in sediment accounted for 16.5–27.3%, nitrogen recovery in shrimp was 34.2–43.6% and the nitrogen lost through denitrification and volatilization varied from 4.7% to 34.7%. Zero water exchange system is highly efficient as nitrogen recovery is higher in shrimp and lower in discharge water. Lack of significant difference in metabolites between the SDs indicates the role of aeration and probiotics in sustaining SD16 cultures.     

Influence of variation in water temperature on survival,growth and yield of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in inland ponds for low‐salinity culture

There is considerable interest in the culture of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in inland low‐salinity water in Alabama and other states in the Sunbelt region of the US. However, the growing season is truncated as compared with tropical or subtropical areas where this species is typically cultured, and temperature is thought to be a major factor influencing shrimp production in the US. This study, conducted at Greene Prairie Aquafarm located in west‐central Alabama, considered water temperature patterns on a shrimp farm in different ponds and different years; and sought possible effects of bottom water temperature in ponds on variation in shrimp survival, growth and production. Water temperature at 1.2 m depth in 22 ponds and air temperature were monitored at 1‐hr intervals during the 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Records of stocking rates, survival rates and production were provided by the farm owner. Correlation analysis and linear mixed model analysis of variance were used. Results showed that hourly water temperatures differed among ponds. The range of water temperature in each pond explained 41% of the variance in average final weight of shrimp harvested from each pond. In conclusion, the results suggest that variation in water temperature patterns has considerable influence on shrimp growth and survival in ponds.     

河蟹、青虾、塘鳢混养和单养池塘水质变化比较

以河蟹单品种养殖池塘为对照,通过河蟹、青虾和塘鳢混养模式,检测养殖水体水温(WT)、pH值、透明度(SD)、溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(CODMn)和氨氮(NH4+-N)的变化,比较单养各混养模式的水体动态变化及产出效果。结果表明:混养池水温(WT)变化范围为19.1~31.5℃,pH值6.8~7.7,SD 35.0~60.0 cm,DO 5.1~7.6 mg/L,TN 1.53~1.79mg/L,TP 0.135~0.235 mg/L,CODMn7.86~8.59 mg/L,NH4+-N 0.35~0.48 mg/L,符合渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)和国家三类水指标(GB3838-2002)。方差分析结果显示,除水温和pH值外,混养模式与单养模式水质差异性显著。混养池平均纯收益为89 735元/hm2和91 860元/hm2,单养池平均纯收益为65 250元/hm2。混养比单养池多26 610元/hm2。     

Trace elements in waters of inland,low‐salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama

Trace element concentrations in waters of 10, inland, low‐salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama tended to be greater than those found in normal seawater – molybdenum, boron and silicon were exceptions. Concentrations of most trace elements varied greatly among ponds on individual sampling dates, and average concentrations based on all sampling dates in individual ponds also varied considerably. The analytical method used, digestion of water samples in nitric acid followed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry, measured total concentrations of trace elements – free ions, hydrolysis products, ion pairs, coordination compounds (chelated forms) and particulate forms. Free ions are the toxic forms of most trace elements and the ionic concentration is much less than the total concentration of a trace element. Based on total concentrations of trace elements, it is doubtful that free‐ionic concentrations of trace elements were great enough to harm shrimp. The fact that no negative correlations were noted between trace element concentrations and shrimp survival and production supports this conclusion. However, positive correlations (P < 0.05) between shrimp survival and production and increasing concentrations of zinc, cobalt and iron should be investigated further to ascertain if additions of these elements to ponds might improve shrimp performance.     

对虾养殖池沉积环境中TOC_TP_TN和pH及质量评价模型

１９９５年冬季,研究了青岛地区即墨市丰城、王村、城阳区上马、流亭等乡镇的对虾养殖区８０个虾池沉积物中有机碳（ＴＯＣ）、总氮（ＴＮ）、总磷（ＴＰ）和ｐＨ与池龄的关系。结果表明,沉积物中ＴＯＣ随年代而积累,除即墨丰城泥沙质虾池外,与池龄成正线性相关,相关系数（γ）为０．７４２２￣０．８３３０（Ｐ＜０．０５）;沉积物中ＴＮ亦随年代而积累,所有调查区沉积物中ＴＮ与池龄成正线性相关,相关系数（γ）为０．４６０３￣０．８５７４（Ｐ＜０．０５）;沉积物中ＴＰ随年代而降低,与池龄成负线性相关,城阳流亭养殖区的相关系统（γ）为０．４２６１（０．１＞Ｐ＞０．０５）,其它养殖区（γ）为０．４９５６￣０．９０６０（Ｐ＜０．０５）。沉积物的ｐＨ与池龄的关系无规律可循。提出了虾池底质环境质量的评价模型。