益生菌与β-葡聚糖合用对养殖水体细菌的影响

本实验将鲫鱼分为四个组，即对照组、益生菌组、β-葡聚糖组和联合组。分别投喂基础饲料、添加益生菌饲料、添加β-葡聚糖饲料、添加益生菌和β-葡聚糖饲料。定期检测各组鲫鱼水体各细菌数量变化。结果表明：投喂益生菌后,水体细菌总数极显著减少(p < 0.01)，大肠杆菌、气单胞菌显著减少(p < 0.05)，乳酸杆菌数量显著增加(p < 0.05)，β- 葡聚糖对水体细菌总数、大肠杆菌、气单胞菌、乳酸杆菌都没有明显影响（p >0.05）；β-葡聚糖和益生菌联合投喂, 水体细菌总数、大肠杆菌、气单胞菌显著减少(p < 0.05)，乳酸菌数量显著增加(p < 0.05)；联合组与益生菌组的细菌总数、乳酸杆菌无显著差异( p > 0.05)，而联合组的气单胞菌、大肠杆菌数量比益生菌制组明显减少(p <0.05) 。说明联合制剂中对水体细菌结构起调节作用的主要是益生菌, 但β- 葡聚糖能协同益生菌减少水体中致病菌的数量, 也说明β- 葡聚糖和益生菌联合投喂, 对调节水体细菌结构比单独投喂要有效。     

β-葡聚糖对江黄颡鱼生长性能、血清生化指标的影响

为了解β-1,3-葡聚糖添加到配合饲料中对江黄颡鱼生长性能、血清生化指标、机能、体成分等重要指标产生的影响,选用初始体重为(1.75±0.01)g的江黄颡鱼720尾,随机分为6组,每组4个重复。1组投喂基础饲料,5组投喂分别添加200、400、600、800和1 000mg/kgβ-1,3-葡聚糖的试验饲料,进行42d的养殖试验。由试验结果显示,各组江黄颡鱼之间的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FC)、成活率(SR)、肥满度(CF)和肝体比(HSI)差异不显著(P0.05)。其中,与对照组相比,添加β-葡聚糖的组实验前后体重、增重率和特定生长率都有一定程度的增高,在G600达到最高,饲料系数与对照组相比有所下降。饲料中添加β-1,3-葡聚糖对各组江黄颡鱼血清总蛋白、尿素胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶活性和谷草转氨酶活性没有显著性影响(P0.05)。其中,与对照组相比,添加组的血清总蛋白含量有所升高(P0.05),β-葡聚糖添加组血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性有所降低(P0.05)。结果表明,饲料中添加一定水平β-1,3-葡聚糖对江黄颡鱼的生长性能和血清生化指标均没有显著影响。造成该结果的原因和机制有待进一步研究。     

饲料中添加β-葡聚糖对虹鳟部分生长指标和血液生理指标的影响

选择初始体重为(454±52)g的虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss),分别投喂添加不同浓度β-葡聚糖(0.05%、0.1%和0.2%)的饲料,饲养30 d后进行取样,分析虹鳟部分生长指标及血液生理指标。结果显示,投喂对应饲料30 d后,0.2%葡聚糖添加组增重率最高,显著高于其他实验组及对照组(P0.05),0.05%葡聚糖添加组增重率最低。0.2%葡聚糖添加组特定生长率显著高于其他组(P0.05),0.05%和0.1%组与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。0.2%葡聚糖添加组的肝体比显著高于其他实验组及对照组(P0.05)。各添加组的肥满度随着葡聚糖投喂量的增多而升高,其中,最大值出现于0.2%葡聚糖添加组,但各添加组肥满度均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。投喂30 d后,0.05%葡聚糖组白细胞数量显著高于0.2%葡聚糖组及对照组(P0.05),与0.1%葡聚糖组差异不显著(P0.05),0.1%葡聚糖组红细胞数量最高,显著高于其他实验组及对照组(P0.05),葡聚糖组红细胞数量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。0.1%葡聚糖组血红蛋白浓度显著高于其他实验组及对照组(P0.05),对照组鱼的血红蛋白浓度显著低于各实验组(P0.05)。研究表明,在循环水养殖模式下,饲料中添加β-葡聚糖可提高虹鳟的生长性能并改变其部分血液生理指标,本研究中0.2%β-葡聚糖的效果最好。     

β(1,3)-葡聚糖对锦鲤非特异性免疫功能的影响

在鲤鱼配合饲料中按0.10‰、0.15‰、0.20‰、0.25‰的比例添加β(1,3)-葡聚糖,连续投喂锦鲤(Cyprinus carpiovar.koi)30 d后,通过测定供试鱼的增重量、血细胞的吞噬活性及血清中溶菌酶活性,比较了β(1,3)-葡聚糖对锦鲤促生长及非特异性免疫功能的影响。结果表明,随着β(1,3)-葡聚糖添加量的增加,对锦鲤的促生长作用越明显,在饲料中添加β(1,3)-葡聚糖能够提高锦鲤的非特异性免疫功能。     

益生菌剂对鲫鱼肠道菌群影响的初步研究

将鲫鱼分为益生菌剂组和对照组,分别投喂添加益生菌剂和未添加佐剂的一般饲料后,检测各组鲫鱼肠道菌群、饲料系数、增重率和成活率等。试验结果表明,大肠杆菌和肠球菌是鲫鱼肠道非常住菌群(过路菌),乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌为常住菌群;益生菌剂能极显著减少鲫鱼肠道的好氧菌(P<0.01),极显著增加鲫鱼肠道的厌氧菌、双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌(P<0.01),显著降低鲫鱼肠道的产气荚膜梭菌(P<0.05);益生菌剂能有效改善鲫鱼肠道菌群。益生菌剂能促进鲫鱼的生长和成活。     

β-1,3-葡聚糖对低盐度凡纳滨对虾血液代谢物和免疫的影响

为研究长期投喂β-1,3-葡聚糖对低盐度(5)养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)血液代谢物和肌肉免疫相关酶活性的影响,以初始体质量为(0.65±0.01) g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,分别投喂添加0、250、500和1 000 mg·kg~(-1)β-1,3-葡聚糖的4种等氮等脂试验饲料,试验期84 d。结果显示,凡纳滨对虾血清乳酸盐和肌肉溶菌酶活性最高值出现在摄食后的第14天,总蛋白、甘油三酯、胆固醇、葡萄糖含量最高值出现在第42天,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、抗超氧阴离子水平的最高值出现在第56天。与对照组相比,饲料中添加250 mg·kg~(-1)β-1,3-葡聚糖显著提高了凡纳滨对虾血清甘油三酯、胆固醇、葡萄糖、乳酸盐含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性(P0.05);500 mg·kg~(-1)β-1,3-葡聚糖显著提高了其血清总蛋白、抗超氧阴离子水平(P0.05),250或500 mg·kg~(-1)β-1,3-葡聚糖可显著增强过氧化氢酶、溶菌酶活性(P0.05)。饲料中添加250或500 mg·kg~(-1)β-1,3-葡聚糖14、42或56 d,可显著提高低盐度养殖凡纳滨对虾营养物质代谢和非特异性免疫功能。     

β-葡聚糖对凡纳滨对虾免疫相关酶活性的影响

在对虾配合饲料中添加不同剂量(0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2 mg/g)的β-葡聚糖投喂凡纳滨对虾60d,分析β-葡聚糖对凡纳滨对虾免疫相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:1.5 mg/g处理组肌肉溶菌酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.5、1.0、1.5 mg/g处理组的POD活力均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mg/g各处理组血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),其中1.5 mg/g组的ALP和ACP活力最高。表明饲料中添加葡聚糖能有效提高虾体免疫力,适宜添加剂量为1.0~1.5 mg/g。     

壳聚糖投喂方式对草鱼抗饥饿胁迫能力的影响

在基础饲料中添加0.5%的壳聚糖,采用3种不同的投喂方式(方式A:连续投喂基础饲料,对照组;方式B:连续投喂添加0.5%壳聚糖的饲料,连续组;方式C:先投喂0.5%壳聚糖饲料再投喂基础饲料且每15天间隔投喂,不连续组)饲喂初始体重(19.46±0.04)g的草鱼60d后,对草鱼进行饥饿胁迫处理[各投喂方式分为投喂组(feeding,F)和饥饿组(starvation,S)],以生长、一氧化氮(nitrogenoxide,NO)含量和溶菌酶(lysozyme,LSZ)活性为指标考察壳聚糖不同投喂方式对草鱼抗饥饿胁迫处理的能力。结果显示,(1)连续组和不连续组60d时草鱼增长率和增重率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),15d饥饿处理后也呈现投喂组和饥饿组的增长率和增重率高于对照组的趋势(P>0.05);(2)对照组头肾、肝胰脏NO含量和血清、头肾溶菌酶活性饥饿组显著高于投喂组(P<0.05),连续组除头肾外NO含量和各组织溶菌酶活性饥饿组显著低于投喂组(P<0.05)或与投喂组无显著差异(P>0.05),不连续组除脾脏外NO含量和除肝胰脏外的溶菌酶活性饥饿组显著低于投喂组(P<0.05)或与投喂组无显著差异(P>0...     

一种复合益生菌对草鱼生长和抗氧化功能的影响

为研究复合益生菌对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)生长和抗氧化功能的影响,实验设1个对照组((Ⅰ组)投喂基础饲料)和3个实验组(投喂在基础饲料中添加复合益生菌的饲料,添加浓度分别为1000 mg/kg(Ⅱ组)、2000 mg/kg(Ⅲ组)和3000 mg/kg(Ⅳ组)),每组3个重复,饲养初始体重为(175.79±15.32)g草鱼8周后,测定生长和抗氧化指标。结果显示,各实验组均能显著提高草鱼增重率、特定生长率,降低饵料系数,存活率无显著差异,且Ⅲ组增重率和特定生长率最高,饵料系数最低,增重率比Ⅰ组提高了16.32%。复合益生菌显著提高了草鱼肠道淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性,其中Ⅲ组的脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性最高,Ⅳ组的淀粉酶活性最高;复合益生菌显著提高了草鱼血清中总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和谷胱甘肽含量,当添加量为3000 mg/kg时,会降低其超氧化物歧化酶活性;复合益生菌能显著降低草鱼血清中抗超氧阴离子自由基活性和丙二醛含量,当添加量为3000 mg/kg时,抗超氧阴离子自由基活性和丙二醛含量均有所升高。结果表明草鱼基础饲料中适量添加复合益生菌能促进其生长,降低饵料系数,提高肠道消化酶活性和抗氧化功能,适宜添加量为2000 mg/kg。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对草鱼生长性能、肠道消化酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为研究饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis WTC019)对草鱼生长性能、消化酶活性和抗氧化功能的影响,选取平均体重为(146.23±14.56)g的健康草鱼,对照组(A组)只投喂基础饲料,试验组(B、C、D组)分别投喂含106、107、108CFU/g B.subtilis WTC019的基础饲料,试验60 d。结果显示:试验组草鱼的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组,草鱼肠道中的淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性均显著高于对照组,其中D组的草鱼肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性最高,C组的草鱼胰蛋白酶活性最高。添加组过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽含量均显著高于对照组,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性变化不显著。由此得出,B.subtilis WTC019可提高草鱼的消化酶的活力和抗氧化功能,进而可促进草鱼生长。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。     

浅谈船舶干舷的作用

近几年．在唐山沿海发生的渔船海难、海损事故经统计表明呈增多趋势。这与出海作业渔民的安全意识不强有很大关系．渔民为了挣取更多的效益，在海上，超抗风浪等级作业且人为地增加船的不规范载荷．造成船的储备浮力损失，酿成恶果。笔者认为．在渔船设计建造中，留取的干舷对渔船作业的安全性起相当重要的作用，必不可少。 一、储备浮力的重要性 所谓储备浮力就是自船舶设计水线至水密甲板的水密部分体积，其大小与干舷相关．于舷大则储备浮力大，干舷的重要性就在于能够使船在海中保持正常的浮性和安全。再者，在设计建造渔船时，为了改善…     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…