斑石鲷低氧耐受能力及血液生理生化指标变化研究

为阐明斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)低氧耐受能力及低氧胁迫过程中血液生理生化指标的变化规律，本研究通过生理学和生态学方法，查明2种规格斑石鲷在临界氧分压(critical oxygen tension, Pcrit)和失去平衡点(loss equilibrium, LOE)时的溶解氧浓度，观察自然耗氧条件下其呼吸行为变化，分析低氧胁迫和恢复溶解氧过程中血液皮质醇和葡萄糖含量、血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb)浓度、红细胞(red blood cell, RBC)和白细胞(white blood cell, WBC)数目、红细胞积压(hematocrit, HCT)变化。结果显示，在水温(23.0±0.5)℃、氨氮浓度<0.5 mg/L、亚硝酸盐浓度0~0.05 mg/L、盐度为30、pH为7.80的条件下，200和50 g斑石鲷的Pcrit值分别为(4.05±0.09)和(3.15±0.12) mg/L，LOE值分别为(1.16±0.08)和(0.93±0.11) mg/L，且50 g斑石鲷到达LOE值的时间(t=480 min)比200 g斑石鲷(t=110 min)更长；自然耗氧过程中，2种规格斑石鲷呼吸频率均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势，且均在Pcrit值处显著升高，达到最大值(P<0.05)。低氧胁迫导致血浆葡萄糖和皮质醇含量显著升高，在LOE值处达到最大值(P<0.05)，但50 g斑石鲷的葡萄糖和皮质醇含量上升幅度显著低于200 g斑石鲷(P<0.05)。同时，低氧引起斑石鲷的WBC和RBC数目、Hb浓度和HCT显著升高，50和200 g斑石鲷分别在Pcrit和LOE值处达到最大值(P<0.05)。恢复正常溶解氧24 h后，2种规格斑石鲷均恢复正常呼吸运动，上述生理生化指标均与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述，2种规格的斑石鲷相比较，50 g斑石鲷的低氧耐受能力更强，200 g斑石鲷对低氧胁迫的应激反应更敏感，2种规格斑石鲷均可通过增加呼吸频率、提高血液WBC和RBC数、皮质醇、葡萄糖和Hb浓度，增强对溶解氧的吸收利用，应对低氧胁迫导致的生理状态改变，相关结果为斑石鲷高效养殖提供了基础数据。     

大型围栏养殖模式下2种规格斑石鲷耐高温研究

鱼类作为水生变温动物，围栏圈养环境海水温度的突变会对其机体正常的生理活动产生显著影响。本研究以2种规格斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)为实验对象，分析了急性高温(32℃)胁迫后1、3、6 h，恢复正常温度(25℃)后6 h和12 h时，其呼吸频率、血清中葡萄糖(GLU)和皮质醇(COR)含量、血液中红细胞(RBC)和白细胞(WBC)数目、血红蛋白(HGB)含量、红细胞积压(HCT)以及肝脏热休克蛋白(hsp70、90) mRNA表达量的变化。结果显示，32℃高温条件下，2种规格斑石鲷呼吸频率呈先升高后降低的变化趋势，其中，50 g和200 g斑石鲷分别在0.3 h (20 min)和1 h时呼吸频率达最高值(P<0.05)。2种规格斑石鲷COR和GLU浓度皆呈先升高后降低的变化趋势，50 g斑石鲷COR浓度在1 h时显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05)，GLU浓度在6 h时显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05)；200 g斑石鲷COR浓度在1 h时显著低于50 g斑石鲷血清COR浓度(P<0.05)，恢复6 h后，COR浓度与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)，GLU浓度在高温胁迫期间一直处于较高水平，恢复12 h时与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。高温胁迫过程中，50 g斑石鲷WBC、RBC、HGB含量呈先上升后下降的趋势，200 g斑石鲷WBC、RBC、HCT处理组与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)，HGB含量呈先上升后下降的趋势，3 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。高温诱导2种规格斑石鲷肝脏组织中hsp70和hsp90 mRNA表达量皆呈先上升后下降的趋势，hsp70和hsp90 mRNA表达量分别在3 h和1 h达到最高(P<0.05)。上述指标在恢复正常温度(25℃) 12 h后，恢复至正常水平，同对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上，急性高温刺激显著增加了2种不同规格斑石鲷的呼吸频率、COR和GLU含量，上调了肝脏hsp70和hsp90 mRNA表达，小规格的斑石鲷应对高温胁迫具有更强适应调节能力。相关结果为斑石鲷大型围栏养殖提供了有效数据支撑，同时也为进一步阐明斑石鲷高温耐受调控机制奠定了基础。     

南方地区斑石鲷养殖技术要点

<正>斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus),俗称斑鲷、花金鼓、黑金鼓,属鲈形目、石鲷科、石鲷属鱼类(图1),自然资源稀少,无明显的盛渔期。分布于朝鲜、日本、台湾岛以及中国南海、东海、黄海等海域,属温、热带近海沿岸中下层鱼类,喜栖息于岩礁或珊瑚礁海域。斑石鲷不仅体态优美,而且肉质鲜美,营养价值和药用价值极高,是一种具有养殖前景的优良经济鱼类。2014年山东莱州明波水产有限公司成功培育出斑石鲷人工鱼苗,为国     

斑石鲷肾脏细胞系的建立、特征分析及其免疫相关基因的表达分析

斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)是我国重要的海水养殖鱼类, 本研究以斑石鲷肾脏组织为材料, 建立了斑石鲷肾脏组织细胞系(O. punctatus kidney cell line, OPK)。斑石鲷肾脏细胞系生长旺盛, 目前已成功传至 34 代。本研究检测了不同 FBS 浓度对斑石鲷肾脏细胞生长的影响, 结果表明最适生长 FBS 浓度为 20%。将 OPK 细胞液氮冷冻复苏后, 细胞具有活性, 可正常生长和传代。核型分析结果显示, 第 24 代斑石鲷肾脏细胞系核型为正常二倍体核型(2n=2sm+46t)。将 Cy3-siRNA 转染到 OPK 细胞后, 可以成功表达荧光。对斑石鲷 OPK 细胞提取 DNA, 用斑石鲷线粒体色素细胞 C 氧化酶 I (CO I)基因进行检测, 结果表明该细胞系来源于斑石鲷。斑石鲷肾脏细胞系细胞在受到脂多糖(LPS)和聚肌胞苷酸(poly I∶C)刺激后能产生免疫反应, 免疫相关基因 IκB、IL-1β、IL-8 和 IRF3 的表达水平发生显著变化。本研究成功建立了斑石鲷肾脏细胞系, 可运用于斑石鲷基因功能分析、细胞遗传学、致病性细菌和病毒感染机制等研究, 可为斑石鲷的基础研究和细胞工程育种等提供重要的基础材料。     

MS-222和丁香油对黄条鰤麻醉效果研究

黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)是一种全球水域广泛分布的具有长距离洄游特性的大型大洋性鱼类,其生性凶猛、游泳速度快,人工养殖条件下对环境刺激的应激反应强烈。为开发适宜黄条鰤实验和生产操作的低应激处理技术,采用实验生态学、生理学手段,首次研究了2种温度条件下(20℃和24℃)、2种麻醉剂(MS-222和丁香油)对1龄黄条鰤的麻醉效果,通过行为判别与生理指标分析(皮质醇、肾上腺素和葡萄糖的水平),确定了2种麻醉剂对黄条 的最适麻醉时间、复苏时间和麻醉剂量。根据黄条鰤麻醉和复苏时的行为特征,将麻醉过程分为7个时期,复苏过程分为6个时期。在水温为20℃和24℃时,MS-222麻醉黄条 的最佳浓度分别为100~120 和100 mg/L,而丁香油的最佳浓度均为40 mg/L。在此条件下,实验鱼均可在3 min之内入麻,5 min之内复苏。随着麻醉剂浓度的增加,黄条鰤入麻时间呈缩短趋势,复苏时间呈延长趋势。水温的升高降低了入麻时间,而对复苏时间无明显影响。在水温20℃和24℃条件下,40 mg/L的丁香油麻醉黄条鰤后,血清皮质醇水平分别于6 h和12 h达峰值;在水温24℃条件下,100 mg/L的MS-222麻醉黄条鰤后,血清肾上腺素水平于12 h达峰值,其他各实验组血清肾上腺素、葡萄糖和皮质醇水平均在24 h达峰值。2种温度条件下,实验鱼血清中3种应激相关生理指标在复苏72 h后均显著降低至初始水平以下。本研究结果可为制定规范化的黄条鰤实验与养殖生产操作技术提供参考依据。     

生物素对斑石鲷生长与血清生化指标的影响

采用单因子实验设计方法,进行了饲料中添加生物素对斑石鲷生长和血清生化指标影响的研究,设计了6个不同生物素水平(0、0.01、0.05、0.25、1.25和6.25 mg/kg)的等氮等能饲料,投喂初始体重为(150.16±0.07)g的斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)10周。结果表明:随着饲料中生物素含量的增加,斑石鲷增重率和特定生长率显著提高,0.25mg/kg添加组生长性能最佳;0.01、0.05mg/kg添加组,总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量最高,组间差异不显著(P0.05);0.25mg/kg添加组甘油三酯含量最高;1.25mg/kg添加组总胆固醇含量最高;0.05mg/kg添加组血清超氧化物歧化酶活性最强。生长性能与血清各生化指标值均在0.00mg/kg添加组最小。可见,饲料中添加生物素可以显著提高斑石鲷的生长和血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。缺乏生物素,可导致斑石鲷体色变淡,摄食积极性下降;添加量不得当可威胁鱼体健康生长与营养价值。     

南方地区斑石鲷工厂化养殖试验

<正>斑石鲷(Oolegnathus punctatus),俗称斑鲷、花金鼓、黑金鼓,属石鲷科(Oplegnathidae),石鲷属(Oplegnathus)鱼类,分布于朝鲜、日本、台湾岛以及中国南海、东海、黄海等海域,属温、热带近海沿岸中下层鱼类,喜栖息于岩礁或珊瑚礁海域。在自然海域中,斑石鲷无明显的盛渔期,自然资源稀少。斑石鲷不仅体态优美、体色靓丽,而且食用和药用价值极高,素有"梦幻之鱼"、"矶钓之王"以     

不同养殖模式对斑石鲷鱼肉品质的影响及分析

以海水网箱养殖和海水工厂化养殖斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)的肉品质为研究对象,测定、比较其不同部位肌肉的质构参数(硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性、恢复性等)的差异,并对两种养殖模式下鱼肉的p H、水分活度、电导率等参数进行测定。结果显示,两种养殖模式的斑石鲷鱼肉p H和水分活度无明显差异(P0.05),电导率有显著差异(P0.05)。质构参数中,两种模式的斑石鲷鱼肉的硬度、弹性和胶着性均有显著差异(P0.05),内聚性、咀嚼性和恢复性则无显著差异(P0.05)。综合分析认为,不同的养殖条件下斑石鲷鱼肉的品质特性有较大差异,总体上,网箱养殖的斑石鲷鱼肉品质要优于海水工厂化养殖的鱼肉品质。     

美国红鱼游泳体能分配模型及其在海区选址中的应用

以深水网箱养殖的美国红鱼为研究对象,通过研究其游泳时主要能量物质和代谢产物的变化规律,构建美国红鱼的游泳体能分配模型,最后结合特定的潮流规律,建立养殖海区最大潮流选择的理论方法。结果显示,美国红鱼游泳过程中,血糖浓度会显著提高,肌糖原有少量减少,肝糖原会显著降低,鱼类游泳接近疲劳时,肝糖原浓度亦接近耗尽;美国红鱼以较高速度游泳过程中,血乳酸和肌乳酸浓度会有较明显的增加,表明美国红鱼游泳过程伴随着无氧呼吸和有氧呼吸两种能量物质代谢过程。本实验提出以肝糖原浓度作为判定鱼类持续游泳能力的重要指标,并建立了基于肝糖原储能消耗的美国红鱼游泳体能分配模型。最后基于美国红鱼体能分配模型,结合养殖海区潮流规律,提出了美国红鱼养殖海区最大潮流流速选择的计算方法。研究表明,本实验提出的鱼类游泳体能分配模型构建方法以及鱼类养殖海区潮流选择论证方法,可为相关研究提供新的途径,为深水网箱、浅海围网等海洋养殖模式的海区潮流选址提供科学的参考依据。     

草鱼、银鲫和青鱼捕捞后的应激反应

分别评价了捕捞对草食性(草鱼)、杂食性(银鲫)和肉食性(青鱼)鲤科鱼类血液指标(血浆史质醇、葡萄糖和乳酸浓度)、肝糖原含量和两种肝脏糖酵解酶(己糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶)活性的影响。结果显示:草鱼、银鲫和青鱼捕捞后血浆史质醇、葡萄糖和乳酸浓度均显著升高;草鱼和青鱼捕捞后2 h时肝糖原含量呈下降趋势,但银鲫捕捞前、后肝糖原含量未出现显著变化;捕捞前、后青鱼血糖浓度显著高于草鱼和银鲫。银鲫肝糖原含量显著高于草鱼和青鱼,其捕捞后血浆葡萄糖和乳酸浓度增加幅度较小,这意味着捕捞后银鲫应激反应强度相对较低。草鱼和银鲫捕捞后肝脏己糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶活性未发生显著变化,青鱼捕捞后2 h己糖激酶活性显著下降,这意味着捕捞应激后血糖升高未导致草鱼、银鲫和青鱼的肝脏糖酵解酶活性增强。     

Effects of cortisol on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and responsiveness to hormones in the sea raven,Hemitripterus americanus

The sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, is a sit-and-wait, low metabolic rate, marine teleost. The objective of this study was to determine i) whether cortisol implantation (50 mg. kg^-1) for 7 days altered hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine, glucagon and insulin, and ii) whether 8 weeks of food-deprivation modified the above response. Cortisol implantation significantly increased hepatocyte total glucose production and oxidation from alanine compared to the sham group. There was no cortisol effect on glycogen breakdown, suggesting that the activation of other pathways, including gluconeogenesis, are required to account for the increased glucose production. Epinephrine-mediated (10^-5M) glycogen breakdown and insulin-mediated (10^-8M) total glucose production were enhanced in hepatocytes of cortisol implanted sea ravens, but there were no change in any glucagon (10^-7M) effects. The enhanced glycogen breakdown in the absence of similar increases in total glucose production with epinephrine indicates mobilization of carbohydrate reserves for endogenous use by the liver. Food-deprivation for 8 weeks significantly decreased condition factor, plasma cortisol concentration and liver glycogen content in the sea raven, but had no effect on plasma glucose concentration. Hepatocyte total glucose production and flux rates from alanine increased significantly with food-deprivation. Moreover, food-deprivation increased responsiveness of total hepatocyte glucose production to the actions of glucagon and insulin, but not to epinephrine; none of these effects were modified by cortisol implantation. Our results indicate that cortisol in the sea raven exerts both a direct and an indirect or permissive effect on hepatocyte metabolism by modifying hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine and insulin stimulation. Cortisol implantation did not modify the effects of glucagon or food-deprivation in this species.     

有水与无水保活运输对大菱鲆生理应激及鱼肉品质的影响

为探究大菱鲆分别在有水及无水条件下运输过程中生理生化指标及肌肉品质的变化,为大菱鲆的保活运输提供参考。将大菱鲆进行暂养、降温、充氧包装后进行模拟运输,并在运输不同时间段取样,检测大菱鲆生理生化指标及肌肉指标。结果显示,模拟运输18 h后,有水运输组和无水运输组中的大菱鲆存活率仍为100%。大菱鲆肌肉中水分含量、粗脂肪、pH、糖原、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和腺苷酸(AMP)含量显著降低,乳酸和肌苷酸(IMP)含量升高。其中,有水运输组中的大菱鲆AMP含量降低了38.65%,IMP含量增加了29.1%,无水运输组中的大菱鲆AMP含量降低了12.83%,IMP含量增加了28.47%。大菱鲆血液生化指标中,葡萄糖、尿素氮和皮质醇含量显著升高。运输过程后,无水运输组中大菱鲆生理应激及能量代谢指标的变化幅度均小于有水运输处理组中的大菱鲆。此外,低温无水运输组大菱鲆肌肉中呈味核苷酸IMP和AMP含量显著高于有水运输组,表明低温无水运输增加了大菱鲆呈鲜味物质的含量,提高了鱼肉风味。研究表明,低温无水保活技术在活鱼运输中具有广泛的应用前景。     

Stress and metabolic indicators in a relatively high (European sea bass,Dicentrarchus labrax) and a low (meagre,Argyrosomus regius) cortisol responsive species,in different water temperatures

The aim of this study was to examine species‐specific differences in pre‐ and post‐stress concentrations of haematological, metabolic and hormonal parameters in two Mediterranean fish species, one with relatively high (European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax) and the other with low (meagre, Argyrosomus regius) basal and post‐stress blood cortisol concentrations, in relation to different water temperatures. Fish were reared in net‐pen sea cages and exposed to an identical acute stressor (crowding and chasing with a net for 5 min) in three different periods of the year. Results indicated that inter‐specific differences occurred in most of the examined parameters. In addition, within each species, differences between sampling periods existed in plasma cortisol, glucose, osmolarity, blood pH and muscle glycogen concentration. Glucose, lactate and osmotic pressure showed a constant pattern of change, with maxima at half an hour post stress in both species, while cortisol, and blood and muscle pH, were significantly altered only in E. sea bass. No alterations were observed in liver and muscle glycogen concentrations in E. sea bass, while a significant reduction was evident only in the coldest temperature in meagre. It is concluded that there are important species‐specific differences in the magnitude of hormonal and metabolic response to acute stress and that both basal and post‐stress blood cortisol concentrations are affected by the sampling period.     

基于氨氮平衡的水产养殖换水率计算方法研究

为进一步掌握海水养殖鱼类氮排泄的规律,准确计算养殖所需换水率(量),为深远海大型养殖平台养殖模式与系统设计提供基础数据和技术支撑。研究了斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)在不同投饲频率条件下的排氨情况,分析了维持氨氮平衡所需换水率的优化计算方法,并通过流水实验进行验证。结果显示,斑石鲷在空腹、日投喂1、2、3次等4种条件下,水体氨氮质量浓度随时间变化基本呈线性增长趋势,排氨率平均值分别为(6.23±6.71)、(18.16±11.90)、(21.69±17.52)和(17.98±12.93)mg/(kg·h)。根据物质平衡原理,提出基于氨氮平衡的换水量计算方法。以该计算方法获得换水率分别为0.18、0.55、0.66和0.55次/h。验证实验中,设计养殖密度13.4 kg/m~3,计算所需换水率为1.09次/h(换水量0.147 m~3/h)。在该条件下的流水养殖实验结果表明,氨氮能够稳定维持在设计要求范围内。     

Effect of handling and fish size on secondary changes in carbohydrate metabolism in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Two size groups (0.5 and 3 kg) of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were stressed by netting and transport from sea cages into land-based tanks. Handling lasted for 1 h. Before onset of stress, basal concentrations of haematocrit and haemoglobin, plasma cortisol and glucose, and liver and muscle glycogen were measured. All levels were within ranges reported for salmon. After handling and at chosen time intervals during recovery, samples were taken to judge the impact of handling and whether secondary changes in carbohydrate metabolism were related of fish size. A low cortisol peak indicated a mild stress reaction after handling independent to fish size. Plasma glucose peaked as cortisol declined, and returned to basal levels within 48 h. Liver glycogen seemed to be the main source of plasma glucose. No changes were measured in muscle glycogen concentrations. The results indicate a high tolerance to handling stress in Atlantic salmon independent of fish size.     

Water quality and physiological response of F1 hybrid seabream (Pagrus major♀ × Acanthopagrus schlegelii♂) to transport stress at different densities

Hybrid seabream (Pagrus major♀ × Acanthopagrus schlegelii♂) grow quickly, with retarded gonadal growth and enhanced muscle nutritional composition. This F₁ hybrid seabream is a new marine aquaculture fish in China. However, the response of hybrid seabream to transport is severe, which seriously restricts its promotion and development. Water quality and the physiological response of hybrid sea bream were studied at three fish transport densities (5, 10 and 20 g/L) during 8 hr of transport in a light van (60 km hr^?1 and 25°C water temperature). We found that total ammonia–nitrogen and nitrite–nitrogen levels in the water of the highest density group increased sharply after 4 and 8 hr of transport. Cumulative survival of the fish in the 10 and 20 g/L groups (86.7% and 75% respectively) was significantly lower than in the 5 g/L group (100%) after 8 hr of transport (p < .05). Serum cortisol and lactate levels were significantly higher after transport than pre‐stress levels, whereas the glucose level decreased significantly (p < .05). Hepatic triglyceride and glycogen levels and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly lower in the 20 g/L group than in the 5 g/L group (p < .05). The results show that high‐density transport increased ammonia–nitrogen and nitrite–nitrogen levels in the water as well as cortisol secretion and anaerobic metabolism in the F₁ hybrid seabream, suggesting that total cholesterol and glycogen may be used to supply the energy demand and increased oxidative stress. These results will help to optimize the transport conditions for cultured hybrid seabream.     

电麻醉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼麻醉效应与血液生化指标的影响

为研究电麻醉工艺对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼麻醉效应与血液生化指标的影响,将暂养24 h后的石斑鱼投入电击箱,采用脉冲直流电压对鱼体进行电击,以未电击组作为对照组,通过计算麻醉率、休眠时间和72 h存活率作为其麻醉效应的评价指标,优选100 V、110 V和120 V 3组电压,通过测定血液中48 h内的谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖、乳酸和皮质醇6项血液生化指标,分析鱼体的生理应激情况。结果显示:通电时间一定时,电压越大,麻醉率越高,休眠时间越长,存活率越低;试验鱼在电刺激期与电紧张期停留时间越短;100 V、110 V、120 V电压均能对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼完全麻醉且72 h存活率为100%。100 V试验组平均休眠时间17.0±3.84 min,且各项生化指标均优于其他试验组;与对照组相比,除谷草转氨酶数值较对照组明显上升外,谷丙转氨酶活力、乳酸脱氢酶活力均显著性低于对照组,血清中葡萄糖、乳酸以及皮质醇含量与对照组差异不显著。研究表明,采用100 V标准脉冲直流电电击3 s对鱼体没有永久性损伤,是一种耗时短、伤害小的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的麻醉方式,可以提升珍珠龙胆石斑鱼保活运输过程中的品质与效率。     

Behavioral Interactions in Juvenile Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus

Behavioral interactions among juvenile channel catfish, "Ictalurus punctatus," were observed, and fixed action patterns were described and anlyzed. Dominant fish engaged regularly in aggressive activities and never in submissive activities, whereas subordinate fish were observed in submissive activities on a regular basis and rarely in those that were aggressive. Activity levels were significantly higher in dominant fish; however, there was no difference in activity levels between pairs of equal and unequal size fish. A factor analysis indicated that there were three general categoris of behavior in juvenile channel catfish. In addition, two behaviors (which appeared to be displacement activities) were functioning in agnostic encounters. Plasma cortisol concentrations measured in sigle fish and pairs of fish in aquaria and individuals from a holding tank indicated that the least amount of stress occurred in fish that were not interacting with any other individuals. Cortisol levels, however, were lower that those associated with stress levels in fish from other studies.     

拥挤胁迫对草鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响

在实验室条件下利用放养密度和放养时间构建组间差异,模拟养殖过程中草鱼所面临的拥挤胁迫。胁迫第7、14、30、60d后采样测量免疫指标。结果表明,高密度组(80g·L-1)的血清溶菌酶活性在胁迫后开始升高,并于14d时达峰值,以后逐渐下降,呈倒"U"型趋势。血清杀菌活性随放养密度的剧增而锐减(P<0.005)。白细胞比容在各组间未显示明显差异。而在30d和60d所测的高密度组草鱼的头肾巨噬细胞吞噬百分率和吞噬指数结果显示,高密度组低于对照组(P<0.05)。60d后用嗜水气单胞菌进行攻毒实验,高密度组死亡率高达75.0%,中密度组也达到了63.6%,而对照组只有25.0%。同期所测的脾脏脏器系数显示无论高密度组还是中密度组均显著低于对照组(P<0.01),且经解剖和正常鱼对比,发现其脾脏已明显萎缩。各实验组血清皮质醇浓度均在胁迫初期达到最大值,随后降低,至实验后期基本恢复到正常水平。