理化因子对原绿球藻生长及其色素含量的影响

以COA为基础培养基，进行了光照、温度、盐度等理化因子对原绿球藻生长和色素含量影响的单因子试验。试验结果表明，原绿球藻适宜生长的光照度为500～2500lx，最适光照度为500～1000lx：适宜生长的温度为10～30℃，最适温度为25～30℃；适宜生长的盐度为0～44．9，最适盐度为13．7～33．4；适宜生长的pH5～11，最适pH8～10；最适氮源为NH4-N，其次为（NH2）2CO；适宜生长的氮（NH4Cl）质量浓度为5～25mg／L，最适质量浓度为15～25mg／L。理化因子对该藻色素含量的影响与其生长相吻合。     

大黄鱼幼鱼对若干环境因子的适应性试验

在有实验装置的人工控制环境条件下，以每批100尾大黄鱼幼鱼进行光照强度、水温、溶氧量、盐度等的单因子适应性实验以及对温度、溶解氧和盐度正交适应性实验。其结果是：全长29～44mm，平均全长为39mm的幼鱼．适光范围为520～5500lx，最适范围为780—1830lx；适宜温度为21．4～24．9℃，最适温度为22．4～24．9℃；适宜盐度为25．5～28．8，最适盐度为26．8～28．8；适宜溶氧量为4．70～5．38mg／L，最适溶氧量为4．76～5．15mg／L。全长为59～86mn，平均全长为75mm的幼鱼，适光范围为620～5500lx，最适光照强度为850～1820lx；适宜温度为22．3～25．0℃，最适温度为22．3～24．3℃；适宜盐度为26．5～28．5，最适盐度为26．7～27．8；适宜溶氧量为4．65～5．38mg/L，最适溶氧量为4．75～5．21mg／L。温度对幼鱼的影响极为显著，盐度和溶解氧的影响次之。     

翼茧形藻的培养条件

在实验室条件下通过单因子和正交试验,研究了温度、光照、盐度、pH值和氮、磷、铁、硅等营养盐对翼茧形藻(Amphiprora alata)生长繁殖的影响。结果表明:翼茧形藻生长的适宜温度为10～38℃,最适温度为30℃;适宜光照为500～10 000 lx,最适光照为5 000～10 000 lx;适宜盐度为2～80,最适盐度为60;适宜pH值为4～9,最适pH为7.5。经方差实验,在天然海水中添加10 mg.L-1NaNO3-N、2 mg.L-1NaH2PO4-P、0.2mg.L-1FeC6H5O7-Fe、40 mg.L-1Na2SiO3-Si,培养效果最佳。     

氮、磷、铁对定鞭金藻生长速率的影响

在温度25℃、光周期12 h:12 h、光照度3000 1x、盐度28、pH 8.3的条件下,采用单因子试验和正交试验.研究N、P、Fe对定鞭金藻生长的影响.试验结果表明.在单因子试验中,N,、P、Fe对定鞭金藻生长的影响显著,N、P、Fe单因子的优水平分别为20.0、0.5、0.1 mg/L;在正交试验中,Fe对定鞭金藻的生长的影响显著,N、P、Fe交互作用对定鞭金藻的生长的影响不显著;N、Pe、Fe 3种营养盐离子添加量分别为15.0、1.5,0.3 mg/L时,定鞭金藻的平均生长率相对较优.     

人工培养条件下环境因子对微小小环藻生长的影响

在实验室培养条件下,研究了温度、光照、盐度、pH值和氮、磷、铁、硅等营养盐对微小小环藻(Cyclotella caspia)生长繁殖的影响。实验结果表明:微小小环藻生长的适宜温度为10～40℃,最适温度为30～35℃;适宜光照为500～10 000 lx,最适光照为2 000～8 000 lx;适宜盐度为2～85,最适盐度为25～50;适宜pH值为4～9,最适pH为8.0～8.5。筛选出微小小环藻培养液配方是每立方米海水加入(NH2)2CO-N 30g,NaH2PO4-P 1 g,FeC6H5O7-Fe 0.1 g,Na2SiO3-Si 25 g。     

四爿藻培养条件的研究

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了温度、光照、盐度、pH值和营养盐对四爿藻生长繁殖的影响。结果表明:四爿藻生长的适宜温度为5~30℃,最适温度为20℃;适宜光照为500~10 000 lx,最适光照为4 000~7 000 lx;适宜盐度5~85,最适盐度为35;适宜pH值为4~9,最适pH值为7。筛选出四爿藻的培养液配方是,天然海水加入(NH2)2CO-N60 g/m3;KH2PO4-P 2 g/m3;FeC6H5O7-Fe 0.4 g/m3;维生素B11 g/m3和维生素B120.000 5 g/m3。     

温度、光照与盐度对雨生红球藻诱变株虾青素累积的调控

以MAV培养基为基本培养基，以雨生红球藻（Haematococcus pluvialis）诱变株1号为研究材料，进行物理因子对雨生红球藻虾青素累积的调控实验。温度梯度为15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃和35℃；光照梯度为黑暗、1000lx、2000lx、4000lx．6000lx和8000lx；盐度设0、4、8、12、16和20。进行单因子的胁迫实验，测定各组的虾青素含量和藻密度，结果显示，雨生红球藻生长的最适条件为温度15-20℃，光照1000-2000lx，盐度0。虾青素累积量最高时的温度为25～30℃，光照为8000lx，盐度为4～8。进一步进行盐度、光照的两因素胁迫正交实验，并检验两者的交互作用。其中盐度设4、8、12三个水平，光照强度设6000lx、8000lx、10000lx三个水平。结果光照为8000lx、盐度为8时获得最高的虾青素含量，其交互作用非常显著。     

生态和营养条件对日本星杆藻生长的影响

日本星杆藻(Asterionella japonica)是浮游动物的良好食物,也是发生赤潮的藻类物种,研究生态和营养条件对日本星杆藻生长的影响,对合理利用和防止赤潮的发生具有重要的意义。本文通过室内单因子正交实验,研究了温度、光照、盐度、pH值以及氮、磷、铁、硅和维生素B12等营养元素对日本星杆藻生长的影响,结果表明:该藻生长的适宜温度为10~35℃,最适温度为20℃;适宜光照为500~8 000 lx,最适光照为1 000lx;适宜盐度为5~45,最适盐度为20~35;适宜pH值为5~9.5,最适pH为8.0。在培养用的1 m3天然海水中添加20 g(NH2)2CO3、0.5 g NaH2PO4、10 g Na2SiO3、0.005 g维生素B12,日本星杆藻的生长最快。     

不同营养盐浓度对雨生红球藻生长的影响

以MAV为基本培养基，用单因子和正交实验的方法研究雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)生长所需的基本元素——氮、磷、铁对其生长的影响。结果表明：用单因子实验得出雨生红球藻生长所需适宜的氮、磷、铁浓度分别为0．1g／L，0．02—0．04g／L，0．3—0．6mg／L；而多因子正交试验结果得出该藻生长的最优水平是A2B2C2，即N 0．3g／L，P 0．02g／L，Fe 0．5mg／L。     

鼠尾藻幼孢子体培育条件探究

为探究鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii幼孢子体早期生长发育适宜的培养条件,设置了光照度、温度、盐度3个影响因素3个水平的正交实验,以及氮磷营养盐水平实验。研究表明,温度对鼠尾藻幼孢子体的生长影响最显著（P〈0．05）,25℃时幼孢子体比生长速率（sGR）获得最大值,为10．78％,随着温度的降低sGR逐渐降低;盐度对幼孢子体的SGR影响显著（P〈0．05）,盐度30时幼孢子体生长较快,盐度降低SGR也降低;光照度2000～8000lx对幼孢子体的生长影响不显著,SOR极差接近误差水平。氮磷营养盐水平对鼠尾藻幼孢子体的生长影响较大,实验用自然海水中氮素基本可以满足幼孢子体的需求,而磷元素相对缺乏。氮素加富条件下,氮磷比大于15：1时不利于幼孢子体的生长,适宜的氮磷比为10：1～2：1。结果表明,温度25℃、盐度30、光照度20001x是鼠尾藻幼孢子体早期生长发育适宜的条件。培养液氮素含量保持在0．45～1mg/L,磷含量保持在0．3mg/L左右有利于幼孢子体快速生长。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.