磷浓度对盐生杜氏藻和纤细角毛藻叶绿素荧光特性及生长的影响

在温度(23±1)℃,盐度31,光照度5000 lx的条件下,用含有不同磷浓度(0、2.27、18.15、36.3、72.6、290.4μmol/L)的培养基对盐生杜氏藻和纤细角毛藻进行培养,研究2种微藻在一次性培养过程中,不同磷浓度对其PSII最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、叶绿素含量以及细胞密度的影响。单因子方差分析结果表明,在整个培养周期中,磷浓度对两种微藻的光合作用及生长均有显著影响(P<0.05)。盐生杜氏藻的PSII最大光能转化效率、叶绿素含量以及细胞密度均随着起始磷浓度的增加而增加,在290.4μmol/L处达到最大值;纤细角毛藻的PSII最大光能转化效率、叶绿素含量以及细胞密度在18.15μmol/L处达到最大值,而后随着磷浓度的继续升高,其上述指标反而降低。所以盐生杜氏藻和纤细角毛藻进行光合作用和生长的最适磷浓度分别为290.4μmol/L和18.15μmol/L。     

补充CO2对光生物反应器培养新月菱形藻的影响

为了优化光生物反应器培养微藻的条件,研究了在充空气的基础补充CO2对光生物反应器培养新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaceae closterium)生长和光合作用的影响.实验表明,补充CO2(含1 000μL/L CO2的空气)促进新月菱形藻的生长,藻细胞密度和生物量显著高于对照组(CO2含量350μL/L)(P＜0.05).补充CO2也能够提高藻细胞叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的含量(P＜0.05),但是对叶绿素b没有显著影响(P＞0.05).补充CO2能够显著提高指数生长期的最大光合速率(Pm)、光合作用效率(α)和光合作用饱和光强(Ik)(P＜0.05).结果表明,CO2是光生物反应器培养微藻的限制因子之一,补充CO2能够提高微藻的生物量.     

营养盐浓度对棕鞭藻叶绿素荧光参数、细胞密度和总脂含量的影响

利用生物化学方法和叶绿素荧光动力学分析技术,研究了棕鞭藻在一次性培养过程中,不同营养盐浓度(f/4、f/2、f、2f、4f)对其叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量、细胞密度、单位体积干质量、总脂含量和总脂收获量的影响。试验结果表明,营养盐浓度为2f时,该藻的最终细胞密度、叶绿素含量、单位体积干质量、总脂含量和总脂收获量均显著高于其他各处理组,由此可以看出,在本试验条件下,最适合棕鞭藻生长和油脂积累的营养盐浓度是2f。不同营养盐浓度对棕鞭藻的叶绿素荧光参数有显著影响,培养6～10d,f/4处理组的叶绿素荧光参数(光系统Ⅱ的最大光能转换效率;光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性;光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率;相对电子传递效率和光化学淬灭)最低,其次为f/2处理组(P0.05)。培养7～10d,2f处理组的光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率、相对电子传递效率和光化学淬灭显著高于其他处理组(P0.05)。培养结束时(第10d),各处理组细胞密度和总脂含量依次为:2f4fff/2f/4。相关性分析结果表明,营养盐浓度为f/4～2f时,棕鞭藻的细胞密度、叶绿素含量、单位体积干质量和总脂含量与营养盐浓度均呈显著的正相关;营养盐浓度为2f～4f时,上述各值与营养盐浓度则均呈显著的负相关。     

补充CO2对光生物反应器培养新月菱形藻的影响

为了优化光生物反应器培养微藻的条件, 研究了在充空气的基础补充CO2 对光生物反应器培养新月菱形藻(N itz schiaceae clos terium )生长和光合作用的影响。实验表明, 补充CO2 (含1 000LL /L CO2 的空气)促进新月菱形藻的生长, 藻细胞密度和生物量显著高于对照组( CO2含量350LL /L) (P < 0. 05)。补充CO2 也能够提高藻细胞叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的含量(P < 0.05),但是对叶绿素b没有显著影响(P > 0. 05) 。补充CO2 能够显著提高指数生长期的最大光合速率( Pm )、光合作用效率( A) 和光合作用饱和光强( Ik ) (P < 0. 05)。结果表明, CO2是光生物反应器培养微藻的限制因子之一, 补充CO2 能够提高微藻的生物量。     

球等鞭金藻生长抑制物对自身藻细胞的抑制效应

研究了生长抑制物1-羟基，丙二酸二乙酯-十二烯酸异丙酯（HDMA）对自身细胞生长、叶绿素和丙二醛（MDA）含量、胞外可溶性蛋白质和多糖含量、硝酸还原酶（NR）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性等生理指标的影响，分析HDMA对球等鞭金藻的抑制效应。结果表明，HDMA显著降低了细胞密度、叶绿素含量以及NR、SOD和POD活性，显著增大胞外可溶性蛋白质和多糖的比值，并且还明显提高MDA含量。因此，我们认为HDMA能够影响微藻细胞的某些生理生化过程。其中包括降低叶绿素含量，影响光合作用；改变胞外可溶性蛋白质和多糖的比值，增强细胞的疏水性，促使细胞絮凝；降低微藻硝酸还原酶和抗氧化体系酶的活性，影响细胞内营养平衡，并加速细胞体内活性氧的积累，导致细胞发生过氧化反应，从而影响微藻生长。     

条斑紫菜提取物对4种赤潮微藻生长的抑制作用

研究条斑紫菜水溶性抽提液对前沟藻、中肋骨条藻、米氏凯伦藻和塔玛亚历山大藻等4种赤潮微藻生长的影响,在此基础上,利用甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和石油醚等有机溶剂浸泡条斑紫菜干粉,经抑藻圈方法检测条斑紫菜水溶性抽提液的抑藻活性。通过测定藻细胞密度和细胞体积,观察藻细胞形态,分析藻细胞内叶绿素、蛋白质和多糖等生理生化指标的变化,对抑藻活性最大的提取物对前沟藻、米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻赤潮微藻生长的抑制作用进行分析,并依次以石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇为提取溶剂,采用液液分离法对此提取物做了进一步分离。结果表明,当条斑紫菜水溶性抽提液浓度超过16g/L时能显著抑制4种赤潮微藻的生长,尤其是对前沟藻和米氏凯伦藻具有很强的抑制作用。在5种有机溶剂提取物中,甲醇提取物的抑制作用最为明显。进一步研究发现此提取物对4种赤潮微藻的生长抑制显著且具有浓度效应,在16g/L时,此提取物对前沟藻、米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的生长抑制率分别为70.5%、79.9%、67.1%和65.1%。同时,致使米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻等3种赤潮微藻体积变小,运动能力下降,藻细胞出现空洞、细胞破碎和色素减褪等现象;...     

铜绿微囊藻在光限制胁迫下的超补偿生长响应

采用铜绿微囊藻为试验材料,将其经光限制(完全黑暗)胁迫处理7d,以光照强度为3000lx、光暗周期为12h∶12h的培养组为对照。然后解除光限制胁迫,在相同接种量和相同培养条件下,将处理组和对照组均置于3000lx光照条件下培养10d。试验过程中测定铜绿微囊藻的吸光度、细胞密度、叶绿素a和细胞内蛋白质含量等指标。在光限制胁迫过程中,处理组的藻液吸光度、藻细胞密度、平均相对生长率、细胞数净增长率、叶绿素a含量及藻细胞直径较对照组均显著降低,但藻细胞蛋白质含量显著高于对照组。在恢复光照10d的培养过程中,处理组的藻液吸光度、藻细胞密度、平均相对生长率、细胞数净增长率及叶绿素a含量较对照组均显著升高,而藻细胞直径和蛋白质含量与对照组差异不显著。试验结果说明铜绿微囊藻在光限制胁迫后具有明显的超补偿生长性能。     

铜绿微囊藻在光限制胁迫下的超补偿生长响应

采用铜绿微囊藻为试验材料,将其经光限制(完全黑暗)胁迫处理7d,以光照强度为3000lx、光暗周期为12h∶12h的培养组为对照。然后解除光限制胁迫,在相同接种量和相同培养条件下,将处理组和对照组均置于3000lx光照条件下培养10d。试验过程中测定铜绿微囊藻的吸光度、细胞密度、叶绿素a和细胞内蛋白质含量等指标。在光限制胁迫过程中,处理组的藻液吸光度、藻细胞密度、平均相对生长率、细胞数净增长率、叶绿素a含量及藻细胞直径较对照组均显著降低,但藻细胞蛋白质含量显著高于对照组。在恢复光照10d的培养过程中,处理组的藻液吸光度、藻细胞密度、平均相对生长率、细胞数净增长率及叶绿素a含量较对照组均显著升高,而藻细胞直径和蛋白质含量与对照组差异不显著。试验结果说明铜绿微囊藻在光限制胁迫后具有明显的超补偿生长性能。     

温度对小新月菱形藻叶绿素荧光特性及生长的影响

以小新月菱形藻为试验材料,研究了其在一次性培养过程中,不同温度(5~30℃)对其叶绿素荧光参数[光系统Ⅱ的最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率(ΦPSⅡ)、相对光合电子传递效率(rETR)、光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)]、叶绿素相对含量以及细胞密度的影响。单因子方差分析结果表明,在整个培养周期中,温度对小新月菱形藻各叶绿素荧光参数、细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均有显著影响(P<0.05)。多重比较结果表明,接种后1~2 d,20℃处理组的主要荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、rETR、ΦPSⅡ)显著高于其他处理组。30℃的处理组的上述荧光参数从第1 d开始均显著低于其他处理组。20℃处理组的细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均显著高于其他处理组。在本试验条件下,适宜小新月菱形藻生长的温度为10~25℃,最适温度为20℃。相关性分析结果表明,在整个培养周期中,小新月菱形藻的叶绿素相对含量和细胞密度之间存在显著的正相关。     

Hg2+胁迫对三种微藻生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了不同浓度的Hg2+胁迫不同时间(1～7 d)后,蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)和莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)生长及叶绿素荧光特性的变化情况。测定的主要参数有光系统II(PSII)的最大光能转化效率(ΦM)、相对光合电子传递效率(rETR)、饱和光强(Ik)和细胞密度。试验结果表明,Hg2+胁迫下3种微藻的细胞密度和叶绿素荧光参数与Hg2+浓度、胁迫时间有一定的相关关系,细胞密度和叶绿素荧光各参数间有极显著的相关关系(P<0.01)。通过计算Hg2+对3种微藻不同胁迫时间的半抑制浓度(EC50),发现3种微藻对Hg2+的耐受性大小顺序为:斜生栅藻>莱茵衣藻>蛋白核小球藻。     

Evaluation of the robustness of optical density as a tool for estimation of biomass in microalgal cultivation: The effects of growth conditions and physiological state

We evaluate the robustness of optical density (OD) as a tool in the assessment of the biomass of the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina under different growth conditions. We measure the OD under three different wavelengths, 550, 665 and 750 nm. We find, as expected, that growth rates of the microalga depend strongly on growth conditions, being highest in saturating light conditions under non‐limiting nitrogen (N) availability. OD – cell count relationships are strong and well defined regardless of the growth conditions and wavelength used for measurement. However, measuring within the absorption range of chlorophyll, at 550 and 665 nm, does give higher regression coefficients under conditions leading to a high cell chlorophyll content, while the coefficients of determinations are slightly higher when cell chlorophyll content is low. We conclude that to use OD as a proxy for biomass under large‐scale production of microalgae, it is important to take into account that the precise relationship between OD and algal biomass does depend on factors such as irradiance and nutrient availability, and hence the physiological state of the microalgae as well as the production conditions. Errors in estimation of biomass may range from 44% to 95%, if these factors are not taken into consideration.     

3种不同规模化培养模式对湛江等鞭金藻生产力及色素含量的影响

为进一步提高湛江等鞭金藻室外规模化培养效率,对管道式光生物反应器、聚乙烯桶和水泥池3种微藻室外规模化培养模式下湛江等鞭金藻的藻密度进行了评估比较.试验将接种藻密度控制为10.0×104 cells/mL,培养周期为16 d.结果显示:管道式光生物反应器培养模式下,生产力相对最高为0.0543 g/L/d、比生长速率为0...     

盐碱胁迫对斜生栅藻生长及光合特性的影响

在不同盐度(5,10,15,20,25)和碳酸盐碱度(5,10,15,20,25,30,35 mmol/L)胁迫下,研究了胁迫后(1～7d内)斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqnus)的生长及光合特性.结果表明:高盐度胁迫(15,20,25)对斜生栅藻有显著的胁迫抑制作用,低盐度胁迫(5 ～10)对其影响不明...     

Protein, carbohydrate, lipid and chlorophyll a content in Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-Iso) cultured with a low cost alternative to the f/2 medium

Growth, proximate composition and chlorophyll a content was estimated in static cultures of Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-Iso) to compare the quality and quantity of the biomass produced with an agricultural fertilizer medium versus f/2 medium. Culture of microalgae was done with controlled temperature, air flux of 4.5 l min⁻¹, salinity of 33‰ and an irradiance of 110±3 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Daily samples from the cultures were taken to estimate cellular density, proximate composition and chlorophyll a content during 7 days. Mean cellular density from samples with f/2 medium and with agricultural fertilizer were similar (no significance at P≤0.05), and mean growth rates of 0.62 and 0.61 doubling per day, respectively. Maximum similar values of protein content of 7.3 and 7.6 pg per cell were estimated on the 5th day in f/2 and agricultural fertilizer medium, respectively. Carbohydrate and lipid content decreased during the first 5 days corresponding to the exponential growth in both experiments. Higher content of carbohydrate (no significance at P≤0.05) was found in both media during the first 2 days, after 4 days the carbohydrates reduced three times theirs concentrations. Generally lipid contents in the cultures with agricultural fertilizer were significantly higher (P≤0.05) than f/2 medium. The chlorophyll a content increased exponentially during the culture, and its concentration was similar in both experiments. In conclusion, the cellular density and the biochemical constituents were similar when using either media. This fertilizer can be used in the production of I. galbana (T-Iso) employed in aquaculture.     

磷限制及恢复对小球藻叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了小球藻（Chlorella sp．）一次性培养过程中，培养基中不同磷浓度（0、10、36．3和290．4μM）对其叶绿素荧光参数、细胞密度和叶绿素含量的影响以及磷添加后各荧光参数的瞬时变化（nutrient induced fluorescnce transients，NIFY反应）及恢复情况。培养温度为20±1℃，盐度为31，光照强度为100μmol·m^-1·s^-1。单因子方差分析的结果表明，随着培养时间的延长，磷浓度对小球藻的光合作用及生长均有显著影响（P〈0．05）。多重分析的结果表明，小球藻的最适磷浓度为36．3μM。小球藻的最大光能转化效率（Fv/／Fm）、实际光能转化效率（ФPSII）、电子传递效率（ETR）、光化学淬灭（qP）、细胞密度以及叶绿素含量随着起始磷浓度的增大而增大，在磷浓度为36．3μM达到最大值。磷重新添加后，瞬时荧光不断下降，ФPSII出现瞬间的上升后恢复至原初状态，qP、非光化学淬灭（NPQ）则不断上升。限制7d后重新添加磷，各处理组的Fv／Fm、ФPSII、ETR、NPQ 24h内基本恢复，而对照组的变化不显著。     

The impact of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, postlarvae stocking density on production in traditional tambak systems in East Java, Indonesia

The effects of stocking density [range: 2.0-5.5 postlarvae (PL) m^?2] and water quality on the production of a traditional tambak tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, culture system on one farm in Probolinggo, East Java, were studied during one culture period of 126 days using eight ponds. Production characteristics were recorded and water quality parameters monitored. Production was quadratically influenced by stocking density. The optimum density was 4.8 PL m^?2, which corresponds with a production per crop of around 300 kg ha^?1. Production was also quadratically related to mean shrimp body weight at harvest, while there was an inverse relationship between production and bottom organic matter, indicating that shrimp biomass diminishes the amount of organic matter accumulating at bottom of the tambak.     

A turbidostat driven and controlled by microcomputer

An algal culture system is described which is regulated as a turbidostat. The system allows automatic sampling and recording of variables such as chlorophyll, biomass, pH and temperature. In addition to following the growth of the culture, it is possible to stabilise the culture to produce a constant predetermined concentration of algae.     

A continuous culture apparatus for the mass production of algae

A multi-stage, continuous culture apparatus has been designed and tested for the production of algae for larval molluscs and crustacea. A single-line system produced a maximum of 2.4 × 10¹¹ cells/day, or 5 g ash-free dry weight of Monochrysis lutheri. Multiple-line systems are recommended for hatcheries. The flow rate affected algal cell density, yield, biomass, protein level, and residual nitrate.Maximal cell yield occurred at 10 I flow per day, a dilution rate of 63% of the volume of the first growth carboy, or 30% of the volume of the total system. The system is also adaptable to growth of larger planktonic algae or mixed cultures of algae and protozoa and/or rotifers.     

Low water exchange Gracilariopsis bailiniae Zhang & B.M. Xia culture in intensive milkfish culture effluents: effects of seaweed density on seaweed production and effluent treatment

This study tested the feasibility of a low-cost seaweed biofiltration system for pond-based aquaculture through an indoor-integrated fish-seaweed culture experiment using weekly nutrient supply regime and different seaweed stocking densities. The culture experiment was conducted in glass aquaria that were stocked with Gracilariopsis bailiniae at 3 densities (low = 0.5 kg m^?2, middle = 2 kg m^?2 and high = 3.5 kg m^?2) and provided either with effluents from intensive milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture or with effluent-free seawater (control) as nutrient source. Stocking density was used as a factor in optimizing nutrient availability for growth and nutrient removal under such low water exchange conditions. Our results showed that G. bailiniae cultivated in milkfish effluents had higher growth, biomass and nitrogen yields than those cultivated in effluent-free seawater. Among the different stocking densities tested, highest growth rate (1.03 % day^?1) was obtained in the middle density. Increasing biomass and nitrogen yields were also obtained at this density until the end of the culture period. Poorer growth rates at low and high stocking densities were attributed to light limitation from phytoplankton and self-shading, respectively. Due to seaweed treatment, average outflow concentration of NH₄ ⁺ was reduced from half of its pretreated level. This study showed that a weekly effluent supply at 2 kg m^?2 seaweed stocking density can sustainably support the growth of G. bailiniae as long as the dissolved nutrients are present at high levels.