流沙湾海区异养菌和弧菌动态变化规律研究

对流沙湾海区异养菌、弧菌动态变化规律及其优势菌群进行了初步探讨。采用平板稀释法对异养菌和弧菌数量进行了周年检测;对优势菌株进行分离纯化,并对代表性月份样品优势菌中的弧菌进行菌种鉴定。结果显示,流沙湾海区的异养菌和弧菌密度分别为8.8×103~9.60×105cfu/mL和1.0×103~2.45×104cfu/mL,其中异养菌数量高峰出现在6月,弧菌数量高峰出现在12月,异养菌、弧菌数量与水温变化的相关性不明显;流沙湾海区优势菌群中存在着溶藻弧菌等多种致病性弧菌。     

冬季菲律宾蛤仔育苗系统几类主要细菌数量变化

试验结果表明:水中异养细菌为2.3×103-1.1×105cfu/m l,其变化趋势与温度变化一致;弧菌为5.0×103-6.6×103cfu/m l,其变化趋势与温度变化不一致,规律性不强。沉淀池泥中异养细菌为7.6×104-6.7×105cfu/g,弧菌为1.6×103-5.4×103cfu/g,反硝化细菌为2.5×102-3.2×104MPN/g,反硫化细菌为35-4.9×105MPN/g;温度高时,沉淀池泥中反硫化细菌占总异养菌比例最高,反硝化细菌次之,弧菌最小。从异养细菌的数量来看,沉淀池水质达到富营养化水平。因此,温度一旦升高,水中细菌会急剧增加,造成水质恶化,产生有毒的H2S、NO2-等物质,不利于菲律宾蛤仔的生长。     

跑道式南美白对虾养殖池中弧菌的数量动态

采用TCBS平板计数法对南美白对虾跑道式养殖池和土塘养殖塘水样弧菌数量进行了一个养殖周期的连续监测。结果表明:跑道式养殖池水体中弧菌数在放苗后的前70 d均较低,随后迅速增加并维持在一个较高水平,变化幅度为15.0~1.42×104cfu/ml,平均3.96×103cfu/ml,平均数比土塘高2倍。跑道式养殖对虾始终未发病,跑道式养虾病害少,产量高。     

军曹鱼肠道及水体异养菌和弧菌的周年变化

采用总活异养菌2216E平板计数法和弧菌TCBS平板计数法对广东深圳大鹏养殖军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum Linnaeus)养殖水体及鱼肠道细菌进行了周年监测。结果显示,育苗初期养殖水体异养菌和弧菌密度分别为0.63×104～6.2×104CFU/mL和0.30×102～1.03×104CFU/mL,鱼肠道异养菌和弧菌密度分别为0.80×106～7.5×107CFU/g和0～1.30×107CFU/g;网箱养殖监测期间,养殖水体异养菌和弧菌密度分别为4.20×103～5.40×105CFU/mL和0.70×102～1.14×105CFU/mL,鱼肠道异养菌和弧菌密度分别为1.50×107～8.78×108CFU/g和1.00×107～3.50×108CFU/g。周年监测结果显示,水体异养菌、弧菌的数量高峰均出现于8-9月份;肠道异养菌及弧菌的数量高峰均出现于6-7月份,分别又在12月份和2月份出现次高峰,弧菌变化趋势始终与异养菌一致。对分离得到的407株菌鉴定到属并进行多样性分析。结果显示,育苗期水体以假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)为优势菌,三者约占水体异养菌总数的70%;养殖后期,弧菌(Vibrio)和发光杆菌(Photobacterium)的数量逐渐上升并占据一定优势,其中假单胞菌、黄单胞菌、弧菌和芽孢杆菌常年出现。鱼肠道异养菌以假单胞菌和芽孢杆菌为优势菌,其次是肠杆菌科(Enterbacteriaceae)细菌,也多次检测到弧菌、发光杆菌、气单胞菌(Aeromonas)和小球菌(Microccus)等。总之,养殖微生态系统的可持续稳定平衡与系统的种群多样性、群落组成及水质因子等因素相关,而整个环境生态系统的平衡直接影响到鱼类肠道的细菌生态系统。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)低盐度围隔调控养殖环境微生物研究

在广东省珠海市斗门一个大小为0.3hm2的空白虾池内,设立10个大小为5×5×1.6m(l×b×d)的陆基池塘围隔,对凡纳滨对虾低盐度调控养殖环境微生物进行实验研究,结果低盐度围隔调控养殖系统,水体异养细菌平均为1.33~9.27×104cfu.ml-1,致病性弧菌平均为2.83~7.91×102cfu.ml-1,养殖水体致病性弧菌的数量比异养细菌平均低2个数量级。各围隔水体异养菌在养殖早期都有一个高峰期,中后期低而稳定;围隔异养细菌的数量并未因定期施菌而增高,反而呈下降的趋势。对虾养殖健康的围隔,中后期水体致病性弧菌保持较低的数量,而对虾发病的围隔,致病性弧菌数量高。围隔调控养殖系统,异养细菌的数量相对比较稳定,而致病性弧菌数量呈较大波动。     

凡纳滨对虾工厂化养殖水环境分析

2018年6—10月对4口凡纳滨对虾工厂化养殖池水质理化因子和微生物环境的基本变化特征进行研究。结果表明:虾池水体中,NO~-_3是DIN(NH~+_4、NO~-_2和NO~-_3)主要的存在形式,占比达55%～85%;NH~+_4在0.005～0.060 mg/L低浓度范围内波动;5#池中NO~-_2出现累积现象,其变化趋势与NO~-_3高度一致。虾池中PO_4~(3-)含量为0.012～0.400 mg/L,随时间延长呈上升趋势。各池中Chl-a含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,最高值均出现在9月份。水体中总异养菌数量为2.80×10~4～2.40×10~(5 )CFU/mL,弧菌数量为8.00×10~2～1.00×10~(4 )CFU/mL,弧菌在总异养菌中所占比例在10%以下。     

高位虾塘细菌数量变化特点及其与理化因子的关系

本试验选取两口凡纳滨对虾高位池塘,通过连续地周期性采样和测定分析,研究了虾池异养细菌数量和弧菌数量变动规律及其与理化因子的相关关系。结果表明：两口试验虾池异养细菌数量变化范围在9.07×10^3～2.13×10^5 cfu/mL之间,平均为6.45×10^4 cfu/mL,呈现持续缓慢上升的趋势；两口试验虾池的弧菌数量变化趋势较为一致,变化范围为2.12×10^2～2.91×10^3 cfu/mL,养殖生产前期较低,中期高,后期随着换水量的加大而有所下降。相关性分析表明：虾池水体的异养细菌和弧菌数量均与透明度、 DO、 pH 呈负相关,与COD、 TSS含量呈正相关,其中弧菌数量与TSS含量呈显著正相关（ P〈0.05）。     

葡萄糖对对虾养殖水体水质的影响

研究葡萄糖的不同添加量(1.25~5×10-3 g/L)对对虾养殖水体水质指标(氨氮、活性磷)和微生物数量(总异养菌、弧菌)的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,水体中添加葡萄糖能明显提高异养菌、弧菌密度(P<0.05),显著降低养殖水体中氨氮、活性磷浓度(P<0.05)。且在一定浓度范围内,葡萄糖浓度越高,氨氮、活性磷浓度越低,异养菌、弧菌密度越高。     

甘蔗渣载体填料在海水曝气生物滤池中的应用

为研究甘蔗渣作为载体填料用于海水曝气生物滤池中的可行性,在海水曝气生物滤池中培养生物膜,并以此为基础构建海水养殖排放水处理系统。通过监测水体总氨氮(TAN)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)等水质指标浓度变化,水体游离细菌与载体附着细菌密度变化,评价甘蔗渣载体生物滤池的降解效果。结果显示,以甘蔗渣为载体的生物滤池挂膜所需时间为26 d,挂膜完成后甘蔗渣附着可培养总菌和芽孢杆菌密度分别为3×108cfu/g和7.8×107cfu/g。在处理养殖水体时,生物滤池中水体氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度分别控制在0.2 mg/L和0.05 mg/L以下,同时,水体中芽孢杆菌数量由3.3×103cfu/L增加至7×104cfu/L,弧菌数量由4.9×103cfu/L下降至3.1×101cfu/L。研究表明,以甘蔗渣为载体的海水曝气生物滤池能快速有效地完成挂膜,并在海水养殖排放水处理中取得较好效果。     

九孔鲍养殖水体及消化道细菌学的研究

2002年对汕尾健生鲍鱼养殖场养殖水体和鲍消化道中异养细菌及弧菌的数量和类群组成进行了研究。研究结果表明:养殖水体中异养细菌数量的四季变化从2 4×104～1 3×105cfu ml,平均为7 6×104cfu ml;消化道中异养细菌数量四季变化则从1 6×107～5 4×107cfu g(湿重),平均为3 3×107cfu g。水体中弧菌数量四季变化从1 2×104～5 1×104cfu ml,平均为2 5×104cfu ml;而消化道中弧菌数量四季变化则从2 8×105～3 8×105cfu g,平均为3 2×105cfu g。水体中细菌类群由Sphingomonas,Vibrio,Pasteurella,Moraxella,Pseudomonas,Aeromonas,Flavobacterium,Klebsiella,Weeksella和Alcall组成,消化道中细菌类群由Sphingomonas,Vibrio,Aeromonas,Flavobacterium,Shewanella,Sphingobacterium,Pseudomonas组成,水体和消化道弧菌种类主要为Vibriofluvialis,Vibrioparahaemolyticus,Vibriovulnificus,Vibriocholerae,Vibriominicus,Vibrioalginolyticus。并对不同养殖场水源弧菌数量也进行了比较。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.