草鱼对27种饲料原料中氨基酸的表观消化率

本试验以0.5％Cr2O3为指示物,按照“70％基础饲料 30％试验原料“的饲料配制方法,在可控条件的室内循环养殖系统中用2龄草鱼种（体重150-200g）对常用的饲料原料的氨基酸表观消化率进行测定。试验选用了进口鱼粉、国产鱼粉、蟹粉、肉粉、肠衣粉、酵母、菜饼、黄菜粕、菜粕、双低菜籽粕、豆粕、膨化大豆、芝麻饼、棉粕、玉米胚芽粕、玉米蛋白粉和酒糟粉共17种商品蛋白质饲料原料,玉米、麦麸、次粉、米糠、标粉、小麦、大麦、玉米糟、稻谷、药渣共10种能量饲料原料,得到了每种原料的16种氨基酸的表观消化率。表观消化率主要规律表现为：草鱼对原料蛋白质消化率高时对氨基酸的总消化率也高,如对鱼粉、豆粕的消化率高;对玉米类原料如玉米蛋白粉、玉米渣、玉米的氨基酸消化率较低,而对小麦类原料如小麦粉、麦麸、次粉等的消化率相对较高;在植物饼粕类中,草鱼对豆粕和菜粕的消化率较高,而对棉粕的消化率则相对较低;对同种原料的16种不同的氨基酸的表观消化率也有很大的差异,这种差异的规律性较差。     

草鱼对九种饲料的干物质、蛋白质和脂肪的表观消化率

本试验采用外源指示剂 (Cr2 O3) ,测定了草鱼种对玉米、麦麸、次粉、米糠、标粉、小麦、大麦、玉米糟和稻谷九种能量饲料的干物质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率。试验结果表明 :草鱼对九种能量饲料的干物质表观消化率大小顺序为 :小麦 (88 17% ) >标粉(79 39% ) >玉米 (77 5 7% ) >麦麸 (6 2 6 7% ) >玉米糟 (6 2 6 1% ) >次粉 (6 1 6 4% ) >大麦(5 9 97% ) >稻谷 (5 1 2 1% ) >米糠 (4 7 41% ) ;粗蛋白表观消化率大小顺序为 :小麦(87 0 6 % ) >米糠 (76 36 % ) >麦麸 (73 2 0 % ) >次粉 (71 5 3% ) >玉米糟 (70 99% ) >标粉(6 7 0 3% ) >玉米 (6 4 5 43% ) >稻谷 (6 4 33 % ) >大麦 (5 9 36 % ) ;粗脂肪表观消化率大小顺序为 :小麦 (82 49% ) >玉米糟 (78 32 % ) >标粉 (75 2 2 % ) >玉米 (73 0 9% ) >稻谷(5 8 99% ) >次粉 (5 3 2 2 % ) >麦麸 (5 2 42 % ) >大麦 (5 0 0 9% )。     

中华绒螫蟹对11种饲料原料蛋白质和氨基酸的表观消化率

以氧化钇（Y2O3）作为指示剂，按照“70％基础饲料＋30％试验原料”的原则配制饲料，测定了体重（97．34±7．36）g的中华绒螯蟹对不同饲料原料蛋白质和氨基酸的表观消化率。试验选取鱼粉、血粉、肉骨粉、乌贼内脏粉、虾壳粉、啤酒酵母、豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、花生粕、玉米蛋白粉共11种商品蛋白质饲料原料。试验结果表明，中华绒螯蟹对不同饲料蛋白源的粗蛋白表观消化率为40．62％～89．75％，其中，鱼粉和血粉组的粗蛋白表观消化率分别为86．07％和89．75％，显著高于其他原料组；而菜籽粕（42．41％）和玉米蛋白粉组（40．62％）的粗蛋白消化率则明显低于其他饲料蛋白源（P〈0．05）。其他蛋白源的消化率大小顺序依次为：豆粕（77．94％）〉啤酒酵母（76．90％）〉虾壳粉（74．02％）〉肉骨粉（73．78％）〉棉籽粕（71．63％）〉花生粕（65．90％）〉乌贼内脏粉（63．51％）。在动物性蛋白源中，中华绒螯蟹对血粉和鱼粉的氨基酸消化率较高，二者的总氨基酸消化率均高于90％，试验结果还显示，蟹对乌贼内脏粉的氨基酸消化率最低，仅为63．51％；单细胞蛋白源啤酒酵母的总氨基酸消化率（86．77％）高于其他植物性蛋白源；在植物性蛋白源中，对棉籽粕的总氨基酸消化率最高（85．37％），其次是豆粕（79．41％）。本研究结果对评价不同饲料蛋白源的营养价值，以及开发中华绒螯蟹氨基酸营养平衡的人工配合饲料提供了参考和依据。     

大口黑鲈对四种蛋白质饲料原料的表观消化率研究

为大口黑鲈的营养研究和配合饲料研制提供理论依据,试验以Cr2O3为消化指示物,测定了大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）对进口白鱼粉、国产鱼粉、普通豆粕和发酵豆粕的干物质、蛋白质和脂肪的表观消化率。试验饲料由基础饲料和试验原料以70：30的质量比混合挤压成软颗粒饲料。试验结果表明,大口黑鲈对动物性蛋白白鱼粉和红鱼粉的干物质表观消化率分别为78．56％和9．12％,高于植物性蛋白普通豆粕的68．28％和发酵豆粕的72．19％,而发酵豆粕的干物质表观消化率比普通豆粕要高一些。大口黑鲈对4种饲料原料的蛋白质表观消化率在80．21％～85．55％,对4种饲料原料的脂肪表观消化率为81．18％～91．06％。大口黑鲈可以很好地利用4种饲料原料中的蛋白质和脂肪。     

团头鲂对8种非常规饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

以0.5%的三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)为指示剂,由70%基础日粮和30%试验原料组成试验日粮研究了团头鲂对膨化羽毛粉、酶解羽毛粉、血粉、蚕蛹粉、玉米蛋白粉、玉米、碎米和大麦8种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸、总磷及总能的表观消化率。试验鱼［平均体质量(250.83±2.12) g ］养殖于室内水族箱中(3.0 m×0.8 m×0.8 m),分别投喂相应的试验饲料1周后采用自排法收粪。结果表明:8种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、总氨基酸、总磷及总能的表观消化率的范围分别是68.07%～92.69%、81.54%～92.75%、84.82%～103.44%、63.07%～95.56%、41.48%～97.55%、68.91%～97.81%。其中各项营养物质的表观消化率均以玉米蛋白粉最高;4种动物蛋白原料中以蚕蛹粉中营养物质表观消化率最高,血粉次之;除粗脂肪外,酶解羽毛粉的消化率均高于膨化羽毛粉;3种能量饲料中,以大麦的蛋白及氨基酸表观消化率最高,但干物质、粗脂肪及能量的表观消化率均显著低于玉米和碎米。由此可见,玉米蛋白粉和蚕蛹粉分别可作为团头鲂优质的植物蛋白源和动物蛋白源,血粉、羽毛粉可搭配其他饲料少量使用。玉米和碎米能值较高,可作为团头鲂的主要能量饲料,大麦由于氨基酸组成较好,也可适量使用。     

中华绒螯蟹对11种饲料原料蛋白质和氨基酸的表观消化率

以氧化钇(Y2O3)作为指示剂,按照"70%基础饲料+30%试验原料"的原则配制饲料,测定了体重(97.34±7.36) g的中华绒螯蟹对不同饲料原料蛋白质和氨基酸的表观消化率.试验选取鱼粉、血粉、肉骨粉、乌贼内脏粉、虾壳粉、啤酒酵母、豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、花生粕、玉米蛋白粉共11种商品蛋白质饲料原料.试验结果表明,中华绒螯蟹对不同饲料蛋白源的粗蛋白表观消化率为40.62%～89.75%,其中,鱼粉和血粉组的粗蛋白表观消化率分别为86.07%和89.75%,显著高于其他原料组;而菜籽粕(42.41%)和玉米蛋白粉组(40.62%)的粗蛋白消化率则明显低于其他饲料蛋白源(P＜0.05).其他蛋白源的消化率大小顺序依次为:豆粕(77.94%)＞啤酒酵母(76.90%)＞虾壳粉(74.02%)＞肉骨粉(73.78%)＞棉籽粕(71.63%)＞花生粕(65.90%)＞乌贼内脏粉(63.51%).在动物性蛋白源中,中华绒螯蟹对血粉和鱼粉的氨基酸消化率较高,二者的总氨基酸消化率均高于90%,试验结果还显示,蟹对乌贼内脏粉的氨基酸消化率最低,仅为63.51%;单细胞蛋白源啤酒酵母的总氨基酸消化率(86.77%)高于其他植物性蛋白源;在植物性蛋白源中,对棉籽粕的总氨基酸消化率最高(85.37%),其次是豆粕(79.41%).本研究结果对评价不同饲料蛋白源的营养价值,以及开发中华绒螯蟹氨基酸营养平衡的人工配合饲料提供了参考和依据.     

红鳍东方鲀对8种饲料原料的表观消化率

本研究旨在探讨红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼对红鱼粉、白鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、花生粕、棉粕、玉米酒糟蛋白(DDGS)和肉骨粉中干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸、总能和总磷的表观消化率.实验饲料由70％的基础饲料和30％的待测饲料原料组成,并添加0.1％的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)作为外源添加剂,选取平均体重...     

用两种粪便收集方法测定草鱼对九种饲料原料的表观消化率

在(21.5±1.0)℃水温下,以Cr2O3为指示物采用自排法和挤压法分别收集平均体重为65 g草鱼的粪便,测定草鱼对棉籽粕、花生粕、双低菜籽粕、秘鲁鱼粉、菜籽粕、小麦次粉、米糠、大豆粕和肉骨粉9种饲料原料主要营养成分的表观消化率。试验饲料以70%基础饲料和30%的待测饲料原料组成。结果表明:(1)草鱼对肉骨粉、秘鲁鱼粉、棉籽粕、大豆粕的干物质表观消化率较高,分别为60.69%、59.07%、61.08%、57.99%;(2)用自排法和挤压法测定草鱼对饲料原料的表观消化率时,干物质表观消化率有差异,而饲料原料粗蛋白质表观消化率基本保持一致;(3)草鱼对各种饲料原料的蛋白质表观消化率与氨基酸表观消化率的趋势基本一致。     

草鱼对颗粒饲料中廉价原料的消化率

最近，马来西亚科研人员在实验室条件下，利用平均个体重15．3克的鱼种评价了草鱼对颗粒饲料中廉价原料的消化率。结果表明：草鱼对鱼粉和豆饼的消化率极高，蛋白质消化率分别为90．8l％和96．21％，脂肪消化率分别为100％和98．79％，总能的消化率分别为83．37％和82．7l％。     

荷包红鲤对9种饲料原料中蛋白质的表观消化率

为研究荷包红鲤对不同饲料原料的消化率,以便经济合理地利用现有蛋白资源,为配制优质、高效的饲料提供参考,在22±1℃水温下,以0.5%Cr2O3为指示物,按照70%基础饲料+30%试验饲料的配制方法配制成不同试验饲料,测定平均体重为150±10 g的荷包红鲤对鱼粉、玉米、大豆、酒糟粉、麦麸、米糠、次粉、EM发酵稻草粉和EM发酵松针粉等共9种饲料原料中粗蛋白的表观消化率。结果表明:荷包红鲤对鱼粉的蛋白质表观消化率为94.77%,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);对米糠的蛋白质表观消化率仅为80.07%,显著低于其它各组。因此,建议在荷包红鲤配合饲料中不用或少用米糠。     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feed ingredients for dourado Salminus brasiliensis

The excellence of its flesh and fast growth makes the dourado, Salminus brasiliensis , a carnivorous fish native to the Prata basin, a potential candidate for intensive fish farming. This study evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of energy and nutrients of animal and plant protein sources for the carnivorous Characin dourado S. brasiliensis . Fish (19.5 ± 5.0 g) were stocked in plastic cages (80-L) and fed pelleted test diets containing 30% of the test ingredient [fish meal (FM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), soybean meal (SBM), and corn gluten meal (CGM) plus 70% of a reference diet (481.4 g kg⁻¹ of crude protein and 18.63 kJ of gross energy per gram]. After the last daily meal, cages were transferred to cylindrical, conical-bottomed aquarium (200-L) where faeces were collected by sedimentation in a refrigerated container. Except for ADC of protein and energy, all other ADC of nutrients showed significant differences ( P  < 0.01). ADC values were: 94.3%, 91.3%, 93.1%, and 93.5% for crude protein; 91.0%, 90.3%, 87.8%, and 88.8% for gross energy; 92.1%, 84.5%, 80.6%, and 79.3% for ash; 83.9%, 80.3%, 84.3%, and 84.6% for dry matter; 97.4%, 96.7%, 93.3%, and 91.5% for lipid for FM, PBM, SBM, and CGM, respectively. The average amino acid ADC was: 93.6%, 90.0%, 92.1%, and 92.5% of FM, PBM, SBM, and CGM, respectively. All test ingredients were efficiently used and can partially replace FM in diets for carnivorous dourado.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feed ingredients for juvenile snakehead,Ophiocephalus argus

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids in Peruvian fish meal, poultry by‐product meal, meat and bone meal, spray‐dried blood meal, hydrolysed feather meal, corn gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal were determined for juvenile snakehead (Ophiocephalus argus) with initial mean body weight of 78.1 g. A reference diet and test diets that consisted of a 70 : 30 mixture of the reference diet to test ingredient were used with 5 g kg^?1 Cr₂O₃ as an external indicator. Fish meal, poultry by‐product meal and corn gluten meal had higher ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy among ingredients tested. Dry matter ADCs ranged 61.9–81.5% for animal ingredients and corn gluten meal and ranged 52.2–68.0% for soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal. Energy ADCs of ingredients followed similar trends to differences in dry matter digestibility. Protein ADCs of animal and plant ingredients ranged 73.6–92.8% and 75.3–85.6%, respectively. Amino acid ADCs generally reflected protein digestibility. Lipid ADCs were relatively high for the ingredients tested. Phosphorus ADCs of animal and plant ingredients ranged 39.5–65.2% and 38.7–57.1%, respectively.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of four feed ingredients for Synechogobius hasta

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, energy, phosphorus and amino acids in white fish meal, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and peanut meal were determined for Synechogobius hasta (28.65 ± 0.43 g, mean ± SD), using a reference diet with chromic oxide indicator and test diets that contained 70% reference diet, by weight, and 30% of feed ingredients. The juvenile S. hasta were held in 300 L tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank respectively. Faeces were collected from three replicate groups of fish by siphoning. The ADCs of dry matter and energy were the highest in white fish meal and the lowest in rapeseed meal ( P <0.05). Crude protein ADC was the lowest in rapeseed meal ( P <0.05) and showed no significant differences among other treatments ( P >0.05). The highest phosphorus ADC was observed in white fish meal and differences were not marked for other treatments ( P >0.05). Lipid ADC were above 90% and showed no significant differences among the treatments ( P >0.05). Amino acid availability values for the test ingredients followed similar trend to values of protein digestibility. All amino acids were more available from fish meal than from plant protein ingredients. Among three plant meals, the availability of amino acids was higher in peanut meal and lower in rapeseed meal.     

花鲈对七种蛋白质原料的表观消化率

为了解花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)对水解羽毛粉、喷雾干燥血球蛋白粉、鸡肉粉、黄粉虫粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白和脱酚棉籽蛋白等七种蛋白质原料的干物质、钙、磷、粗蛋白和氨基酸的表观消化率,实验选取平均体重为(54.3±1.5)g的花鲈240尾,随机分成8组,每组3个平行,对照组投喂基础饲料,试验组分别投喂试验饲料,试验饲料由70%基础饲料和30%实验原料组成,以0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)为外源指示剂。结果显示:花鲈对七种蛋白质原料的干物质和粗蛋白表观消化率以血球蛋白粉、鸡肉粉、大豆分离蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白较高,脱酚棉籽蛋白和黄粉虫粉次之,水解羽毛粉最低。其中,花鲈对血球蛋白粉的粗蛋白消化率最高,为95.64%,显著高于其他六种原料;鸡肉粉次之,为90.61%,与大豆分离蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白之间差异不显著;水解羽毛粉最低,为71.18%,与黄粉虫粉和脱酚棉籽蛋白之间差异不显著,与其他蛋白原料之间差异显著。花鲈对鸡肉粉和黄粉虫粉的总钙的表观消化率分别为30.39%和42.65%。花鲈对总磷的表观消化率从高到低依次为大豆分离蛋白(76.04%)、脱酚棉籽蛋白(67.49%)、大豆浓缩蛋白(51.24%)、鸡肉粉(42.88%)、黄粉虫粉(38.40%)。花鲈对各蛋白质原料中氨基酸的表观消化率与粗蛋白质的表观消化率变化趋势基本一致。结果表明,喷雾干燥血球蛋白粉、鸡肉粉、大豆分离蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白可作为花鲈优质的蛋白源,脱酚棉籽蛋白、黄粉虫粉和水解羽毛粉在花鲈饲料中添加量不宜过高。     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of animal and plant feed ingredients for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis

A study was conducted to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids (AAs) from Peruvian fish meal (PFM), native fish meal (NFM), meat bone meal (MBM), dried daphnia meal (DDM), soybean meal (SBM), full‐fat soybean (FSBM), cottonseed meals (CSM), rapeseed meal (RSM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) for Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (7.8 ± 0.06 g). Test diets were formulated to contain a 70:30 mixture of reference diet to test ingredient with chromic oxide (5 g kg^–1) serving as the inert marker. ADCs of DM ranged from 49.94% (CGM) to 87.11% (PFM), the highest ADCs of DM were observed in PFM and the lowest was found in CGM. ADCs of CP in the test ingredients ranged from 74.92% (CGM) to 93.41% (SBM). ADCs of crude lipid ranged from 51.80% (CGM) to 94.07% (PFM) for fish. ADCs of energy ranged from 56.42% (CGM) to 90.09% (PFM). ADCs of phosphorus ranged from 21.81% (CSM) to 65.70% (PFM). AA availability for the test ingredients followed a similar pattern to ADCs of CP, in which values for PFM, NFM and MBM were generally higher (p < .05) than those of other protein ingredients. Among all plant meals, the AA availability values in SBM were higher (p < .05) than those in CGM, CSM and RSM. The availability of most AAs in CGM was the lowest (p < .05) among all tested ingredients. In conclusion, PFM and NFM are good sources of available protein and AAs. When fishmeal supply is limited, MBM and DDM are substitutes for fishmeal reduction in P. ussuriensis diets; at the same time, SBM and FSBM are also very acceptable protein feedstuffs. However, CSM, RSM and CGM could not be used at high levels in P. ussuriensis diets because of their inferior digestibilities.     

Apparent digestibility of protein, energy, and amino acids in some selected feed ingredients for pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus

The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of amino acids (AA), protein, and energy in six feed ingredients (Brazilian fish meal, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, alcoholic yeast, corn, and wheat bran) we evaluated for pacu juveniles. In general, all ingredients showed high digestibility values for all AA, and differences among ADCs of individual amino acid were detected ( P  < 0.01). Corn gluten, soybean, and fish meals had the highest ADCs of AA. The ADCs of protein in fish meal, yeast, and corn gluten meal should not be used as AA digestibility indicators, because those showed differences up to 6.7% between the ADCs of protein and AA. All ingredients had lower ADCs of energy than corn gluten meal ( P  < 0.01). Lysine was the first limiting amino acid in fish meal, corn gluten meal, wheat bran, and corn, and the second limiting amino acid in soybean meal, as methionine was the first limiting amino acid in soybean meal and yeast. However, the soybean meal was the best quality protein source, as it had the highest digestible essential amino acid index. This demonstrated that digestible amino acid values can be used to formulate practical diets for pacu, preventing potential deficiencies or excess that might cause environmental and economic losses.