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1.
为研究解放眉足蟹形态学特征(包括雌雄外部形态差异),补充国内解放眉足蟹相关资料的空缺,通过对采集到的野生活体进行解剖及显微观察,对成体口前板、组成口器的各个部分、第四步足、肛门及雌雄差异等进行了研究。口前板位于头胸部腹面第一、二触角的后方,口器的前方。口器由大、小颚及3对颚足共同组成,大颚单枝型,大颚须3节;第一小颚单枝型;第二小颚双枝型,内肢即小颚须棒状,外肢很发达,形成颚舟叶;第一颚足双枝型,内肢1节,外肢2节,具有上肢;第二颚足双枝型,内肢5节,外肢3节;第三颚足双枝型,内肢5节,外肢3节。胸足4对,均为单枝型,第1对为螯足,后3对为步足。腹部共7节(包括尾节),尾节无附肢,腹面有一肛门。腹部共6对腹肢,第6腹节的1对附肢与尾节共同形成尾扇,司游泳功能,是解放眉足蟹唯一的游泳器官。雌雄差异明显,生殖孔1对,雌体位于第二步足基节腹面,雄体则位于第四步足基节上;第2–5对腹肢,雌性双枝型,雄性单枝型。与虾蟹比较,其没有腹甲,头胸部腹面更近似于虾类,但背部形态又更接近蟹类。其腹部没有蟹类的腹甲沟及用于锁住腹部的搭扣,故腹部常常处于半伸展状态。第四步足则位于腹部第一腹节上,与虾蟹类明显不同。另外,观察发现其腮部及身体外表各部位均附着有双壳类软体动物。  相似文献   

2.
河蟹,学名中华绒螯蟹,为我国著名淡水蟹,俗称毛蟹。分布较广,适应性强,易养殖。 形态 头胸甲发达,略呈圆形或椭圆形,腹部退化,并折叠在胸部的下方,腹节有愈合现象,尾节很小。胸肢除颚足组成口器外,其余5对胸肢中第一对较大,呈钳状,为捕食及御敌工具,其上长有绒毛,故有毛蟹之称。腹肢退化,丧失游泳功能。  相似文献   

3.
王复振  李志诚 《海洋渔业》1983,5(3):117-119
<正> 东海水产研究所在1980~1982年对东海大陆架外缘和大陆坡深海渔场进行调查时,采得不少石蟹类,这是比较大犁的甲壳动物,属于寄居蟹总科 Paguridea 石蟹科 Litho-didae。特征是头胸甲蟹形,腹部向下折,螯足很发达,第1~3对步足亚圆柱形,第4对步足细小,折向鳃间。雄性无腹肢,雌性渐减少,无尾肢。日本及苏联已大量采捕石  相似文献   

4.
长江系中华绒螯蟹原种生产技术   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本技术适用于长江水系中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)原种亲体的选育。1形态特性蟹体分为头胸部与腹部。头胸部上下被坚韧的甲壳,上面为头胸甲,一般呈墨绿色;下面是腹甲,呈灰白色。五对胸足,伸展于头胸部两侧,左右对称。头胸甲前缘平直,有四个额齿,中间凹缺较大,呈“U”型,左右各有四个侧齿,第四侧齿明显可见,背部中央隆起,表面凹凸不平,额角后方有6个明显瘤状脊。腹面中央有一凹陷即为腹甲沟。腹甲周缘生有绒毛,薄片状的腹部紧贴于腹面,腹部内生附肢。成熟雌蟹蟹脐圆形,四周密生绒毛盖满腹甲。成熟雄蟹双螯大而强壮…  相似文献   

5.
三、摘要本文根据在河北秦皇岛山海关东姜庄贻贝养殖海区的两年调查研究资料,概述了中华豆蟹对贻贝人工养殖的危害情况,着重探讨描述了中华豆蟹的繁殖、早期发育和幼体发育变态及其生活特点: 1.中华豆蟹的繁殖期是6月下旬到10月下旬,繁殖盛期是在7月下旬~9月上旬,正值全年的高温期。雌雄蟹的特征主要靠腹部的形态来区分。雌性亲蟹在抱卵前已交尾,排卵时即已受精,受精卵附着于雌蟹腹部4对附肢刚毛上进行早期发育。中华豆蟹有14~25%的个体具有在一个生殖季节进行两次繁殖的现象,按不同大小的个体,第一次散籽量为817~11533尾,两次合计散籽量为1588~16378尾不等。雌蟹参加繁殖的最小个体一般为5毫米以上,个别曾发现有4.5毫米的个体也参加繁殖。 2.中华豆蟹的早期发育是指自受精卵到破膜成为第一期溞状幼体阶段,这阶段是附着在母体的腹部渡过的,时间约需一个月左右。卵裂方式为完全均等分裂类型。胚胎发育经过2、4、8、16……多细胞期,再经过囊胚、原肠,逐渐形成原潘状幼体,最后破膜离开母体到水体中营浮游生活。 3.中华豆蟹的幼体变态发育是指从溞状一期到幼蟹阶段,这个阶段需经5次蜕皮后才能完成。每蜕皮一次就变态一次,也就分成一期。根据形态结构的不同,将其分为三个不同的幼体发育阶段: (1) 溞状幼体:前部宽大,后部细长,外观呈“逗号”状。有头胸甲,头胸甲上无刺,有一对复眼,出现口器和消化器官,靠外界摄食生长。体躯分6节。各对附肢先后出现。共分三期,以两对长附肢末端的刚毛数目为各期形态的主要鉴别特征。有极强的趋光性,靠附肢及腹部的尾节运动在水体中营浮游生活。 (2) 大眼幼体:已初具豆蟹的雏型,体型扁平,头胸甲近梯形,一对螯足和4对步足已经出现,眼大。腹部平时伸出,且可以卷曲。这时已降至底栖生活,有弱趋光性,靠腹部各节卷曲,各对附肢及步足的摆动偶而可脱离容器底在水体中游动。 (3) 早期幼蟹:已具豆蟹趋型。头胸甲近方形,额部稍突。一对步足和4对螯足增长。腹部不再伸出或卷曲,紧贴于头胸甲的腹面。已营底栖生活,靠各对步足爬行。有时受水流冲击可在水体中游动,腹部呈锐三鱼形,性别不能区分。再蜕一次皮,成为幼蟹,雄性腹部的附肢伸长成为交接器,雌雄性征出现。  相似文献   

6.
蝲蛄·螯虾·龙虾蛄是爬行的虾类,产在淡水中。它的头胸部很大,呈圆筒状,额角略呈三角形。第一步足很粗大,呈蟹螯状。第二、三对步足细小,也呈螯状。第四、五对呈爪状。在最后的胸节上有侧鳃,或称肋鳃。雄性第三和第四步足的第三节上有钩状突起.第一腹肢特化成交接...  相似文献   

7.
1对虾的形态特征和内部构造对虾身体长而侧偏,略呈梭形,分为头胸部和腹部,由ZO个体节组成。腹部一般较头胸部长,十分发达,适于游泳生活。除尾节外,每个体节皆具附肢1对,形态各有不同,其中额角的上下线均有锯齿;腹部第二节侧甲被第一节侧甲覆盖;前三对步足呈钳状是对虾区别于真虾的特征。对虾体内包括消化系统、呼吸系统、循环系统、生殖系统、排泄系统、神经系统、肌肉系统和感觉器官,其中大部分集中于头脑部,腹部以肌肉为主。2对虾的种类与分布对虾oen。ons)属节肢动物门、甲壳纲、十足目、游泳亚目、对虾科、对虾属。目前我…  相似文献   

8.
克氏原螯虾的生物学特性及开发利用   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
朱崇梅 《河南水产》2000,(4):17-17,22
克氏原螯虾[Procambarus clarlii(Girard)]是淡水螯虾的一个种。占整个螯虾产量的70—80%。在我国北方俗称喇咕,南方称淡水龙虾、螯虾等。1生物学特性1.1形态特征 克氏原螯虾头部大,第1对步足粗壮,呈蟹螯状。体外被坚韧几丁质厚壳,体色血红,头上方有黑色条纹相间,头呈三角形,占全体长的1/2。额剑两侧有触角2对。有5对步足,前3对足末端钳状,后2对足末端爪状。体末端有腹节附肢及尾节共同形成尾扇。  相似文献   

9.
在水产养殖生产和经营过程中,经常涉及动物的雌雄鉴别问题。性别不同,其生长速度、大小、形态、风味等均有不尽相同之处。有的雄性生长快,有的雌性生长快。出于某种需要,有时要进行单性养殖,以便提高产量和效益.于是需要正确鉴别雌雄。人工繁殖过程中更需要准确识别雌雄,便于亲本选留购进及配组。因此雌雄鉴别意义重大,现就目前养殖较热的几种特种水产动物的雌雄鉴别方法简介如下,供参考。 一、罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)雄性个体明显地比同龄雌性大。雄虾第二步足强大,呈蔚蓝色,其长度超过体长。头胸部较大,腹部较短;生殖孔开口于第5对步足的基部并形成小突起,第二腹足内肢的内缘有一棒状的雄性附肢,第四、五对步足基部之间的距离较窄。  相似文献   

10.
一、亲虾雌雄鉴别与比例 雄虾个体较大,螯足粗壮,螫足附端外侧有一明亮的红色软疣,腹部狭小,生殖孔开口于第5对步足基部;雌虾螫足较小,无软疣或软疵颜色较战,腹部膨大,生殖孔开口于第3对步足基部。雌雄比例为(2~3):1或5:2。  相似文献   

11.
12.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

13.
The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.  相似文献   

14.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.  相似文献   

15.
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.  相似文献   

16.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.  相似文献   

17.
18.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.  相似文献   

19.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

20.
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).  相似文献   

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