企鹅珍珠贝微卫星分子标记的筛选

运用生物素与链霉亲和素的强亲和性原理,用生物素-磁珠吸附微卫星富集法,筛选企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria penguin)的微卫星分子标记序列,进而对南海区企鹅珍珠贝的遗传多样性进行分析。对136个菌落中的85个阳性克隆进行微卫星测序,获得64个序列,达到85.93%。所得到的55个重复6次以上的微卫星序列中,除生物素探针中使用的CA重复外,还得到TG、TC、GA的重复序列。重复序列中完美型36个,占65.5%;不完美型14个,占25.5%;混合型5个,占9.1%。利用Primer Premier5.0设计引物40对,合成其中的20对并进行PCR筛选,15对可扩增出特异性条带。研究表明,筛选出的企鹅珍珠贝微卫星分子标记可用于进一步的遗传多样性分析。     

珍珠贝基于16S rRNA基因序列的亲缘关系研究

利用PCR技术分别扩增合浦珠母贝（Pinctada fucata）、长耳珠母贝（P.chemnitzi）和企鹅珍珠贝（Pteria penguin）的16S rRNA基因片段，PCR产物直接测序，删去引物及部分端部序列后，得到439bp可供分析的核苷酸片段，用MEGA3．1软件分析了核苷酸差异。结果表明，合浦珠母贝种内个体间序列完全相同，长耳珠母贝种内个体间有2个颠换（Transversion）突变位点，而企鹅珍珠贝种内个体间有1个转换（Transision）突变位点，5个颠换（Transversion）突变位点。与GenBank数据库中其他9种珍珠贝的序列进行比较，得到464个同源比对位点，包括51个插入／缺失位点和231个变异位点（173个简约信息位点和53个单突变子）。合浦珠母贝与长耳珠母贝的同源性为83．2％，合浦珠母贝、长耳珠母贝与企鹅珍珠贝的同源性分别为55．4％和59％。NJ系统进化树表明合浦珠母贝和长耳珠母贝与珠母贝属的种类聚在一起，而企鹅珍珠贝与珍珠贝属的种类聚在一起，与形态学分类一致。     

企鹅珍珠贝和马氏珠母贝软体部脂肪酸组成

对企鹅珍珠贝和马氏珠母贝软体部脂肪进行了提取和测定。结果表明,企鹅珍珠贝和马氏珠母贝软体部脂肪含量分别为8.3%和9.6%。企鹅珍珠贝脂肪酸中DHA EPA的总含量为39.71%,比马氏珠母贝脂肪酸中DHA EPA的总含量(30.86%)高。2种珍珠贝软体部脂肪酸均具有重要的开发利用价值。     

企鹅珍珠贝的养殖方法比较

企鹅珍珠贝为大型珍珠贝类,而且具有生长快、抗病力强、以及分泌珍珠质速度快等优势。在海南已经小规模用来培养附壳珍珠。但是养殖时稚贝成活率仍旧偏低,这严重制约企鹅珍珠贝的产业化发展。笔者从养殖方法入手,经过调查统计分析,确定企鹅珍珠贝的成活率与不同养殖方式有一定相关性。     

海南企鹅珍珠贝游离珍珠培育技术

企鹅珍珠贝在我国广西、广东、台湾和海南都有分布,主产地为海南。企鹅珍珠贝对环境具有显著的耐受能力和适应性,生长快,个体大,具有培育直径较大珍珠的潜力。国内有少量企鹅珍珠贝培育游离珍珠的报道,但其生产实践仅限于广东徐闻、海南陵水的极个别企业的小规模尝试。由于仍然沿     

企鹅珍珠贝珍珠培育技术的研究现状

本文介绍了企鹅珍珠贝的生物学特性,对国内外企鹅珍珠贝人工育苗、养殖、育珠、遗传和病害防治技术研究现状进行了综述,提出了研究建议。     

温度和盐度对企鹅珍珠贝清滤率、滤食率、吸收率的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了温度和盐度对企鹅珍珠贝清滤率、滤食率、吸收率的影响,结果表明,(1) 在盐度28.3～29.1条件下,温度对企鹅珍珠贝的清滤率、滤食率和吸收率产生极显著的影响(P＜0.01)；在实验温度(14～32 ℃)范围内,随温度的升高,企鹅珍珠贝的清滤率、滤食率和吸收率增大,29 ℃时均达峰值,分别为0.87 L/h、4.17 mg POM/h和84.01%；温度为32 ℃时,企鹅珍珠贝的清滤率、滤食率和吸收率较29 ℃时均下降,但3个生理指标仍处于较高水平,表明企鹅珍珠贝属典型热带和亚热带品种,表现出对高温的较强适应性；23～32 ℃为企鹅珍珠贝较适宜摄食温度,29 ℃左右为该贝的最佳摄食温度。(2) 在温度27.4～27.8 ℃条件下,盐度对企鹅珍珠贝的清滤率、滤食率和吸收率影响极显著(P＜0.01)；在实验盐度(19～37)范围内,随盐度的升高,企鹅珍珠贝的清滤率、滤食率和吸收率增大,盐度为31时均达最大值,分别为0.36 L/h、1.87 mg POM/h和76.95%；盐度为34和37时均下降；盐度为34时,3个摄食生理指标仍呈现较高水平,表明企鹅珍珠贝属典型的狭盐性贝类,表现出对高盐的较强适应性；企鹅珍珠贝较适宜的摄食盐度范围为25～34,最佳摄食盐度为31左右。     

4个企鹅珍珠贝F3选育系的生长存活差异及其生长规律

为比较企鹅珍珠贝[（Röding，1798）]海南金唇选育系（GLHH）、海南白唇选育系（WLHH）、广西金唇选育系（GLGG）和广西白唇选育系（WLGG）的生长存活差异，及了解4个选育系的生长规律，自2018年1月底至2018年12月底连续监测养殖于海南陵水黎族自治县新村港的4个企鹅珍珠贝选育系F₃的存活率及其壳长、壳高、壳宽、铰合线长和体重的生长情况。使用单因素方差分析和生长模型拟合等方法对数据进行分析。结果显示，4个企鹅珍珠贝选育系的生长及存活率存在显著差异（<0.05），海南金唇选育系的生长及存活率最优，广西白唇选育系的生长及存活率最差，表明企鹅珍珠贝的生长存活可能与环境、贝龄、壳色和地理种群有关。SGompertz生长模型为企鹅珍珠贝5个生长性状的通用生长模型。研究表明，4个企鹅珍珠贝选育系的生长规律存在差异，且企鹅珍珠贝5个生长性状的生长规律存在差异，其中壳长和铰合线长的生长拐点出现得最早，分别出现在7.9（GLHH）~8.5（WLHH）月龄和7.9（GLHH）~9.1（WLGG）月龄；其次是壳高和壳宽，生长拐点分别出现在11.6（GLHH）~15.9（WLGG）月龄和11.8（GLHH）~14.3（WLGG）月龄时；体重的生长拐点出现得最晚，在15.8（GLHH）~18.7（WLGG）月龄。该研究结果表明海南金唇选育系早期生长阶段具有高存活率和优良的生长性能，广西白唇选育系可能具有最大的生长潜力（生长性状的生长极限最大），本研究可为企鹅珍珠贝的良种选育、健康养殖及优质珍珠的生产提供借鉴。     

企鹅珍珠贝人工育苗技术

企鹅珍珠贝是一种热带海水珍珠贝类,在我国广西、广东、台湾和海南都有分布,主产地为海南。企鹅珍珠贝,生长快,个体大,适应性强,具有培育直径较大珍珠的潜力。近年来,企鹅珍珠贝附壳珠与游离珠培养已在广东徐闻、海南陵水的极个别企业进行了小规模尝试。笔者自2008年起,在海南陵     

7种珍珠贝RAPD鉴别标记的初步研究

采用RAPD分子标记技术对珠母贝属的大珠母贝、珠母贝、黑珠母贝、白珠母贝、合浦珠母贝、长耳珠母贝和珍珠贝属的企鹅珍珠贝的基因组DNA的特异性遗传标记进行分析。从21个OPM和S系列中筛选出4个引物,共扩增出57个位点,每条引物平均产生14·3个位点。扩增片段大小在250~2000bp间,平均每种贝每条引物产生4·9条带。其中引物S10对7种珍珠贝的RAPD产物呈现出物种的特异性,可同时将7种珍珠贝分开,其余引物可以将2种或2种以上的珍珠贝区别开来。引物S10可以作为种间鉴定的标记。     

The efficiency and condition of oysters and macroalgae used as biological filters of shrimp pond effluent

Current shrimp pond management practices generally result in elevated concentrations of nutrients, suspended solids, bacteria and phytoplankton compared with the influent water. Concerns about adverse environmental impacts caused by discharging pond effluent directly into adjacent waterways have prompted the search for cost‐effective methods of effluent treatment. One potential method of effluent treatment is the use of ponds or raceways stocked with plants or animals that act as natural biofilters by removing waste nutrients. In addition to improving effluent water quality prior to discharge, the use of natural biofilters provides a method for capturing otherwise wasted nutrients. This study examined the potential of the native oyster, Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley) and macroalgae, Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva to improve effluent water quality from a commercial Penaeus japonicus (Bate) shrimp farm. A system of raceways was constructed to permit recirculation of the effluent through the oysters to maximize the filtration of bacteria, phytoplankton and total suspended solids. A series of experiments was conducted to test the ability of oysters and macroalgae to improve effluent water quality in a flow‐through system compared with a recirculating system. In the flow‐through system, oysters reduced the concentration of bacteria to 35% of the initial concentration, chlorophyll a to 39%, total particulates (2.28–35.2 µm) to 29%, total nitrogen to 66% and total phosphorus to 56%. Under the recirculating flow regime, the ability of the oysters to improve water quality was significantly enhanced. After four circuits, total bacterial numbers were reduced to 12%, chlorophyll a to 4%, and total suspended solids to 16%. Efforts to increase biofiltration by adding additional layers of oyster trays and macroalgae‐filled mesh bags resulted in fouling of the lower layers causing the death of oysters and senescence of macroalgae. Supplementary laboratory experiments were designed to examine the effects of high effluent concentrations of suspended particulates on the growth and condition of oysters and macroalgae. The results demonstrated that high concentrations of particulates inhibited growth and reduced the condition of oysters and macroalgae. Allowing the effluent to settle before biofiltration improved growth and reduced signs of stress in the oysters and macroalgae. A settling time of 6 h reduced particulates to a level that prevented fouling of the oysters and macroalgae.     

Integrated management to address the incidental mortality of seabirds in longline fisheries

1. Of the myriad of anthropogenic and natural threats to seabirds, one of the most critical global problems is incidental mortality in longline fisheries. Hesitance or failure by fishery managers and longline industries to adequately address this acute problem could result in the extinction of several albatross and petrel species within our lifetimes. 2. An integrated management approach is needed to comprehensively manage longline fisheries to address seabird bycatch. A review of relevant multilateral accords, declarations and actions by regional and international organizations reveals the need to augment international collaboration, especially to address pirate longline fishing. Management authorities and stakeholders need to collaborate to: promote adoption and compliance with effective legally binding accords that cover the ranges of all affected seabirds; ensure that all Range States and relevant distant water fishing nations become contracting parties to these accords; coordinate national implementation of the Food and Agriculture Organization's International Plan of Action on seabirds; set management goals; establish and implement policies to employ seabird deterrent measures; disseminate information on new deterrent measures; locally tailor seabird deterrent measures; standardize data reporting and establish a centralized data repository; coordinate research and monitoring; develop regional surveillance and enforcement systems; and augment less developed countries' capacity and resources to mitigate seabird and longline fishery interactions. 3. Establishing protected areas containing seabird colonies and adjacent waters within a nation's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is potentially an expedient method to reduce interactions between seabirds and longline fisheries. However, establishing high seas marine protected areas to restrict longline fishing in seabird foraging areas, which would require extensive and dynamic boundaries and large buffer zones, may not be a viable short‐term solution due to the long time it is anticipated it could take to resolve legal complications with international treaties, to achieve international consensus and political will, and to acquire requisite extensive resources for surveillance and enforcement. High seas marine protected areas may eventually become a feasible mechanism to address seabird bycatch if nations develop the will to close ocean areas to commercial fisheries to attempt to rehabilitate depleted pelagic fish stocks. 4. Direct involvement of longline industries, through partnerships with national governments and regional organizations, to develop seabird mitigation measures and policies prescribing the use of these measures, is critical. Direct involvement of stakeholders to find solutions to resource management problems leads to stakeholder groups taking ownership of and supporting rules. Bottom‐up approaches are successful in changing interest groups' attitudes and behaviour, to maximize voluntary compliance and minimize conflict and resources required for enforcement. 5. Data gaps must be filled and scientific uncertainty addressed through multilateral collaboration. Research to develop and improve practicable mitigation measures is most urgently needed. Information on the status and trends of albatross populations, where albatrosses forage, the causes of population declines, seabird mortality rates and levels in each longline fishery, and the type of impacts from longlining on seabird populations is also needed. It is well documented that several seabird species are at risk of extinction, incidental bycatch in longline fisheries significantly contributes to many species' decline, and proven mitigation measures are available. Thus, while additional research is critically needed, we should not delay taking precautionary action to wait for additional information, but should immediately act to protect seabirds from the known acute threat of mortality in longline fisheries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Habituation and conditioning in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): Effects of aversive stimuli,reward and social hierarchies

To tailor the farming environment to a fish species, we should understand the species‐specific responses to stimuli, including the degree of adaption and learning. Groups of gilthead sea bream were given a delay Pavlovian conditioning regime using a conditioning stimulus (CS) of light flashes signalling arrival of food. Controls were exposed to light flashes unrelated to feeding. Fish in both treatments showed an initial fear response of moving away from the CS combined with reduced swimming speed. In subsequent trials, the Control fish largely habituated the fleeing response but sustained to respond by reducing the swimming speed. The Conditioning fish also stopped to escape from the CS, but opposed to the Control group they gradually increased their swimming speed in response to the CS. In addition, the number of fish in the feeding/CS area increased and became similar to basal level after around 16 trials. A small and variable proportion of the fish displayed black vertical bands on their body and territorial behaviour, and a social hierarchy could interfere with the processes of habituation and conditioning. The swimming speed of the fish increased with number of dark individuals, but this was not found during the CS and the light stimulus thus seemed to overrule the effect of territorial behaviour. The persistent negative response to light flashes in the Control suggests that fish seemingly adapted to repetitive stressors are still in a state of alertness. The change in the response to light shows the potential for rewarding aversive stimuli to reduce stress.     

Fishes and the environmental status of South African estuaries

Abstract More than 100 fish species are associated with southern African estuaries, many of which are caught by recreational anglers and/or commercial fishermen. Mismanagement of either a catchment or an estuary invariably leads to an impoverished system which is of little value to fishes or people. By taking this cause-and-effect scenario to its logical conclusion, it should be possible to assess the ‘state’ of an estuary by monitoring the biological ‘health’ of the aquatic community. Fishes are a dominant and highly visible component of the estuarine fauna and, by virtue of their key positions in the aquatic food web, can reflect either natural or anthropogenic alterations to the environment. In addition, their mobility enables them to respond rapidly to both deteriorating and improving estuarine conditions. Such attributes may assist scientists and managers in being better able both to assess the magnitude of detrimental impacts, and to monitor the ecosystem response to ameliorative actions. This paper attempts to show that an understanding of the biology and ecology of fishes associated with estuaries can lead to the identification of threats to the environment and result in improved management of these systems. The use of fish communities as an indicator of estuarine health is also examined, and ways of incorporating biological and ecological data into decision-support systems are discussed. The adoption of a set of environmental quality objectives for South African estuaries, together with a system of appropriate environmental quality standards, is recommended.     

Quantitative analysis of pattern of gonial proliferation during sexual maturation in Japanese scallop <Emphasis Type="Italic">Patinopecten yessoensis</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   This study was undertaken to describe and quantitatively analyze the pattern of development of gametes in the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis . Incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into gonial cells was used to quantitatively detect mitotically active gonial cells. Oogonia increased in number from November to December and decreased rapidly to March. A small number of oocytes was detected in November. Oocytes steadily increased in number and size up to March. The number of spermatogonia slightly increased from November to December, and increased markedly from January to March. Both ratios of BrdU-immunopositive gonial cells in the ovary and testis to gonial cells moderately increased from September to December. The ratio of BrdU-immunopositive spermatogonia to gonial cells drastically increased from January to February and kept an elevated level in March, whereas the oogonia started to disappear in January. The results suggest that the pattern of proliferation of gonial cells can be divided into two phases: (i) phase I, oogonia and spermatogonia slowly proliferate through the growing stage; and (ii) phase II, oogonia develop into oocytes and spermatogonia begin to proliferate rapidly through the mature and spawning stages. The proliferation of gonial cells is likely under different endocrine controls in phases I and II.     

Indicators to support an ecosystem approach to fisheries

Indicators are needed to support the implementation of an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF), by providing information on the state of the ecosystem, the extent and intensity of effort or mortality and the progress of management in relation to objectives. Here, I review recent work on the development, selection and application of indicators and consider how indicators might support an EAF. Indicators should guide the management of fishing activities that have led to, or are most likely to lead to, unsustainable impacts on ecosystem components or attributes. The numbers and types of indicators used to support an EAF will vary among management regions, depending on resources available for monitoring and enforcement, and actual and potential fishing impacts. State indicators provide feedback on the state of ecosystem components or attributes and the extent to which management objectives, which usually relate to state, are met. State can only be managed if the relationships with fishing (pressure) and management (response) are known. Predicting such relationships is fundamental to developing a management system that supports the achievement of objectives. In a management framework supported by pressure, state and response indicators, the relationship between the value of an indicator and a target or limit reference point, reference trajectory or direction provides guidance on the management action to take. Values of pressure, state and response indicators may be affected by measurement, process, model and estimation error and thus different indicators, and the same indicators measured at different scales and in different ways, will detect true trends on different timescales. Managers can use several methods to estimate the effects of error on the probability of detecting true trends and/or to account for error when setting reference points, trajectories and directions. Given the high noise to signal ratio in many state indicators, pressure and response indicators would often guide short‐term management decision making more effectively, with state indicators providing longer‐term policy‐focused feedback on the effects of management action.     

Rapid salinity changes affect the survival and physiology of a penaeid prawn: Implications of flood events on recruitment to the fishery

Estuaries act as nurseries for many penaeid prawns, but these habitats are highly susceptible to salinity decline through flooding. The rate of salinity decline and duration of exposure to non‐optimal salinity may affect survival and subsequent recruitment of prawns to the fishery. This study aimed to determine the effect of salinity fluctuations observed in local estuaries during flood events using a novel dilution approach. Mortality of juvenile Melicertus plebejus (Hess) was assessed after 24 hr exposure to 24 rates of salinity decline ranging from 0.01% to 20% per hr. After the salinity decline, prawns were held at the final salinities for five days before again assessing mortality as well as aerobic metabolic rate and prawn water content. Salinity decline from 36 to ~0.8 led to 50% mortality, but continued exposure to low salinity for five days increased mortality at this salinity to 99% and shifted the 50% mortality point to salinity ~5. Aerobic metabolic rate and water content data suggested the cause of mortality due to exposure to salinities < 5 was osmoregulatory failure. Rapid salinity declines over 24 hr and sustained low salinity due to flooding could compromise the survival of juvenile prawns, potentially reducing recruitment to the fishery.     

Artificial Reefs, the Attraction-production Issue, and Density Dependence in Marine Ornamental Fishes

Artificial reefs may provide a useful tool to enhance production of marine ornamentals and to divert detrimental harvesting activities from sensitive natural habitat. The efficacy of this strategy depends, in part, on the extent to which artificial reefs contribute to new production (vs. attract fishes from natural habitat) and therefore benefit harvested populations on a local and regional basis. Here the attraction and production hypotheses and their application to marine ornamentals are presented. Specifically, it is discussed how the strength and timing of density dependence can affect the response of fish population dynamics to artificial reefs. In addition to this discussion, examples of density dependence in marine ornamentals and related reef fishes are provided. Based on this information, a simple conceptual model is presented to clarify the role of density dependence, and this is followed by a discussion on the use of artificial reefs in the management and production of marine ornamentals. Finally, unresolved scientific issues that remain to be addressed are provided.     

生态文明建设下退耕还湿必要性与成效分析——基于博弈和模糊评价视角

退耕还湿既是生态文明建设的要求,又是人们对美好环境向往的时代需求。以退耕还湿的必要性和成效为研究基点,通过主体利益博弈和模糊综合评判来阐明该工程的推行选择和效益发展。政府和农户利益博弈的结果是双方反复博弈后最终会以群体高比例达成最优均衡战略[服从,补偿],从主体层面表明退耕还湿具有必要性;运用AHP-Fuzzy模型对20个具有代表性的湿地因子从经济、社会、生态3方面效益对三江平原湿地进行综合评价,得出各效益最大隶属度分别是3、4、3,综合效益最大隶属度为3,处于潜力发展期,表明退耕还湿的实施有成效,具有较好的发展前景。最后,针对两种方法和结果,给出了相应结论及相关建议。     

Implications of the precautionary approach for the management of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla

The European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), has a complex life history and many aspects of the biology and population dynamics of this species remain unknown or, at best, poorly understood. Relatively little is also known about the status of the stocks and fisheries, but available data suggest that recruitment of glass eels has been falling for the last 20 years and is at historically low levels. Yellow and silver eel catches have also been falling in many parts of the species range over a similar time‐scale. Re‐examination of the principles applied to fisheries management over recent years has resulted in the adoption of a ‘precautionary approach’ to the conservation, management and exploitation of fish stocks, and in an explicit need to take account of uncertainties in management to reduce risks to stocks and their environment. Such an approach is highly relevant to the management of the European eel and requires that urgent consideration is given to harvest strategies and decision structures for the national and international management of stocks and fisheries. Provisional biological reference levels should be established to provide an equable assessment of the status of stocks in all parts of Europe and to evaluate the need for management measures in all fisheries. These will need to be reviewed as further information comes available. Monitoring and research on eel stocks should therefore be enhanced and co‐ordinated to improve our understanding of the status of stocks throughout Europe and the biology of the species.