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1.
文章利用气相色谱质谱法测定了广东沿海主要养殖区(汕头、汕尾、深圳、珠海、江门、阳江、湛江)养殖牡蛎体内30种多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenys,PCBs)的含量,评价了其污染水平和致癌风险。结果表明,广东养殖牡蛎中普遍检出PCBs,检出率为97.6%,其质量分数为nd~8.62 ng·g-1(湿质量,下同),平均值为(0.57±1.23)ng·g-1,其中以深圳水域养殖牡蛎体内的PCBs含量最高,珠海次之,汕头、阳江、江门、湛江及汕尾较低。不同地区养殖牡蛎中PCBs的组成模式类似,均以五氯代和六氯代PCBs为主。与国内外部分沿海海域贝类相比,广东省养殖牡蛎中PCBs含量处于较低水平。广东省养殖牡蛎中PCBs残留量低于中国《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》及欧盟国家的贝类卫生标准,食用牡蛎的致癌风险及危害商数均小于美国环保局(EPA)推荐的可接受风险水平,致癌风险处于可接受风险水平。  相似文献   

2.
以诏安湾内4个航次调查和分别采集到的虾类、贝类及鱼类样品为研究对象,采用气相色谱(GC)法,分析了样品中PCBs及OCPs含量及组分特征,采用致癌风险指数CRI(carcinogenic risk index)和接触风险指数ERI(expose risk index)作为人体健康评价标准进行了评价。结果显示:PCBs(多氯联苯)、HCHs(六六六)和DDTs(滴滴涕)在样品中质量分数变化范围分别为:0.00—7.32ng/g、0.00~0.65ng/g及0.00~152.93ng/g。PCBs主要以PCB77(3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯)为主,HCHs不具有明显的组分特征且在大部分样品中未检出,4种DDTs污染物中,4.4’-DDT是主要的组分,DDT/∑DDTs平均值为68%,说明诏安湾内可能存在DDTs新的输入源,污染物的CRI〈1.0×10^-4,显示为可接受的致癌风险;ERI〈1,显示为可接受的接触风险。  相似文献   

3.
利用气相色谱法同时测定了山东沿海主要养殖区贝类[四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes decussatus)、长牡蛎(Ostrea gigas)等]体内有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)、多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)等15种持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)的含量,与国内外的调查结果进行了比较,并对污染物在贝类体内的残留水平、空间分布及季节分布特征进行了分析。采用美国环保署(Environmental Protection Agency,EPA)推荐的方法进行了风险评价。结果显示,贝类中六六六(hexachlorocyclohexane,HCHs)、滴滴涕(dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane,DDTs)、PCBs的质量分数分别为n.d.~17.6μg·kg~(–1)、2.68~66.7μg·kg~(–1)和n.d.~36.8μg·kg~(–1)(湿质量,下同)。所有贝类中HCHs均符合国家标准《海洋生物质量》中一类生物质量评价标准;73%的贝样中w(DDTs)介于一类标准与二类标准之间。所有样品OCPs和PCBs均未超过中国《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》和《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》的标准限值。致癌风险在可接受范围内,没有接触风险。与国内外部分沿海海域贝类相比,山东沿海养殖贝类中HCHs、DDTs和PCBs的含量均处于中等水平。  相似文献   

4.
海水养殖贝类体中TPH和PCBs的分布和积累研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
根据2005年4月和10月对厦门海域贝类养殖区养殖贝类体中有毒有害物质含量的调查资料,对4种养殖贝类(僧帽牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、泥蚶和缢蛏)体中石油类(TPH)和多氯联苯(PCBs)含量的分布和积累特征进行了研究。结果表明,厦门海域4种养殖贝类体中TPH和PCBs含量范围分别为(2·89~34·6)mg/kg,湿重和(5·06~45·7)μg/kg,湿重,总平均值分别为12·3mg/kg,湿重和15·5μg/kg,湿重。总体上,养殖贝类体TPH和PCBs含量的区域分布,潮间带养殖贝类>浅海养殖贝类>虾池养殖贝类,呈西海域和同安湾内较高,大嶝海域较低的格局。养殖贝类体TPH和PCBs含量季节变化呈春季(4月)高于秋季(10月)之势。养殖贝类体内组织对TPH和PCBs吸收和积累能力的高低为胃(包括胃含物)>肌肉组织>外套腔液。缢蛏体对TPH的吸收和积累能力较强,泥蚶对PCBs吸收和积累能力较强。这与其自身对TPH和PCBs的吸收和排泄能力有密切的关系。厦门海域养殖贝类受到PCBs轻度污染,一些养殖区的缢蛏、泥蚶和僧帽牡蛎受到TPH的不同程度污染。  相似文献   

5.
以广东大鹏湾海域糙齿海豚(Steno bredanensisLesson)为研究对象,采用气相色谱法分析了海豚8种组织中多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量。将海豚8种组织分别经皂化、萃取、净化、浓缩等处理后,用Agilent 6890N型气相色谱仪、DB-XLB型毛细管气相色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm×0.50μm)、ECD检测器测定。共检测出43种PCBs同系物。结果表明,PCBs在海豚8种不同组织中的含量范围为19.6~1 326.3 ng/g组织,皮肤中比其余7种组织的PCBs含量(19.6~90.4 ng.g-1)高2个数量级,各组织中含量由大到小依次为皮肤、心脏、肌肉、肝脏、睾丸、胃、肾脏、肺。PCBs同系物和同族物在海豚不同组织中的分布特征相似,同系物中以PCB153所占总量的百分比最大,在18.7%~21.1%之间,其次分别为PCB180、PCB187,分别占9.65%~12.02%和4.08~9.26%,PCB138、PCB157、PCB151、PCB110和PCB145等5种同系物所占百分比相对较低,范围为0.87%~5.80%;在同族物中以含6个氯原子的PCBs百分比最大,为48.2%~58.2%,其次分别是含7个和5个氯原子的,所占百分比分别为18.76%~24.81%和12.10%~18.10%。应用二英毒性当量(TEQ)评价了糙齿海豚不同组织中PCBs的毒性,其TEQs范围为45.04~2 896.67 pg/g,其中皮肤的毒性当量最高,比肺的高2个数量级,比心脏、睾丸、肌肉、肝脏、胃和肾脏的高1个数量级。TEQs主要来自非邻位取代的PCBs,占总量的98.5%~99.3%,其中来自PCB126的占86.3%~93.7%,是海豚体中TEQs的主体。与世界其他海域海豚的PCBs污染水平相比,大鹏湾海域糙齿海豚的PCBs污染处于相对严重水平。  相似文献   

6.
福建省东山湾生态环境中多氯联苯的残留特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对福建省东山湾海域的水质、沉积物和养殖贝类中的多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)残留进行气相色谱法检测,并对其在水域环境及贝类中的残留水平、生态风险及食用安全进行了探讨。结果表明: 1)海水中PCBs浓度底层高于表层;夏季(8月)高于春季(5月)。总体上,东山湾海水中PCBs浓度的平面分布从湾内到湾外呈递减趋势。底层海水中PCBs与悬浮物浓度之间具有极显著的相关性。2)表层沉积物中PCBs浓度平面分布呈近岸高、湾中部和湾外低的格局;PCBs与总有机碳(TOC)之间呈极显著正相关。PCBs残留量产生的生物有害效应的风险低。3)养殖贝类体中PCBs的残留量种间差异明显,对PCBs富集能力的大小,僧帽牡蛎、缢蛏和波纹巴非蛤最高,泥蚶和华贵栉孔扇贝次之,菲律宾蛤仔和杂色鲍最低。养殖贝类致癌风险指数在可接受风险范围内,贝类体中的PCBs残留水平居福建省沿海养殖贝类中等水平。  相似文献   

7.
多氯联苯(PCBs)对生态环境的污染和对动物体的危害早已引起全球广泛关注,为了解PCBs在中国近岸海域哺乳动物体内的积累状况,本研究采用Agilent 6890N型气相色谱仪、63Ni放射源-Μecd检测器测定了广东红海湾银杏齿喙鲸(Mesoplodon ginkgodens)鲸脂中PCBs的含量水平、组成特征,并对其进行毒性评价.本研究结果对于探讨PCBs的生物地球化学过程以及保护野生水生动物具有重要意义.结果表明,银杏齿喙鲸鲸脂中共检出43种PCBs同系物,PCBs总含量平均为4.4μg/g(湿重),属污染相对较轻水平.PCBs组成以PCB 87为主,相对含量为19.5%;其次是PCB 153(13.9%).运用二(噁)英毒性当量因子(TEFs)评价银杏齿喙鲸鲸脂中PCBs的毒性,其毒性当量值(TEQs)为3 862 pg/g(湿重),与世界其他海域鲸豚TEQs值相比,本研究中的TEQs值相对较高,可能由于非邻位取代的PCB 126(59%)和PCB 169(40%)较高相对含量导致.鲸体中PCBs可能来自工业品中的Aroclor1254,推测中国沿海局部区域废弃的油漆桶、变电装置、电子设备的违章堆放和拆卸,可能是PCBs的主要来源.  相似文献   

8.
采用气相色谱测定了吕四渔场水质和沉积物样品中的多氯联苯(PCBs),并分析了其分布特征。结果显示,吕四渔场水质和沉积物中的PCBs平面分布特征为南部近岸高,而北部近岸较外海低,调查海域PCBs含量有逐年升高的趋势。水质中以低氯代PCBs同族体为主,沉积物中以高氯代PCBs同族体为主,含6个氯原子的PCBs在水中和沉积物中含量都比较高。为了削减PCBs对环境和人类的危害,我们要加强控制、管理、研究和合作。  相似文献   

9.
对湛江红树林海域24种海洋生物体内多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量水平、组成及食用安全性进行了研究。结果表明,鱼类、头足类、甲壳类和贝类生物体PAHs总量范围分别为191~548 ng/g(干重,下同)、348~460 ng/g、337~518 ng/g和380~491 ng/g,平均含量分别为349.2 ng/g、420.9 ng/g、424.3 ng/g、455.9 ng/g。各类生物体中PAHs含量存在一定的差异,平均含量由高到低依次为:贝类、甲壳类、头足类、鱼类。与国内外相比,湛江红树林生物体PAHs含量处于中等偏下水平。组成分析与风险评价结果显示,湛江红树林海域鱼类、头足类、甲壳类和贝类生物体中主要以3环PAHs为主,苯并芘(Ba P)含量处于欧盟规定的限值范围,PAHs致癌风险尚处于可接受致癌风险水平(10–5)。  相似文献   

10.
酶联免疫吸附方法分析海水和贝类中的滴滴涕及代谢物   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
采用间接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析(Ind irect Competitive Enzym e-linked Immunosorbent Assay,ELISA)方法测定海水样品和海洋贝类中的有机氯农药滴滴涕及其主要代谢产物的含量。采用碳二亚胺法,将半抗原DDA分别与载体蛋白牛血清白蛋白(Bovine serum album in,BSA)和卵清蛋白(Ovalbu-m in,OVA)偶联,得到包被抗原和免疫抗原。以DDA-OVA作为免疫抗原,免疫雌性BALB/c小鼠,免疫数次后,测定血清中抗体效价。以DDA-BSA为包被抗原,免疫多克隆抗血清为多克隆抗体,建立间接竞争酶联免疫吸附方法分析检测海水样品和海洋贝类中的有机氯农药二氯二苯三氯乙烷(DDT)及其代谢产物2,2-双(4-氯苯基)乙酸(DDA)、2,2-双(4-氯苯基)-1,1-二氯乙烷(DDD)、2,2-双(4-氯苯基)-1,1-二氯乙烯(DDE)的方法。最低检出限分别为DDT:25 ng/m l,DDA:1.56 ng/m l,DDD:25 ng/m l,DDE:25 ng/m l。贝类样品DDA回收率为96.37%~100.88%,批内变异系数为2.28%~5.13%;贝类样品DDT回收率为93.86%~100.08%,批内变异系数为4.71%~7.68%;海水样品DDT回收率88.23%,批内变异系数6.60%。  相似文献   

11.
12.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

13.
The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.  相似文献   

14.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.  相似文献   

15.
16.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.  相似文献   

17.
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.  相似文献   

18.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

19.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.  相似文献   

20.
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).  相似文献   

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