雅鲁藏布江尖裸鲤胚胎和仔稚鱼发育的研究

尖裸鲤(Oxygymnocypris stewartii)成熟卵呈圆形,黄色,沉性,卵径(2.57±0.07)mm,受精卵吸水充分膨胀后卵径为(3.22±0.07)mm。水温9.5～11.8℃,尖裸鲤胚胎发育历时265h,根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征,将其分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和孵化共8个阶段、32个时期。出膜仔鱼全长(10.27±0.15)mm,出膜20d后卵黄耗尽,全长(15.22±0.27)mm。出膜后80d,鱼苗全长(23.65±0.59)mm,臀鳞出现,各鳍均已出现,鱼苗侧线全部形成且清晰,体色和体型接近成鱼。尖裸鲤早期发育的特点反映了其对雅鲁藏布江水域的适应性。报道了尖裸鲤胚胎发育和仔稚鱼发育的生物学特性,为雅鲁藏布江特有鱼类资源保护利用提供科学依据和理论基础。     

雅砻江硬刺松潘裸鲤的胚胎及仔鱼发育研究

研究硬刺松潘裸鲤(Gymnocypris potanini firmispinatus)早期生活史阶段的发育规律,为松潘裸鲤的亚种分化研究、规模化人工繁殖和苗种培育提供理论依据。松潘裸鲤亲鱼采自雅砻江支流安宁河流域。雌鱼6~13龄,全长12.1~24.2cm,体重16.1~115.8g;雄鱼3~9龄,全长8.2~14.5cm,体重5.2~23.8g。结果显示,硬刺松潘裸鲤受精卵呈圆形,黄色,卵径(2.82±0.10)mm;水温(16±1)℃下,硬刺松潘裸鲤的胚胎发育历时183h45min,胚胎发育过程分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和出膜共8个阶段、31个时期;出膜仔鱼全长(7.82±0.19)mm;出膜10d后,仔鱼的鳃、口、胸鳍、尾鳍、鳔、肠道等功能器官先后形成;出膜13d后卵黄囊消失,全长(14.33±0.51)mm;出膜40d后各鳍基本长成,体型和体色接近成鱼,进入幼鱼阶段。硬刺松潘裸鲤为地区重要的小型经济鱼类,主要分布在雅砻江中游各大干支流中,在形态和生态上形成一系列的适应性,早期发育过程与其栖息的环境同样具有一定的适应性。     

俄罗斯鲤胚胎发育观察

使用显微镜连续观察俄罗斯鲤的胚胎发育过程,描述并摄像记录胚胎发育各时期的形态特征和生物学事件。结果显示,俄罗斯鲤的受精卵为粘性卵,呈淡黄色,卵径约1．2mm,吸水后可达2—3mm,卵质分布均匀;胚胎发育过程可分为受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官发生和孵化7个阶段,共29个典型时期;19～20℃水温下,受精卵约64小时孵出仔鱼,初孵仔鱼体长约7mm。     

新疆裸重唇鱼胚胎及早期仔鱼发育的形态观察

2016年4月1日—4月19日,在水温12～14℃下采用催产、人工授精和室内孵化方式获得暂养的野生新疆裸重唇鱼Gymnodiptychus dybowskii受精卵和仔鱼,观察其胚胎发育和早期仔鱼的形态特征。结果显示:新疆裸重唇鱼成熟鱼卵为亮黄色或橙色,卵径(2.2±0.28)mm,受精约35min后卵周隙达到最大,卵径2.90～3.40mm,卵黄约占卵体积的3/5。整个发育过程可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期6个阶段。在水温(16±2)℃下,胚胎发育积温为2 359h·℃,187h仔鱼上浮。研究结果表明,新疆裸重唇鱼的胚胎发育特征与新疆地区其他几种裂腹鱼类存在一定差异。     

长丰鲢胚胎发育的初步观察

在(24±1)℃温度条件下观察长丰鲢(Changfeng silver carp)受精卵发育过程及其胚胎发育各个时期的形态特征。结果显示:长丰鲢受精卵为漂流性卵(半浮性卵),无油球,细胞质均匀分布,卵径为(1.55±0.05)mm,吸水后卵膜膨大,卵径达到(5.10±0.40)mm。在水温(24±1)℃的条件下,胚胎发育总历时为(28.5±1.0)h,胚胎发育过程所需总积温为(685.0±62.3)℃獉h。长丰鲢受精卵卵裂方式与其他家鱼一样,属于盘状卵裂,本文依据胚胎发育各阶段的形态特征,将其划分为7个连续发育的关键阶段,18个不同的时期,分别为受精卵期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官发生期和出膜期。     

拟目乌贼的胚胎发育

采捕野生拟目乌贼进行室内培育,利用显微成像系统观察其胚胎发育过程.结果表明,拟目乌贼受精卵乳白色,半透明,呈椭圆形,乳头状,一端呈圆环状套住附卵基质,如葡萄般成串有规律地聚集一起.刚产出的受精卵长径为(39.7±1.7) mm,短径为(17.1±1.1) mm,体质量为(4.3±0.2)g.胚胎呈椭圆形,长径(8.85±0.41) mm,短径为(7.74±0.54) mm.在水温为27℃,盐度为30条件下,孵化第10天卵粒变得最小,长径为(27.2±0.6) mm,短径为(13.3±0.6)mm,体质量为(2.02±0.02)g.第11天后受精卵开始膨大,孵化前受精卵长径为(32.7±0.8) mm,短径为(19.3±0.6)mm,体质量为(4.68±0.02)g.胚胎发育分为11个阶段:受精卵期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、胚体形成期、器官形成期、红珠期、心跳出现期、色素出现期、内骨骼形成期和孵化期.胚胎发育历时20 d,初孵乌贼胴长(8.1±0.2)mm,胴宽(6.1±0.2) mm,体质量(0.18 ±0.02)g.     

黄河裸裂尻鱼胚胎发育和双头鱼形态初步观察

采用观察法和描述法对黄河裸裂尻鱼胚胎发育进行试验研究。黄河裸裂尻鱼成熟卵卵径(2.3±0.1)mm,卵为淡黄色、微粘性,吸水后失去粘性;受精卵在(16.5±0.7)℃下历时约165 h20 min,经过卵裂阶段、囊胚阶段、原肠胚阶段、器官发生阶段、出膜阶段等一系列过程孵化出膜。初孵仔鱼全长(10.1±0.2)mm。128细胞期开始出现卵黄运动,随后运动加剧,但在器官发生阶段不明显。1尾雌鱼孵化出的1.4万尾仔鱼中有约1.1万尾为双头。双头鱼有3种形态,发育至第21天全部死亡。     

乌原鲤的胚胎发育特征

通过干法授精获得乌原鲤受精卵,对其胚胎发育全过程进行连续观察。结果显示,乌原鲤成熟卵子呈圆球形、亮黄色、具黏性,卵径1.68~1.98mm,吸水膨胀后卵径2.28~2.57mm。水温(20±1)℃时,受精卵至出膜时长为80.8h,积温1616.0℃·h。乌原鲤胚胎发育与其他鱼类胚胎发育过程相似,历经受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成至出膜6阶段,各发育阶段所需积温分别为44.4、136.0、127.0、130.2、55.0、1123.4℃·h。出膜阶段历时47.45h,初孵仔鱼自尾部破膜孵出,全长约6.10mm,体高1.60mm。温度对乌原鲤胚胎发育及出膜阶段影响明显,水温(20±1)℃比水温(15±1)℃胚胎仔鱼出膜时间更早、出膜更同步、出膜时段更集中。     

斑鱾胚胎发育初步观察

通过对人工网箱养殖4年的斑鱾(Girella punctata Gray)亲鱼进行LHRH-A3激素催产,获得自然产卵的受精卵,于实验室中进行培育孵化,连续观察斑鱾胚胎发育的全过程。实验结果表明,斑鱾受精卵呈圆形,卵径0.882±0.041 mm、卵黄直径0.807±0.036 mm,具1个圆形油球,油球径为0.266±0.023 mm。在孵化水温23±0.5℃、盐度33.8条件下历时28 h 20 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,初孵仔鱼全长1.574±0.109mm。胚胎发育过程可划分为6个阶段,即受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期,包括27个发育时期。实验旨在了解斑鱾的胚胎发育规律,为开展斑鱾的人工繁殖提供基础资料。     

扁吻鱼胚胎发育及仔稚鱼形态与生长观察研究

文章采用干法受精获取受精卵的方法,对扁吻鱼(Aspiorhynchus laticeps)胚胎发育和仔稚鱼的形态变化进行观察。研究结果表明,扁吻鱼卵为沉性卵,卵细胞呈青灰色、微黏性。该次孵化共获取成熟卵21.45×104粒,受精率88.95%,孵化率93.27%。扁吻鱼成熟卵卵径(2.46±0.13)mm,受精卵吸水后膨胀,卵径(3.42±0.15)mm。根据胚胎发育的外部形态和典型特征将其分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和孵化共8个阶段,整个胚胎发育耗时115.72 h,所需积温3765.42℃·h。初孵仔鱼全长(7.58±0.31)mm,从初孵到卵黄吸收完全历时9 d,全长特定生长率为(3.63±0.68)%。仔鱼后期历时36 d,全长特定生长率为(3.51±2.10)%。稚鱼期历时63 d,全长特定生长率为(1.32±0.17)%,与仔鱼前期和仔鱼后期差异显著(P<0.05)。1年后幼鱼全长(15.71±0.89)cm,体质量(28.29±6.15)g,体色和体型接近成鱼。     

光照对黄盖鲽仔鱼生长_发育及摄食的影响

光照对黄盖鲽仔鱼的生长、发育及摄食有显著影响,各组仔鱼的体长与体高在２０日时均产生极显著的差异;Ｄｕｎｃａｎ多范围检验表明：４０－６０ｌｘ光照度下仔鱼生长最好;在４０－７０００ｌｘ范围内随光照度的增强,生长则变差,存活率下降,畸形个体增加,暗条件下及３－６ｌｘ条件下的仔鱼在１２日龄时全部因饥饰物而死亡。在卵黄囊期的各组仔鱼不受外界环境影响,生长情况近似。４０－７０００ｌｘ光照度之间的５且在４日龄至     

Role of urine in the spawning of female rose bitterling,Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus

This study clarified the spawning mechanism of female rose bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus, with special emphasis on the physical role of urine. Ovulated females ingested a significantly greater quantity of water by drinking than non-ovulated fish. The body weight of ovulated females increased about 1.3% while it decreased 1.0% in non-ovulated females. Urine volume in the urinary bladder increased rapidly before spawning, synchronized with the spawning cycle. On the other hand, little urine remained in specimens which had completed spawning. Histological observation demonstrated that the oviduct and the ureter joined at the proximal part of the ovipositor. On the basis of these anatomical and physiological results, it is proposed that urine plays the physical role of pushing the ovulated eggs through the elongated ovipositor during spawning.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

Effects of substance P and distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in nerves supplying the stomach of the cod,Gadus morhua

The innervation of the cod stomach by neurons showing substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI), and the effect and mechanism of action of substance P (SP) on the vascularly perfused cod stomach and on isolated muscle strip preparations from the pyloric sphincter have been investigated. Infusion of SP produced a contraction of the stomach wall, which could not be blocked by tetrodotoxin, atropine or methysergide, indicating a direct effect on the stomach smooth muscle. Similarly, the contraction produced by SP on preparations from the pyloric sphincter was unaffected by tetrodotoxin. Nerves showing SPLI were frequent in the myenteric plexus of the whole stomach, and in the submucosa and mucosa of the pyloric part of the stomach. SPLI was also observed in fibres in the intestinal branch of the vagus and occasionally in the splanchnic nerves. Ligation of the nerves showed an accumulation of SPLI above as well as below the ligature, being more prominent proximal to the ligature in the vagus and distal to the ligature in the splanchnic nerve. In the vagus nerve, descending and ascending SPLI-fibres were seen surrounding non-reactive cell bodies. No reduction in intensity of the immunoreaction of the neurons in the stomach wall was observed after ligation or sectioning of the vagosympathetic trunk or the splanchnic nerves, nor were SP-levels measured by radioimmunoassay reduced. After denervation of vagal branches close to the stomach wall an insignificant decrease of immunoreactivity was observed in the myenteric plexus. Capsaicin treatment had no conclusive effect on the distribution of SPLI. It is concluded that the innervation showing SPLI may be of intrinsic as well as extrinsic origin, with pathways in both vagal and splanchnic branches. Only a direct effect of SP on the smooth muscle could be demonstrated.     

Urea cycle enzymes through the development of pacu (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Piaractus mesopotamicus</Emphasis>): the role of ornithine carbamoyl transferase

The present work reports the activities of urea cycle enzymes during the ontogenic development of the teleost pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Urea cycle enzymes from the kidney and liver of adult fish were compared with those from the fish's embryonic phases. Samples were evaluated over all phases of embryonic development, the larval period and alevin. Ammonia and urea concentrations were determined during embryogenesis and in the plasma of adult fish. Except for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-III (CPS-III), all enzymes of the urea cycle were expressed in the larvae and alevins as well as in the liver and kidney of adult fish. In spite of the low level of activity of the ornithine urea cycle (OUC) enzymes compared to those in mammals, and the low levels of tissue urea concentration compared to ammonia, the ureogenesis was evaluated in pacu. Ammonia seems to be the main nitrogenous waste during embryonic development. In this phase glutamine synthetase (GS) may play a role in ammonia detoxification, and the OUC enzymes can be individually involved in functions other than urea production. The presence of ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) in all developmental phases of pacu and in the adult liver and kidney suggests that this enzyme is performing different metabolic pathways. OCT in the kidney, wherein the activity is less than in the liver, should work in the biosynthesis of polyamines and control the arginine plasma concentration given that renal arginase and argininosuccinate synthetase-argininosuccinate lyase are more active than from the liver. We suppose that OCT during the embryogenesis is a control step regulating the cellular concentration of ornithine for polyamines synthesis.     

Predicting skipjack tuna forage distributions in the equatorial Pacific using a coupled dynamical bio-geochemical model

Skipjack tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) contributes ≈70% of the total tuna catch in the Pacific Ocean. This species occurs in the upper mixed-layer throughout the equatorial region, but the largest catches are taken from the warmpool in the western equatorial Pacific. Analysis of catch and effort data for US purse seine fisheries in the western Pacific has demonstrated that one of the most successful fishing grounds is located in the vicinity of a convergence zone between the warm (>28–29°C) low-salinity water of the warmpool and the cold saline water of equatorial upwelling in the central Pacific (Lehodey et al ., 1997). This zone of convergence, identified by a well-marked salinity front and approximated by the 28.5°C isotherm, oscillates zonally over several thousands of km in correlation with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. The present study focuses on the prediction of skipjack tuna forage that is expected to be a major factor in explaining the basin-scale distribution of the stock. It could also explain the close relation between displacements of skipjack tuna and the convergence zone on the eastern edge of the warmpool. A simple bio-geochemical model was coupled with a general circulation model, allowing reasonable predictions of new primary production in the equatorial Pacific from mid-1992 to mid-1995. The biological transfer of this production toward tuna forage was simply parameterized according to the food chain length and redistributed by the currents using the circulation model. Tuna forage accumulated in the convergence zone of the horizontal currents, which corresponds to the warmpool/equatorial upwelling boundary. Predicted forage maxima corresponded well with high catch rates.     

Effects of a mix of Bacillus sp. as a potential probiotic for Florida pompano,common snook and red drum larvae performances and digestive enzyme activities

This study examined the effect of a commercial mix of Bacillus sp. on survival, growth and digestive enzyme activities of Florida pompano, red drum and common snook. Larvae were fed either live feed enriched with Algamac 3050 (Control), Algamac 3050 and probiotics (PB), or the previous diet combined with a daily addition of probiotics to the tank water (PB+). Survival was not affected by the treatments for any of the species. At the end of the pompano and snook trial, standard lengths of larvae from the PB and PB+ treatments were significantly greater than for the control larvae. Microbiological analyses were performed at the end of the pompano trial, and numbers of presumptive Vibrio were not a concern in the system. For both pompano and snook, trypsin‐specific activity was higher in PB and PB+ larvae compared with the control larvae. Similarly, alkaline phosphatase activity was higher for the pompano larvae fed the PB and PB+ treatments and for the snook larvae fed the PB+ treatment compared with the control larvae. This experiment suggests that a mix of Bacillus sp. can promote growth through an early maturation of the digestive system during the early larval stages of pompano and snook.     

First report on the autochthonous gut microbiota of brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus)

A study was conducted to characterize the autochthonous gut microbiota present in the pyloric caeca (PC), anterior mucosa (AM) and posterior mucosa (PM) of brown trout (Salmo trutta). Total viable counts (TVC) bacterial populations were enumerated using tryptone soy agar, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) levels were enumerated on de Man, Rogosa & Sharpe agar and PCR‐DGGE was employed as a culture‐independent method to assess the total communities. No significant differences were observed between the different gut regions for TVC or LAB levels. 16S rRNA sequencing identified all LAB isolates as Carnobacterium maltaromaticum. In contrast, the TVC community was more diverse; Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were present but all gut regions were dominated by Proteobacteria, accounting for 88.4–92.6% of the communities. Citrobacter freundii was the dominant species and accounted for 51.0–57.8% of the isolates. Complex bacterial communities were observed using PCR‐DGGE and a trend towards the reduction in the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), microbial richness and microbial diversity was observed from the PC to the PM. The similarity between regions was low (52–68%) and cluster analysis revealed that the communities grouped into two distinct clusters; one dominated by the PM samples and the other contained the AM and PC samples. OTUs from the DGGE were identified as members of the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Many OTUs were detected in all gastrointestinal regions, however, some OTUs showed regional specialization. Further studies are required to elucidate the activity of these genera in situ and how their actions impact the host.