基于线粒体Cytb基因序列的西江流域广西境内卷口鱼遗传多样性分析

为了解西江流域广西境内卷口鱼(Ptychidio jordani)种群遗传结构及分化程度,采用线粒体Cytb基因序列对西江流域广西境内6个江段的139尾野生卷口鱼的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示,线粒体Cytb基因长度为1 053 bp,碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为29.1%、27.7%、29.3%、13.9%,其中A+T (58.4%)高于C+G(41.6%)。共定义20个单倍型,并聚为2个分支,未观察到明显的地理聚群。6个卷口鱼群体的平均单倍型多样性和平均核苷酸多样性分别为0.768 2、0.002 3,其中红水河群体(单倍型多样性h=0.748 7,核苷酸多样性π=0.003 3)遗传多样性最高,柳江群体(h=0.274 4,π=0.000 4)和左江群体(h=0.374 7,π=0.000 3)的遗传多样性相对较低。卷口鱼总体的遗传分化指数(F_(ST))为0.461 4 (P0.01),表现出较大的遗传分化。两两群体间遗传分化结果显示,左江和柳江种群之间的遗传分化程度最大,而柳江和西江之间最小。AMOVA分析表明西江流域的卷口鱼群体遗传变异一半来自群体内(53.86%),一半来自群体间(46.14%)。中性检验(Tajima's D=-1.082 8,P0.05;Fu's Fs=-6.572 5, 0.01P0.05)与碱基错配分布分析表明西江流域卷口鱼种群大约在0.07～0.187 Ma经历了种群扩张。综上,西江流域广西境内的卷口鱼柳江群体和左江群体遗传多样性较低,总群体分化程度较大,但仍属于一个种群,其中空间距离与地理阻隔对卷口鱼的遗传分化具有一定的促进作用。     

长吻遗传多样性的RAPD分析

以洞庭湖和原种场长吻（Leiocassis longirostris）为研究对象,采用20个随机引物对10个野生个体进行了随机扩增多态性DNA（random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD）群体遗传多样性分析。共检测到103条带,每个引物产生的条带数在2～9之间,片段大小在0.2～3.0kb之间,多态座位比例为41.75%,2群体内个体间遗传相似系数和遗传距离分别是,洞庭湖个体间遗传相似性系数（S）0.8795～0.9833,遗传距离（D）0.0167～0.1205;原种场个体间S为0.8794～0.9892,D为0.0319～0.1108;比较2群体S为0.7983～0.9994,D为0.0167～0.3017;Nei遗传多样性指数（He）0.3269。结果表明,长吻群体内遗传多样性较为丰富。     

广东和广西地区野生文蛤的遗传多样性

以产于广东和广西两省海区的7个野生文蛤(Meretrixmeretrix)群体为实验对象,结合形态特征、生长性能分析与核基因DNA的RAPD标记,对其遗传多样性进行系统研究,结果表明,在贝壳形态方面,广西各群体的平均壳长、平均壳高、平均壳宽、壳重和总重都明显大于广东群体(P<0.01);在生长性能方面,广西群体的壳宽系数、壳重指数、肥满度指数也高于广东群体(P<0.01)。RAPD分析共筛选了120个随机引物,其中,61种引物呈阳性反应,至少10种引物的扩增带表现出丰富、稳定的多态性。本实验用10个随机引物扩增出78个位点;平均每个引物在每个个体扩增出3.32条带。其中,引物8747对汕尾群体无扩增带。各群体的多样性指数为0.2088～0.2594,多态位点比例为85.71%～94.74%。群体间的遗传距离为0.0271～0.2195,相对而言,地理位置相隔越远,遗传距离越大。     

长江口刀鲚遗传多样性的随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析

用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术对长江口刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)30个个体的遗传多样性进行了检测，从40个随机引物中筛选出17个对每个刀鲚的DNA进行扩增，结果表明，17个引物共检测到148条清晰且重复性好的条带，分子量在200～2000bp之间，其中多态位点为86个，占58．11％；群体的Shannon多样性指数为0．1905，Nei基因多样性指数为0．2280；个体间最大遗传距离为0.212，最小遗传距离为0．092。通过与其他鱼类的遗传多样性的研究结果比较可初步判断，刀鲚群体的遗传多样性比较丰富。     

巨魾野生群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

巨魾(Bagarius yarrelli)为云南特有的经济鱼类,利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对元江下游的河口巨野生群体进行了遗传多样性分析,在50条随机引物中筛选出19条多态性较好的引物,通过PCR扩增,19条引物在巨群体中共检测到67个位点,其中多态性位点66个,平均多态性位点比率为98.51%,个体间平均遗传相似系数为0.890 9,个体间平均遗传距离为0.117 6;群体Nei's基因多样性指数为0.291 6,Shannon信息指数为0.426 9,结果表明巨野生群体具有较高的遗传多样性。     

巨野生群体遗传多样性的 RAPD 分析

巨（Bagarius yarrelli）为云南特有的经济鱼类,利用随机扩增多态性 DNA（RAPD）技术对元江下游的河口巨野生群体进行了遗传多样性分析,在50条随机引物中筛选出19条多态性较好的引物,通过 PCR 扩增,19条引物在巨群体中共检测到67个位点,其中多态性位点66个,平均多态性位点比率为98．51％,个体间平均遗传相似系数为0．8909,个体间平均遗传距离为0．1176;群体 Nei′s 基因多样性指数为0．2916, Shannon 信息指数为0．4269,结果表明巨野生群体具有较高的遗传多样性。     

应用AFLP技术分析多鳞四指马鲅不同地理群体的遗传多样性

为研究多鳞四指马鲅(Eleutheronema rhadinum)不同地理群体的遗传多样性,应用AFLP技术分析了江苏东南部近海海域(QD)、广东湛江近海海域(ZJ)、上海崇明长江口附近水域(CM)和海南琼海近海海域(QH)4个地理群体的遗传特征和群体分化。120 ind个体样品、8对引物组合共扩增246条带,多态性条带为128条,多态性比例为53.4%。群体ZJ扩增位点最多,多态性比例也最高,群体内的Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon’s信息指数变化趋势一致,均为CM相似文献   

青海湖裸鲤繁殖群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)方法对青海湖裸鲤的3个洄游繁殖群体-黑马河(HM)、布哈河(BH)及沙柳河(SL)群体各30个个体的DNA多态性进行了分析。用13个引物在三个群体中共检测出85个位点，其中多态性位点68个。青海湖裸鲤群体总的DNA多态位点百分率为80．0％。数据分析结果显示：青海湖裸鲤3个群体总的Nei基因多样性为0．3395，Shannon遗传多样性信息指数为0．4861，存在着较为丰富的遗传多样性。青海湖裸鲤3个群体间平均遗传距离为0．0788，基因分化系数Gst为0．1070，表明3个繁殖群体间产生了一定程度的遗传分化，通过UPGMA方法进行聚类分析显示，HM群体和BH群体优先聚类，表示它们之间的基因交流程度要高于它们分别与SL群体之间的交流。     

北盘江光唇裂腹鱼种群基因组DNA遗传多样性的AFLP分析

为了解珠江水系北盘江光唇裂腹鱼(Schizothorax lissolabiatus)种群遗传多样性的现状,采用8个引物组合对其30尾个体进行了全基因组DNA扩增片段长度多态性AFLP分析。每个引物组合扩增片段数在8～73之间,扩增片段长度为69～500 bp,基因型数为28～30。8个引物组合共计检测出扩增位点975个,平均每个引物组合扩增出121.88个位点;其中多态性位点897个,多态位点比例为92.00%。观测等位基因数(N_a)、有效等位基因数(N_e)、Nei遗传多样性指数(H)、Shannon信息指数(I)平均值分别为1.912 3、1.369 0、0.227 1和0.357 5。个体间遗传距离为0.214 7～0.410 9,平均为0.304 0。基于个体间遗传距离构建的UPGMA和NJ系统树具有相似的拓扑结构,均显示30尾光唇裂腹鱼聚为两支,可能分别来源于两个亚群体。北盘江光唇裂腹鱼种群遗传多样性丰富,但由于受水电站建坝、水质污染、过度捕捞等因素的影响,该种群的分布区已缩小,种群数量减少,种群遗传变异离散程度较低并存在着等位基因丢失的现象,应采取措施恢复北盘江光唇裂腹鱼的种群数量,保护其遗传多样性。     

长吻鮠遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术从30个随机引物中筛选出20个引物对洞庭湖区野生长吻鮠群体的遗传多样性进行研究,结果共检测出105个位点,其中54个(51.43%)呈多态;利用POPGEN软件获得野生长吻鮠群体10个个体间的遗传距离,个体间遗传距离(D)在0.1685~0.6425,个体间遗传相似系数(S)在0.3575~0.8315。通过与其他鱼类的遗传多样性的研究结果比较可初步判断,洞庭湖区野生长吻鮠群体的遗传多样性较低。由于没有以前的遗传多样性分析资料,因此不能评判过度捕捞和自然环境的破坏等因素对长吻鮠遗传多样性的影响程度。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.