大口黑鲈北方亚种和佛罗里达亚种及其杂交子代的遗传分析

用18对微卫星引物对大口黑鲈北方亚种(Micropterus salmoides salmoides,N)、佛罗里达亚种(M.salmoides floridanus,F)及其正交子代(N♀×F♂)和反交子代(F♀×N♂)进行遗传多样性和遗传结构分析。结果表明,18对引物扩增出的等位基因数为2~8个,平均等位基因数为5.0。检测到6对(Jzl48、Jzl68、Jzl84、MiSaTPW76、Msal21、Mdo6和Mdo7)亚种间特异性引物,其中有2对引物(Jzl48和Mdo7)可以用来鉴别大口黑鲈北方亚种、佛罗里达亚种和其杂交子代。平均有效等位基因数、平均期望杂合度和平均多态信息含量均为杂交组合F♀×N♂最高,分别为3.199 7,0.638 9和0.570 6,平均观测杂合度为杂交组合N♀×F♂最高(0.848 8)。对亲代与杂交子代间的遗传分化分析表明,正反交子代均与北方亚种的遗传分化最小(0.092和0.119 6)。基于Nei’s遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示正交子代N♀×F♂与母本N聚为一支,反交子代F♀×N♂与父本N聚为一支。     

大口黑鲈佛山和台湾群体自交与杂交子代的生长和形态差异分析

文章以大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)佛山群体和台湾群体为亲本,建立了佛山自交、台湾自交、正交子代(佛山♀×台湾♂)、反交子代(台湾♀×佛山♂) 4个试验群体,通过6个月的养殖试验,对其生长和形态差异进行了比较。结果显示,正反交子代的生长性能和体质量变异系数均高于2个亲代自交群体。形态分析结果表明,4个试验群体的形态差异主要集中于躯干的中部和尾部。前三主成分累计贡献率达92.9%,第一主成分贡献率为71.3%,主要反映躯体前、中部形态特征;第二主成分贡献率为16.6%,主要反映躯体后部特征。前二主成分因子得分散点图中4个群体重叠区域较小,可以完全区分。将可量性状和框架性状结合在一起所构建的逐步判定模型推测准确率最高(86.7%～96.0%)。研究结果可为大口黑鲈佛山群体、台湾群体及其杂交子代的生长与形态鉴定提供基础数据。     

安徽大口黑鲈饲料养殖模式研究

<正>大口黑鲈是一种生长快、肉质鲜美的名贵肉食性鱼类。大口黑鲈在分类学上隶属于鲈形目、太阳鱼科、大口黑鲈属;其存在两个亚种:大口黑鲈北方亚种(Micropterus salmoides)和佛罗里达亚种(Micropterus salmoides florida)。因北方亚种适应温度变化的能力较强,所以目前我国     

斑节对虾4个地理种群自交与杂交F1的形态特征分析

为研究三亚(S)、泰国(T)、印尼(Y)和非洲(F)4个斑节对虾地理群体的形态亲缘关系,实验运用多元分析方法,采用8个测量性状4个斑节对虾地理群体杂交与自交的10个F1形态进行了比较研究。方差分析结果显示,三亚和非洲杂交SF(S♀×F♂)与泰国和非洲杂交TF(T♀×F♂)的F18个性状无显著性差异(P>0.05),但与以S、T、Y为亲本的7个杂交与自交F1间存在显著差异性(P<0.05)。斑节对虾形态特征主成分分析,共构建了2个主成分,累积贡献率为72.54%。主成分1主要反映了斑节对虾第三腹节长(TSL)、第二腹节长(SSL)、第六腹节长(SISL)和头胸甲宽(CW)特征,方差贡献率48.15%;主成分2反映了体长与头胸甲长的变化,方差贡献率24.39%。10个F1辨别准确率较低。聚类分析结果显示,ST(S♀×T♂)、TS(T♀×S♂)、TT(T♀×T♂)的F1形态距离最近,首先聚为一支,SF、TF、YF(Y♀×F♂)的F1形态距离较近,聚为另一支。     

大口黑鲈北方亚种群体和“优鲈1号”群体及其正反杂交子代的遗传和生长性能比较

为解决国内养殖的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)群体遗传多样性下降问题,进一步培育快长和抗逆性强的大口黑鲈优良品种,以引进的大口黑鲈北方亚种群体(N)和大口黑鲈"优鲈1号"(G)为亲本,通过自交和正反杂交获得4个大口黑鲈群体,利用12对微卫星引物对其进行遗传多样性及遗传结构分析,采用金属丝线码(CWT)标记后在相同池塘养殖条件下对4个群体的生长性能进行比较分析。结果显示,12对微卫星引物在所有个体中均能扩增出清晰条带,在120尾样本中共扩增到126个等位基因,北方亚种自交群体(N)、"优鲈1号"自交群体(G)、正交群体NG[N(♀)×G(♂)]、反交群体GN[G(♀)×N(♂)]的平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.491、0.454、0.553和0.519,平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.519、0.480、0.729和0.664,平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.407、0.412、0.454和0.425。结果表明,正反交群体的遗传多样性均高于自交群体,其中NG群体的遗传多样性最高。对群体间的遗传分化分析表明,GN群体与N和G群体间遗传分化最大,分别为0.125和0.149。UPGMA聚类分析显示,N群体和G群体首先聚为一支,再与NG群体聚为一支,最后与GN群体聚合。对4个群体的3～12月龄的子代生长性状进行对比,GN群体的体质量绝对增长率(AGR)和特定增长率(SGR)分别为1.44 g·d~(-1)和1.04%·d~(-1),均高于其他群体。研究结果可为今后大口黑鲈良种培育和遗传改良提供科学依据。     

基于线粒体D-loop区探讨我国养殖大口黑鲈的分类地位和遗传变异

对大口黑鲈国内养殖种群(G)和北方亚种(N)、佛罗里达亚种(F)两个野生种群共23个个体的线粒体DNA D-loop区序列进行分析,探讨国内养殖大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)的分类地位和遗传变异。D-loop区序列分析结果表明,共检测到73个变异位点,总变异率为9.0%。三群体间没有共享单倍型,群体G的5个个体含2种单倍型,群体N的11个个体含9种单倍型,群体F中每个个体均为一种单倍型。对三个群体间的遗传距离分析表明,养殖群体与北方亚种野生群体的遗传距离为0.009,与佛罗里达亚种野生群体的遗传距离为0.053,表明国内养殖的大口黑鲈在分类上属于北方亚种,分子系统进化树的进一步分析结果与其一致。群体N、F和G的核苷酸多样性指数(π)依次为0.008 2,0.013和0.000 5,单倍型多样性指数(h)分别为0.946,1.000和0.400,显示出养殖大口黑鲈群体的遗传多样性相比国外野生群体有明显下降,有必要开展大口黑鲈的遗传改良研究,提高其种质质量。     

三角鲂(♀)×翘嘴鲌(♂)杂交F1的生长性能及形态差异

为探讨三角鲂、翘嘴鲌及其杂交子代的生长性能与形态差异,本研究开展了广东东江三角鲂(MT)与长江水系翘嘴鲌(CA)远缘杂交实验,获得了三角鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂新型鲂鲌杂交F1优良组合。以团头鲂(MA)♀×翘嘴鲌♂杂交F1、三角鲂、翘嘴鲌、团头鲂自交子代4个群体为对照,比较分析了MT♀×CA♂杂交F1的生长性能及形态差异。结果显示,(1)土池同池生长性能在1龄时,MT♀×CA♂、MA♀×CA♂表现出显著的超父本CA杂种优势;2龄时,MT♀×CA♂、MA♀×CA♂表现出显著的超双亲生长优势;3龄时,MT♀×CA♂不仅具显著的超双亲生长优势,且体质量也显著高于MA♀×CA♂。(2)MT♀×CA♂的可数和可量性状多数表现为中间型。可数性状的分析结果显示,MT♀×CA♂臀鳍等多个性状介于父母本之间,平均杂种指数为65.00,接近中间值,略偏向于父本CA。可量性状表明MT♀×CA♂有7个性状分别与父母本有显著性差异,平均杂种指数为51.61,接近理想的中间值。(3)聚类分析显示鲂鲌杂种MT♀×CA♂和MA♀×CA♂聚为一支,MT和MA聚为一支,然后这两支汇聚后与CA聚为一支。主成分分析得到累计贡献率达56.02%的3个主成分,反映了鱼体高、躯干、头部和尾部的形态变异;通过构建5个群体的判别函数进行判别分析,判别准确率为87.1%~100.0%。研究表明,三角鲂(♀)×翘嘴鲌(♂)F1杂种表现出生长快、形态优等优良性状,有望进一步培育成为优良鲂鲌杂交新品种。     

海湾扇贝杂交家系与自交家系生长和存活的比较

2002年春季,利用国内现有的海湾扇贝两个不同遗传背景的养殖群体A和B的种贝为材料,采用自体受精和异体受精两种交配策略,建立了海湾扇贝的自交系和杂交系。实验由AA(A♀×A♂)、BB(B♀×B♂)、AB(A♀×B♂)、BA(B♀×A♂)四个组组成。杂交使两个表型性状———生长和存活都得到了改良。就生长而言,杂交组比自交组快,杂种优势在幼虫期为35.34%、养成阶段为21.17%;杂交组AB的生长速度比自交组AA的提高了35.53%(幼虫期)和43.32%(养成阶段),杂交组BA的生长速度比自交组BB的提高了35.13%(幼虫期)和12.34%(养成阶段)。就存活而言,两个杂交组的存活率都高于相应的自交组,杂种优势的平均值在幼虫期为19.93%,养成阶段为31.46%;杂交组AB的存活率比自交组AA的提高了25.23%(幼虫期)和49.44%(养成阶段),杂交组BA的存活率比自交组BB的提高了12.36%(幼虫期)和21.29%(养成阶段)。A、B两个群体间存在的遗传差异是它们能够获得杂种优势和性状得到改良的基础。     

美洲红点鲑和白斑红点鲑及其杂交子代幼鱼的生长曲线拟合

自2011年11月至2013年1月,对美洲红点鲑(Salvelinus fominalis)和白斑红点鲑(Salvelinus leucomaenis)及其杂交子代从受精卵到1年零两个月幼鱼的生长特性进行了研究。以美洲红点鲑和白斑红点鲑为亲本,建立2×2双列杂交组合,采用Logistic、Gompertz和Von Bertalanffy 3种动物生长模型对美洲红点鲑(A)和白斑红点鲑(B)及其杂交子代进行生长曲线拟合并分析比较其生长性能。实验设置自交组AA、BB和杂交组AB(A♀×B♂)、BA(B♀×A♂)4个实验组。根据模型拟合的R2值判断各组生长性能的拟合程度,并对其体质量、体长、成活率及肥满度进行比较。结果发现,Gompertz生长模型的拟合效果最好,R2均大于0.99,其中AB组生长优势明显。成活率由高到低依次为:AA、AB、BA、BB,但AA组与其他3组的成活率差异不显著(P0.05)。增重率(g/d)和肥满度(g/cm3)等生长指标均由高到低依次为:AB、AA、BA、BB,各组间差异显著(P0.05)。研究结果显示,正交子代(A♀×B♂)幼鱼生长性能明显高于反交子代(B♀×A♂)及其亲本,可见此杂交组合可能具有较高的推广潜力。     

地图鱼繁育技术初探

采用4种配组方式对燕尾草金鱼进行选育试验,配组方式分别是红白自交;红白♀×全红♂;全红♀×红白♂,红白♀×锦鲤♂,通过试验发现,前3种配组均产生体色为红白、全红、全白的个体,其中红白自交组的子代中红白比例最高,为50.1%,但此组子代中无观赏价值的全白的个体比例也最高,为29.5%;红白×全红正、反交子代的表现型无显著差异;红白♀×锦鲤♂组的表现型和成活率均不理想。     

星突江鲽和石鲽正反杂交种的形态变异分析

对星突江鲽(Platichthys stellatus)、石鲽(Kareius bicoloratus)及其正反杂交种的形态特征进行了测定与分析。结果显示,正交种(星突江鲽♀×石鲽♂)和反交种(石鲽♀×星突江鲽♂)左眼型比例分别为66.9%和57.3%,介于星突江鲽(84.7%)和石鲽(0%)之间;正反杂交种体表未见似石鲽的长骨板样结构,在此大致位置处仅分布有星突江鲽体表相似的鳞片;杂交种的背鳍、臀鳍及尾鳍上均有比星突江鲽偏小、颜色偏淡的条纹,但侧线均与母本相似,正交种在胸鳍末端处弯曲,而反交种近似直线形;两杂交种可数性状的杂种指数平均值分别为20.73和20.76,可量性状的杂种指数平均值分别为27.16和26.47。卡方检验和聚类分析结果表明两杂交种的性状总体上偏向于母本;利用判别分析构建了4种鱼的判别公式,综合判别准确率达到97.50%;主成分分析显示,提取的4个主成分对总变异的累积贡献率为82.562%,主成分1对主成分3的散点图显示两杂交种在形态差异上独立于星突江鲽和石鲽。研究表明:星突江鲽与石鲽的正反杂交种在眼睛位置、鳞片和鳍的形态特征上更倾向于星突江鲽,而侧线、可数、可量性状则更多地遗传了母本的形态特征。本研究旨为星突江鲽、石鲽及其正反杂交种的形态判别和亲缘关系鉴定以及杂交选育提供理论依据。     

Diet of introduced largemouth bass in Korean rivers and potential interactions with native fishes

Abstract –  A dietary analysis of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ), an exotic, piscivorous species, was conducted in large South Korean river systems (>third order streams, 31 sites). Micropterus salmoides larger than 100 mm exhibited intense piscivory on native Korean juvenile fishes, with levels of piscivory amongst the highest recorded globally, for native and introduced populations. Largemouth bass exhibited an ontogenetic shift in diet, showing a progressive increase in piscivory with size, typical of this species within its native range but unlike several studies on introduced largemouth bass in Europe and Africa. Sampling of fish communities at the same sites used for diet studies showed that native piscivores and the main food fish species of largemouth bass were significantly less abundant ( P  = 0.049 and 0.045, respectively) at sites where bass were present than at sites where no bass were recorded. Largemouth bass may pose a threat to the structure of fish assemblages in Korean river systems and further study of their population interactions and how to minimise their spread is needed.     

Digestibility of plant protein-based diets by largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides

Commercial farming of carnivorous fish demands the reduction of environmental impact of feeds; that requires minimal use of dietary animal protein. This study investigated the digestibility of diets formulated exclusively out of plant protein, added feed attractants, by the carnivore largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides . Juvenile largemouth bass (14.0 ± 1.0 cm) conditioned to accept artificial, dry feed were confined in polypropylene cages and fed ad libitum in three daily meals, seven experimental diets containing varying levels of vegetable and animal protein sources, added of different feed stimulants. After last daily meal, cages were transferred to cylindrical–conical-bottomed, 200-L aquaria, where faeces were collected by sedimentation into refrigerated containers, preserved and later analysed for chemical composition. Soybean meal can be used as partial substitute of animal protein in diets for largemouth bass; the poultry by-product meal shows as a good option as animal protein source in these rations. Control treatment – 50PP : 50AP – yielded best performances; the need for the use of fish meal in the formulation for carnivorous diets is, at least, questionable. Results of the digestibility trials demonstrated the importance of determining the diet digestibility, if precision in the formulation of least-cost feeds for carnivorous fish is the ultimate goal.     

大口黑鲈溃疡综合征病毒MCP基因序列分析及PCR快速检测方法的建立

为了早期快速诊断近年来流行于广东省养殖大口黑鲈(Micropterussalmoides)中的病毒性溃疡综合征,本研究用基因组步移的方法获得了大口黑鲈溃疡综合征病毒(Largemouthbassulcerativesyndromevirus,LBUSV)主要衣壳蛋白(MCP)基因,该基因编码区全长1392bp。通过序列比较分析,在MCP基因内确定了一段241bp的特异性较强的片段作为靶序列,设计并合成引物,经过优化PCR反应条件,建立了可以快速检测大口黑鲈溃疡综合征病毒的PCR方法。实验表明,在PCR进行到30个循环反应时可以检测到的质粒最小浓度是104拷贝数/μL,相当于104个病毒粒子。利用该方法,从天然感染LBUSV的大口黑鲈脾脏组织DNA可扩增出241bp的片段,而健康大口黑鲈和感染了传染性脾肾坏死病毒样病毒的大口黑鲈脾脏组织则没有扩增条带。本研究建立的PCR检测方法具有检测快速、成本低、准确性高的特点,适用于大范围早期病害诊断的推广应用。     

Temporal genetic structure of an intergrade largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) population

Since 1972, numerous impoundments throughout Texas have been stocked with Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus. In order to examine some of the long-term effects of such efforts, the present study summarizes past studies and complements those with more current observations on the intergrade largemouth bass population in Aquilla Lake, Hill Country, Texas. The reservoir received 4 annual stockings during the month of May from 1982 to 1985. Collections occurred periodically from February 1984 to June 1987, February to August 1988, and monthly from August 1991 to November 1992. Horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis was conducted to determine allele frequencies at loci sAAT-B*, SOD*1. Mean heterozygosity and percent introgression were highest for age-0 fish of the 1986 year class. Assortative mating was not apparent in 1991 or 1992 year classes. Collections of specific year classes over time consistently indicated decreases in the relative abundance of the northern phenotype. Relative to the northern phenotype, the abundance of Florida year classes remained relatively constant over time. Relative abundances of F₁ hybrids and F_x, intergrades (i. e., F₁) from specific year glasses were observed to generally increase with age.     

大口黑鲈饲料中适宜的淀粉源及添加水平

以4种淀粉,蜡质玉米淀粉(L)、高直链玉米淀粉(Z)、小麦淀粉(X)和木薯淀粉(M),分别以5%和10%的添加量配制了8种等氮和等能(CP 48%,GE 18.5 MJ/kg)的饲料(L5、L10、Z5、Z10、X5、X10、M5和M10)。用上述饲料饲养初始体重为(23.46±0.19)g的大口黑鲈45 d,以评定大口黑鲈饲料的适宜淀粉源及添加水平。结果显示,饲料中淀粉的添加水平和淀粉源对大口黑鲈的生长、饲料利用、体组成和非特异性免疫指标均有显著影响。随着同一种淀粉的添加量从5%升至10%,L10、X10和M10组实验鱼的特定生长率和摄食率显著降低,但饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著升高,而Z5和Z10组间的上述指标的差异不显著;L10、X10和M10组的肝体比、脏体比和肝糖原含量均显著升高,但Z5和Z10组间的脏体比差异不显著;全鱼和肝的脂肪含量及肝的蛋白质含量均显著降低;L10组的红细胞数和红细胞压积、Z10组的血清甘油三酯及X10组的红细胞压积和血清甘油三酯水平显著降低;Z10组的血清补体活性显著降低;L5、Z5、X5和M5组的餐后3~12 h的血糖水平各自低于L10、Z10、X10和M10组。不同的淀粉源在相同的添加量的情况下,Z5组的淀粉表观消化率和肝体比显著地低于L5、X5和M5组,而脂肪沉积率显著高于L5、X5和M5组;M5组的蛋白质表观消化率显著低于L5、Z5和X5组;Z10组的淀粉表观消化率、肝体比、脏体比和肝糖原含量显著低于L10、X10和M10组,而脂肪沉积率显著高于L10、X10和M10组;M10组的蛋白质表观消化率显著低于L10、Z10和X10组。饲料中淀粉的添加水平和淀粉源对大口黑鲈的摄食率、特定生长率、蛋白质消化率、脂肪沉积率、肝体比、肝糖原含量、红细胞数、血清甘油三酯含量和血清补体活性均有显著的交互作用。本研究表明,饲料的淀粉源和水平对大口黑鲈的生长、体组成、血液学指标、餐后血糖和非特异性免疫指标均有不同程度的影响,饲料中添加5%的蜡质玉米淀粉、高直链玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉和木薯淀粉均无妨碍,但添加10%的淀粉水平唯有高直链玉米淀粉较为合适。     

Diet-induced phenotypic plasticity in the skull morphology of hatchery-reared Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus

Abstract –  Hatchery-reared Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus , feed on inert pellet food while their wild counterparts capture elusive prey. Differences in levels of prey elusivity often mandate the use of alternate methods of prey capture. This study examines whether elusivity-based variation in prey capture translates to a phenotypic change during skull development, and if this change results in a functional difference in the feeding mechanism. The developmental pattern of the skull was conserved between hatchery and wild bass until 80–99 mm TL. At this point, wild bass quickly developed morphological changes of the jaw apparatus including a more fusiform head and elongated jaw structures. Natural development in hatchery bass, however, was retarded at this size. Post-release, the skulls of hatchery fish converged towards those of wild bass by 135 mm TL. Despite variation in skull development, no theoretical advantage in food capture was found between these two groups.     

Apparent digestibilities of common feedstuffs for bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides using individual test ingredients

Apparent digestibility of dry matter and energy, and availability of amino acids from blood meal (BM), fish meal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), soybean meal (SBM), corn, wheat and yellow grease (YG) were determined for bluegill Lepomis macrochirus (mean weight, 57 g), and likewise, but not for BM or wheat, for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (mean weight, 30 g). To avoid nutrient interaction from a reference diet, diets containing 98.5% (985 g kg⁻¹) of test ingredients were used, except for semi-solid, YG which was mixed with corn to permit pelletization. Faeces were collected by a siphoning method. Apparent dry matter digestibility values ranged from 50% (corn) to 87% (BM) for bluegill and from 53% (MBM) to 76% (PBM) for largemouth bass. Apparent energy digestibility values ranged from 53% (corn) to 92% (BM) for bluegill and from 63% (MBM) to 93% (YG) for largemouth bass. Apparent digestibility of most amino acids exceeded 90% for evaluated protein sources, except for MBM which showed slightly lower values (80–90%) for both fishes. Isoleucine digestibility from BM was relatively low (82%) for bluegill. High digestibility values for SBM, PBM and BM, indicate good potential for replacing FM in diets for both fishes.     

加州鲈肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)cDNA的克隆和序列分析

肌肉生长抑制素是抑制肌肉生长和发育的生长调控因子。对运用RT-PCR和RACE技术从加州鲈成鱼肌肉总RNA中扩增得到的MSTN cDNA全序列进行了序列分析。结果表明,加州鲈MSTN cDNA全长为1626bp,其开放阅读框为1 134bp,共编码377个氨基酸,前面的22个氨基酸为信号肽,中间有四个氨基酸(RARR)为蛋白水解加工位点;该基因总共有13个半胱氨酸残基,后面9个在蛋白水解加工位点之后的C端生物活性区,与其它脊椎动物比较,它们的位置完全一致,对该基因的结构和功能非常重要。与GenBank中已知的条纹狼鲈、金鲷、斑马鱼、虹鳟、斑点叉尾鮰、人、猪、鸡、鸽MSTN的ORF相比较,核苷酸序列同源性为63%~94.4%,氨基酸同源性为61.4%~96%,特别是在C端生物活性区氨基酸同源性为88.1%~100%,高度的保守性反映了该基因受到了高度的进化限制以及功能的重要性。加州鲈MSTN基因的克隆为研究该基因打靶和鱼类肌肉发育调控机理奠定了基础。