现场围隔及其在水域生态学研究中的应用

现场围隔通过围隔水体建立一个相对封闭的生态系,与周围水体没有交换。使用现场围隔始于20世纪60年代,经过几十年的发展,其结构和功能得到了不同程度的改进和完善,已成为研究水域生态的有效工具,主要用于污染生态学、养殖生态学方面的研究。现场围隔主体结构包括围隔幔、固定支架和围隔幔支架等,附属设备包括防雨罩、电动机、浮力装置和...     

水域生态学研究一种新兴方法——现场受控围隔实验法

用现场受控围隔实验(Controlled enclosure experiment in situ)的方法研究水域生态学,目前正受到国内外海洋生态学家的青睐。该方法既能克服在天然水域中试验其生态条件差异较大的困难,又能解决在实验室条件下某些生态因子不能解决的问题,使实验逼近实际,具有代表性,是水域生态学研究方法上的一大发展。笔者根据国外在海洋应用     

滤食性鱼类鲢放养量对淀山湖水质影响的围隔试验

为研究非经典生物操纵技术控制淀山湖水体富营养化时最佳的鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)放养量,于2009年夏季在淀山湖开展原位围隔试验。鲢放养密度设0、40、80、120 g/m3四个水平,每组设2个重复。每隔10天采样一次,分析水质。实验结果表明:(1)鲢密度为40 g/m3时可一定程度降低淀山湖围隔水体中有机物质(以高锰酸盐指数为代表);80 g/m3时对总氮的降低以及水体透明度的提高最有效;各放养密度对总磷的影响均不明显。(2)对于淀山湖水体而言,鲢的放养可以净化水体,提高生态系统稳定性;当放养密度为80 g/m3时,效果最好。     

鲢和奥尼罗非鱼对池塘蓝藻水华及水质的影响

2004～2005年在广州市一个富营养化浅水池塘中开展原位围隔试验,研究放养鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼对蓝藻水华的控制效果及对水质的影响.结果表明,鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼可以有效控制蓝藻水华,使围隔水体中的浮游植物优势种由蓝藻渐变为裸藻、绿藻和硅藻.鲢鱼、奥尼罗非鱼围隔水体中总悬浮物浓度较池塘水体分别下降29.7%和18.6%;叶绿素a浓度分别下降26.6%和15.9%.同时,围隔水体透明度显著提高.但鱼类放养对水体中的总氮、总磷浓度没有显著影响,并会造成水体中悬浮颗粒物的粒径分布范围变宽,使水体中新增加了直径大于500 μm的悬浮颗粒物.     

鲢鳙放养对水体微生物碳源利用影响的围隔试验

利用Biolog技术就滆湖原位围隔内鲢鳙放养密度和比例对水体微生物碳源利用的影响进行了研究。结果显示,在试验阶段后期不同围隔内水体微生物对碳源总量的利用相对于试验中期有较明显的变化。未放养鲢鳙的对照组(A0)在试验后期对于碳源总量的利用低于各实验组(A_1:鱼密度40 g/m~3、鲢鳙比7∶3;A_2∶40 g/m~3、3∶7、A_3∶80 g/m~3、7∶3和A_4∶80 g/m~3、3∶7)。试验中期和后期,利用比例较高的碳源类型均为聚合物。主成分分析表明,试验后期不同围隔水体微生物群落碳代谢方式具有显著差异。其中,与主成分1显著相关的碳源主要有16种,分别属于聚合物、糖类、羧酸、氨基酸。实验中期和后期围隔水体微生物碳代谢多样性指数Shannon物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均存在显著差异,代谢多样性指数最高的是实验组A1,实验组A4碳代谢多样性指数相对较低。根据鳙的绝对生物量、多样性指标以及对碳源的总量利用,可以得出以鲢鳙主导的微型生态系统中,鳙的绝对生物量对于水体微生物影响更加显著。     

运用非经典生物操纵技术治理水华

针对水体“水华”的蓝藻过度繁殖及死亡腐败,运用非经典生物操纵技术,在清除凶猛鱼的基础上,对该区域实施网围养殖式围隔,每年投放大规格鲢鳙鱼种(鲢鳙比约1.5∶1)50万kg以上,计1 000万尾,使网围养殖区水域的存鱼量达到8.5 g/m3,同时对网围养殖实施禁渔。经3年试验,至今水华已不再出现,初步实现了千岛湖水域生态环境良性循环。     

鲢和奥尼罗非鱼对池塘蓝藻水华及水质的影响

２００４～２００５年在广州市一个富营养化浅水池塘中开展原位围隔试验，研究放养鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼对蓝藻水华的控制效果及对水质的影响。结果表明，鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼可以有效控制蓝藻水华，使围隔水体中的浮游植物优势种由蓝藻渐变为裸藻、绿藻和硅藻。鲢鱼、奥尼罗非鱼围隔水体中总悬浮物浓度较池塘水体分别下降２９.７％和１８．６％；叶绿素ａ浓度分别下降２６．６％和１５．９％。同时，围隔水体透明度显著提高。但鱼类放养对水体中的总氮、总磷浓度没有显著影响，并会造成水体中悬浮颗粒物的粒径分布范围变宽，使水体中新增加了直径 大于５００μｍ的悬浮颗粒物。     

不同施肥方法对鱼蚌综合养殖池塘浮游植物群落结构的影响

通过155 d围隔实验检验了不同施肥条件下鱼蚌综合养殖水体中的浮游植物群落结构。实验设3个处理:施鸭粪、施化肥、兼施鸭粪和化肥。放养种类为三角帆蚌、草鱼、鲫、鲢和鳙,放养量分别为每围隔20、15、5、5和5个。结果发现,围隔内浮游植物生物量平均值为(2.1~6.0)×108个/L。不同施肥方法对浮游植物种类组成和优势种、叶绿素a(Chl.a)、生物量以及蓝藻在浮游植物生物量中的比例无显著影响。浮游植物群落变化表现出较明显的季节性特点,影响围隔浮游植物群落的理化因子为TN、NH3-N和DO。研究表明,采用不同施肥方法的围隔内浮游植物群落结构未表现出显著差异,难以从浮游植物角度解释兼施鸭粪和化肥的围隔珍珠产量高于施鸭粪或施化肥的围隔的事实,也难以确定珍珠产量与浮游植物群落结构之间存在必然的联系。     

南亚热带水库中盔形溞牧食对浮游植物群落影响的围隔试验

为了解热带-亚热带地区大型枝角类对浮游植物的控制作用,2010年3-4月在广东省流溪河水库进行了围隔试验研究.围隔尺寸4m×4m×6m,用孔径2mm的网过滤库水.设置4个试验组,包括1个对照组(C)和低、中、高密度(L、M、H)的3个梯度处理组,添加的盔形溞(Daphnia galeata)分别为0、0.3、0.6、1.0个/L;每个试验组设3个平行,持续6周.由于盔形溞以孤雌生殖为主,在无鱼条件下,盔形溞在较短的时间内快速建立了较高密度的种群,对照组与处理组之间没有显著的差异.在试验进行至21 d,所有围隔中的盔形溞种群达到最大密度,随后出现了明显下降;4个试验组的总浮游植物生物量差异不显著,所有处理中浮游植物和叶绿素a在试验初期出现快速下降.在浮游植物密度下降的同时,其群落组成结构发生了很大的变化.小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、卵囊藻(Oocystis lacustris)等细胞直径＜30 μm的浮游植物种类前期生物量降低后期稳定,而转板藻(Mougeotia)等粒径＞30μm的种类后期生物量呈增加趋势.试验结果表明,在热带-亚热带深水贫营养水库中,当盔形溞等大型枝角类种群存在时,通过对鱼类的合理调控,存在有效调控浮游植物密度与结构的可能性.     

中国明对虾放流对鱼类生态位的影响

为探究中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)增殖放流对水域内鱼类的影响及其表现形式，采用原位实验生态学方法，在对虾放流河道构建围隔，设置3种虾苗放流量(模拟莱州湾近岸放流5亿尾、7.5亿尾和10亿尾)和无放流处理，经过一个对虾生长季后，比较不同处理围隔中鱼类组成和生态位特征差异。结果显示，4种处理围隔中，回捕对虾数量随放流量增加而增加，但其生物量、平均个体大小和回捕率未随放流量增加而增加；回捕率在放流围隔间差异显著，以5亿尾模拟围隔的值最高；鱼的种类组成相似，可归于杂食性、浮游动物食性和鱼/虾食性。总鱼类和鱼/虾食性的鱼类产出量在围隔间差异不显著，杂食性鱼的产出量以放流围隔较高，浮游动物食性鱼的产出量随对虾放流量增加而减少。鱼种间高生态位重叠(>0.75)配对数随对虾生物量增多而减少。相似性分析显示，放流最多的和无放流围隔的鱼类生态位相异程度最高。综上认为，在实验水体中，放流对虾并不降低鱼类总量产出，但可能会影响不同食性鱼类的相对组成和生态位重叠度，且影响效应随放流量增加更为明显。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.