饥饿和再投喂对白斑狗鱼生长性能和生化组成的影响

选用体重196.77±7.60g的白斑狗鱼（Esox Lucius Linnaeus）为研究对象，试验设置饥饿14d、21d、28d、35d、42d组和正常投喂对照组，各组饥饿结束后恢复饱食投喂，试验周期为56d，水温为22～26℃，研究了饥饿和再投喂对白斑狗鱼生长性能、体生化组成和肌肉、肝脏RNA/DNA比值的影响。结果表明：饥饿再投喂后各处理组均出现补偿生长现象，在恢复生长结束后，饥饿14d组体重显著高于对照组（P＜0.05），其他各饥饿处理组体重与对照组无显著性差异（P＞0.05）；随着饥饿时间的延长，饥饿各处理组肌肉的脂肪含量显著下降（P＜0.05），水分含量显著升高（P＜0.05），恢复投喂结束时各饥饿处理组蛋白质和水分含量恢复到对照组水平；在恢复投喂初期各处理组的特定生长率、摄食率和食物转化效率显著高于对照组水平（P＜0.05），随着恢复生长时间的延长，逐渐恢复到对照组水平（P＞0.05）；肌肉和肝脏的RNA/DNA比值均随饥饿时间的延长呈逐渐下降的趋势，在恢复投喂结束时，RNA/DNA比值均在饥饿28d组达到最大值。由此表明饥饿14d组的白斑狗鱼在恢复生长过程中出现了超补偿生长效应，21d组、28d组、35d组和42d组出现了完全补偿生长效应，该补偿效应是由摄食率和食物转化效率升高共同作用的结果。     

饥饿与再投喂及投喂频率对条石鲷幼鱼生长和消化酶活力的影响

研究了饥饿与再投喂及不同投喂频率对条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)幼鱼生长和消化酶活力的影响.饥饿与再投喂的实验结果表明:条石鲷幼鱼体质量、蛋白酶(胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶)与脂肪酶活力随着饥饿时间的延长均呈现明显的下降趋势,体质量与蛋白酶活力在饥饿6d后与对照组表现出显著性差异(P＜0.05),脂肪酶活力在饥饿9d后才与对照组表现出显著性差异(P＜0.05),而淀粉酶活力在饥饿过程中呈波动性变化；恢复投喂后,除饥饿3d的幼鱼体质量、特定生长率与对照组无明显差异外,其他各处理组均明显低于对照组；蛋白酶与脂肪酶活力在恢复投喂后均有明显回升,且蛋白酶活力与对照组相比已无显著性差异,但较长时间的饥饿处理(9～12 d)并未使脂肪酶活力恢复至对照组水平.投喂频率实验的研究结果表明:随着投喂频率的增加,条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率呈上升趋势,在投喂频率达到投喂2次/d后,条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率、消化酶活力及肝体指数差异均不显著.结论认为,在本实验条件下,饥饿3d后再经投喂,条石鲷幼鱼具有完全补偿生长效应,但随着饥饿时间的延长补偿生长的效应逐渐降低.对条石鲷幼鱼而言,选择日投喂两次最合适.     

饥饿和补偿生长对史氏鲟幼鱼摄食、生长和体成分的影响

报道了饥饿和再投喂对史氏鲟幼鱼摄食、生长以及生化组成的影响.22±2℃条件下,随着饥饿时间延长,幼鱼白肌的RNA/DNA比值不断减小,体重逐渐下降,后者与同期对照组之间存在极显著性差异(P<0.01).饥饿7d,鱼的肝糖原和肌糖原含量显著降低(P<0.05),但随着饥饿时间的延长,肝糖原和肌糖原含量则出现不同程度的回升;脂肪含量和蛋白质含量分别在饥饿14d和21d时下降幅度最大,提示史氏鲟幼鱼动用储存物质的顺序依次是糖原、脂肪和蛋白质.而饥饿过程中鱼体水分和灰分含量则有所上升.恢复投食后,饥饿幼鱼的摄食强度增大,生长加快,其中7d、14d饥饿组幼鱼的RNA/DNA比值达到或接近正常投喂组水平,但21d饥饿组的比值仍明显低于正常投喂组(P<0.05).恢复投食30d后,7d和14d饥饿组幼鱼体重接近对照组(P>0.05),21d饥饿组的终体重未能赶上对照组(P<0.05),这表明史氏鲟幼鱼的补偿生长随饥饿时间不同而异.试验结束时,各处理组鱼体生化组成与正常投喂组没有显著差异(P>0.05).     

饥饿不同时间后投喂对许氏平鮋生长及体成分的影响

在室内水温21.8~25℃条件下,将初始体质量为(8.87±0.16)g的许氏平鮋Sebastes schlegeli放养在50cm×50cm×100cm网箱中,饥饿0(S0)、3(S3)、6(S6)、9(S9)和12d(S12)后分别投喂30d、27d、24d、21d和18d,每组3个重复,测定其体质量、肥满度、脏体指数、肝体指数、摄食率、食物转化率及全鱼和肝脏主要生化组成的变化。结果表明:随着饥饿时间的延长,幼鱼体质量逐渐降低,各饥饿组鱼体质量显著低于同期对照组(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,S3组体质量、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组S0(P0.05),S6与S0组无显著差异(P0.05),而S9与S12组未能达到S0水平(P0.05)。S3组食物转化率(FCE)显著高于其余各组(P0.05),S9、S12组则显著低于对照组(P0.05)。饥饿状态下,各饥饿组鱼肝体指数与脏体指数显著小于S0组(P0.05));恢复投喂后各组肝体指数、脏体指数与对照组无显著差异。随着饥饿时间的延长,鱼体粗灰分含量显著升高(P0.05),水分与粗蛋白含量呈上升趋势(P0.05)。饥饿6d后,鱼体粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组,饥饿12d时粗脂肪含量比饥饿前降低了19.33%(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,各试验组间鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量差异不显著(P0.05)。S9和S12组中肝脏粗脂肪含量显著低于S0组(P0.05)。     

饥饿和再投喂对黑尾近红鲌幼鱼体成分、消化酶活性和RNA/DNA比值的影响

在室内水温23～26℃的条件下,分别对黑尾近红鲌(Ancherythroculter nigrocauda)幼鱼进行不同时间(0、5、10、15、20和25 d)的饥饿处理和饥饿后恢复投喂(25 d)试验。结果显示:在饥饿过程中,幼鱼随着饥饿时间的延长,体重和RNA/DNA比值不断减小。脂肪含量在饥饿前期下降明显,后期下降缓慢;蛋白质含量在饥饿前期下降缓慢,后期下降明显,表明幼鱼是优先利用脂肪作为能量来源,其次再利用蛋白质。饥饿5、10 d组幼鱼的消化酶活性下降显著(P<0.05)。肝脏的蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性饥饿至15 d下降显著,之后随着饥饿时间延长,下降趋于平缓;消化道的脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性饥饿至15 d显著下降,之后下降趋于平缓。恢复投喂后,饥饿5、10、15、20 d组幼鱼的消化酶、生化组成及RNA/DNA比值均恢复到对照组水平,而饥饿25 d组幼鱼的水分含量、蛋白质含量、RNA/DNA比值、消化酶均未恢复到对照组水平(P<0.05)。饥饿5、10 d组幼鱼体重均恢复到对照组水平(P>0.05),饥饿15、20、25 d组幼鱼体重与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),这表明黑尾近红鲌幼鱼的补偿生长随饥饿时间的不同而异。     

饥饿与再投喂对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼生长和消化酶活性的影响

在室内水温23～26℃的条件下,将中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼分装于6个饲养桶中,试验设计分为两组,每组3个平行,并依次编号为A、B、C、D、E、F,将两组同时饥饿20 d,分别在饥饿0、3、5、10、15、20 d对A、B、C取样。而D、E、F饥饿20 d后进行16 d的恢复投喂,并在再投喂3、7、12、16 d进行取样,分别测定其体质量、肥满度、肝脏指数以及肝胰脏、前后肠消化酶(胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶)活性的变化。结果表明:(1)在饥饿过程中,中华倒刺鲃幼鱼体质量、肥满度、肝脏指数均呈下降趋势;恢复投喂后,三者均有不同程度的恢复。(2)肝胰脏蛋白酶活性在饥饿过程中呈下降趋势,并在20 d降到最低,恢复投喂后其活性逐步回升到正常水平;而肠蛋白酶活性饥饿过程中先升高,并在5 d达到最高值而后呈下降趋势,恢复投喂后达到正常水平。(3)饥饿过程中,肝胰脏和前后肠脂肪酶活性迅速升高,在10 d达到最值,并显著高于饥饿前的水平,而后逐步下降,恢复投喂后脂肪酶活性仍持续维持在较高的水平。(4)肝胰脏和前后肠淀粉酶活性在饥饿过程中逐步下降,恢复投喂后其活性恢复至正常水平。     

饥饿和再投喂对点带石斑鱼幼鱼生长、生化组成和行为的影响

以点带石斑鱼幼鱼为试验动物,进行短期饥饿和再投喂对其生长、生化组成及行为的影响试验。对照组(S0)持续投喂30 d,饥饿组S2、S4、S6、S8和S10分别饥饿2 d、4 d、6 d、8 d和10 d后再分别恢复投喂28 d、26 d、24 d、22 d和20 d,试验设3平行。结果表明:随着饥饿时间的延长,点带石斑鱼幼鱼全长、湿重、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、糖类的含量和能值均逐渐减少,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖类的相对损失率顺序为糖类>粗脂肪>粗蛋白。再投喂后,S2湿重超过S0(P>0.05);各试验组粗蛋白含量除S10外,均与S0差异不显著(P>0.05);S2粗脂肪含量超过S0组,且差异显著(P<0.05),S4粗脂肪含量与S0组差异不显著(P>0.05);S2糖类含量达到了S0组(P>0.05)。再投喂期间,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖类的相对增加率顺序为粗脂肪>糖类>粗蛋白。粗蛋白、粗脂肪、糖类的质量分数和能值的变化与饥饿时间呈负相关关系,与再投喂时间呈正相关关系;粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖类的质量分数变化与能值呈正相关关系;认为蛋白质是影响点带石斑鱼幼鱼肌肉能值变化的主要的含能物质。饥饿幼鱼行为变化表现为集群觅食、反应迟钝和外部形态变化并均匀静伏底。     

中华鲟幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化

研究中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化。实验设4个循环饥饿组(T1:饥饿1 d,饱食投喂3 d;T2:连续饥饿2 d,饱食投喂4 d;T3:连续饥饿4 d,饱食投喂6 d;T4:连续饥饿7 d,饱食投喂8 d)和1个对照组(T0:每天饱食投喂)。结果显示:在水温21.5～25.4℃条件下,T1组末重和特定生长率均超过对照组,表现为超补偿生长;T2组末重和特定生长率均接近对照组,表现为完全补偿生长,T1、T2组食物转化率均显著高于对照组;T3、T4组实际摄食水平均明显高于对照组,但表现为不能补偿生长。4个循环饥饿组幼鱼肝体比及脏体比均显著高于对照组。各组肌肉蛋白质和脂肪含量下降,同时水分和灰分含量上升;从饥饿2 d组开始,蛋白质和脂肪含量显著低于对照组,且蛋白质含量比脂肪含量下降幅度更大。     

饥饿及恢复投喂对鮸幼鱼生长、耗氧率和排氨率的影响

在水温（12±1）℃和盐度24．3±0．61条件下，研究了饥饿及恢复投喂对鱿幼鱼生长、耗氧率和排氨率的影响。实验设置饥饿5、10、15d及连续饥饿4个水平，并设正常投饵对照组，各组饥饿结束后马上恢复正常投饵，整个实验历时30d，在实验前、饥饿结束时和实验结束时分别测定鮸幼鱼全长、体重、耗氧率和排氨率。结果表明：鮸幼鱼在饥饿状况下存活时间23d。实验结束时，饥饿5d和10d处理组鮸幼鱼全长和体重明显高于投喂对照组（P〈0．05）。在饥饿期间，连续饥饿组鮸幼鱼的耗氧率先下降又上升；排氨率前期显著升高，5d后达峰值，然后逐步下降；鮸幼鱼的O：N比值先下降，10d后达谷值，然后不断升高，20d后迅速升高到30．347。饥饿结束时，各饥饿组与投喂对照组耗氧率和排氨率差异显著（P〈0．05）。实验结束时，鮸幼鱼耗氧率除饥饿5d和10d组差异不显著外，其它各组间差异显著P〈0．05）；排氨率除投喂对照组和饥饿15d组差异不显著外，各组间差异显著（P〈0．05）。饥饿结束时和实验结束时O：N比值差异显著。可见，饥饿后恢复投喂的鮸幼鱼具有补偿生长能力。     

饥饿和再投喂对哲罗鱼幼鱼血液生理生化指标的影响

将哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)幼鱼进行7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d的饥饿处理后恢复投喂,研究饥饿和再投喂对其血液生理与生化指标的影响,各组实验期为56 d。结果显示:饥饿过程中哲罗鱼幼鱼血液红细胞数、血红蛋白和白细胞数均在饥饿14 d后显著上升(P<0.05),21 d后则开始下降;饥饿7 d后血糖浓度显著下降(P<0.05),14 d后趋于稳定;总蛋白、球蛋白和白蛋白均呈下降趋势,分别在饥饿的第21天、28天和7天后与饥饿前差异显著(P<0.05);甘油三酯和总胆固醇分别在饥饿7 d和14 d后显著下降(P<0.05);谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶均在饥饿14 d后显著下降(P<0.05);碱性磷酸酶在饥饿7 d后显著下降(P<0.05);饥饿7 d后Na+和Cl-浓度显著下降(P<0.05),14 d后均显著回升(P<0.05);Ca2+浓度在饥饿14 d后显著升高(P<0.05),28 d后显著降低(P<0.05);K+浓度在饥饿后升高,但与饥饿处理前比较无显著性差异。恢复投喂结束后,哲罗鱼幼鱼血液的各项生理生化指标均有不同程度的恢复。     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

1. In the last two decades, Brazil has advanced significantly with the expansion and improvement of its national system of protected areas. Until recently most of the expansion was concentrated in the Amazon region (with useful lessons). It also had an uneven ecological representation of coastal and marine ecosystems, concentrated in coastal waters. Despite significant advances, the levels of funding, staff and stakeholders' engagement remain relatively low for such a vast system.
2. Within the past few years, key elements of a new strategy for protection of coastal and marine areas have started to emerge, combined with some participatory processes and a focus on expansion of the total area protected (from <1.5% protection of the country's marine area). These included: a renewed focus on priority areas for conservation; attention to national and international commitments and targets; clarity about the need for partnerships and funding; better engagement of Brazilian society and stakeholders; new, and more collaborative, models of protected areas management and conservation; and openness in the relationships with wider society.
3. Significant results of this effort have started to appear: new large mosaics of oceanic protected areas were created; Amazon mangroves were recognized by the Ramsar Convention; new mangrove protected areas were created, besides other ones proposed; project proposals are under development with partners for better funding and sharing of responsibility; and there is a better engagement with stakeholders. The building of the Brazilian Blue Initiative is underway.
4. The implementation of the proposed 15‐year marine strategy is at its onset: partnerships need to be strengthened and substantial funding is required. It will only be possible to manage the larger system of protected areas if there are more collaborative and innovative models for protected areas and conservation management. These should include partnerships with civil society, local and traditional communities and the private sector, as well as greater engagement of scientists and research institutions, stronger and more qualified tourism, volunteer work, etc. Further innovative funding mechanisms will also be needed along the way.

     

Brazilian wetlands: their definition,delineation, and classification for research,sustainable management,and protection

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