中间球海胆精子的超低温保存技术

20 0 0年 10～ 11月 ,对大连龙王塘海区成熟的中间球海胆 (Strongylocentrotusintermedius)精子进行超低温保存研究。结果表明 :不同的抗冻保护剂 ,不同的体积分数 ,不同的冷冻方式 ,精子冻存的效果不同。以自然海水为基础溶液 ,以 12 %的二甲亚砜或 9%的甘油作为抗冻保护剂 ,稀释精液至 8× 10 7～ 11× 10 7个 /ml,距液氮表面 10cm处预冷 8min ,再浸入液氮中保存 ,解冻时直接移出液氮于 17～ 18℃自来水流水解冻 ,精子存活率分别是 95 % ,90 % ;受精率分别为 94 0 % ,86 5 %。     

珍珠龙精子超低温保存的初步研究

为研究适合珍珠龙精子的短期超低温保存方法,比较了不同保存液、保护剂、降温方式、解冻方式对珍珠龙(Scleropages jardini)精液超低温保存后精子活力的影响,初步解释了经超低温短期保存后珍珠龙精子活力明显较鲜精低的原因.结果显示:采用Ringer's液作为保存液,以浓度为16％的二甲亚砜作为保护剂,选取五步法超低温冷冻保存精子[精子缓慢降温至-150℃→液氮面上3 cm(约-170℃),停留4min→液氮面(约-190℃),停留1 min→液氮],40℃水浴解冻,可取得最好的冻后活力,解冻后精子的活力为(36.7±4.1)％.     

半滑舌鳎精子冷冻保存

半滑舌鳎精子冷冻保存对于人工繁殖育苗、杂交育种、雌核发育及其性别控制研究具有重要的意义，为此，本文对半滑舌鳎精子冷冻保存方法进行了研究。分别利用2．8mol／L的二甲基亚砜（DMSO）、甘油（Gly）和1，2-丙二醇（PG）冷冻保存该鱼精子。结果显示，DMSO冷冻保存精子的活力较高。利用MPRS＋2．8mol／L DMSO以1：0．5、1：1、1：1．5和1：2的比例稀释并冷冻精子，1：1比例在冻前能够抑制精子的运动，冻后活力可达82．50±3．54％，显著高于其他稀释比例（P〈0．05）。分别利用冷冻保存液A（MPRS＋2．8mol／L DMSO）和B（TS-2＋2．8mol／LDMSO）稀释平衡精子，精子在A中的冻前快速运动时间、寿命分别为37．75±6．45S和145．00±78．98S，与鲜精无显著差异（P〉0．05）。利用以上两种冷冻稀释液冷冻保存精子,精子在A液中的冻后活力和寿命分别可达53．50±6．69％和98．00±13．51s，冷冻效果优于B液（P〈0．05）。冷冻后精子的受精率和孵化率分别为55．00±5．00％和35．00±13．23％，受精率与鲜精无显著性差异（P〉0．05），因此认为MPRS＋2．8mol／L DMSO可用于半滑舌鳎精子的冷冻保存。     

栉孔扇贝精子的超低温保存研究

于１９９９年５￣６月对栉孔扇贝精子进行超低温保存研究。结果表明，抗冻液为ＤＭＳＯ５％＋蔗糖５％并以２０℃ｍｉｎ的降温速率通过０￣－８０℃时的保存效果最好，冻精的活力、受精率、化率分别为４９．３９％、４２．０６％和１２．１５％。样品体积对超低温存效果产生影响，体积为０．６ｍｌ或１ｍｌ比较适宜。此外，在０℃进行预处理平衡是必须的，但时间不宜太长。冻精用３５℃水浴解冻效果最佳，５０℃次之，２０℃最差。对     

刀鲚精子超低温冷冻保存技术的研究

本文对刀鲚精子的超低温冷冻保存技术进行了研究.以解冻后精子的运动力为参数,分别探讨了不同的稀释液、不同种类不同浓度的保护剂、不同的平衡时间以及不同的稀释比例对刀鲚精子进行超低温冷冻保存的保护效果.结果显示:采用D-15稀释液,将精液和稀释液按1:2稀释,4℃平衡20 rmin,加入10％ DMSO,混匀后液氮面上方6 cm处平衡10 min,接着在液氮面上平衡5 min,最后投入液氮中保存,一周后,液氮蒸气中平衡5min,37℃水浴解冻,活力效果最佳,达70％左右.     

棘头梅童鱼精子超低温冷冻保存研究

为保护和利用棘头梅童鱼种质资源,以常用无机盐及葡萄糖配制的5种溶液(依次编号A、B、C、D、E)作为稀释液,不同体积分数的DMSO作为抗冻剂,采用2 mL冻存管和两步降温的方式,对棘头梅童鱼精子的超低温冷冻保存技术进行了研究,并利用人工养殖黄姑鱼的成熟卵子对冻存3年的棘头梅童鱼冷冻精子的授精能力进行检验。结果表明,以E溶液为稀释液、10%DMSO为抗冻剂、两步降温方式冷冻保存的棘头梅童鱼精子在37℃水浴解冻后复活率较高,为(76.67±10.41)%^82.33±4.62%;以上述方法冻存3年的棘头梅童鱼冷冻精子与人工养殖黄姑鱼的成熟卵子杂交,受精率达到(20.26±4.12)%。     

日本蟳精子超低温冷冻保存技术的研究

以精子存活率作为评价指标,采用两步降温法研究了稀释剂、抗冻保护剂和预冷时间对日本蟳精子超低温冷冻保存效果的影响。结果表明:以采用稀释剂II、15%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)作为抗冻保护剂的保存效果最佳。在液氮中保存24 h后,精子存活率可达83.76%,保存一年后可达73.81%。精液的第一次预冷时间以25 min为宜。     

超低温冻存时间对史氏鲟精子活力的影响

为研究超低温冻存时间对史氏鲟精子活力的影响,使用史氏鲟冻精与鳇鱼卵子进行了杂交授精试验。结果显示:经超低温冷冻后的精液,与对照组的鲜精(126.7±9.4 s)比较,其寿命显著下降(冻存5 h的为78.7±4.11 s,336 d的为72.0±4.32 s,702 d的为57.3±2.05 s),且授精率和受精卵的孵化率受到显著影响。冻存5 h的精液,其授精率和受精卵孵化率分别为(73.31±15.27)%和(55.68±9.81)%,与鲜精比较差异不显著(P>0.05),而冻存时间为336 d[授精率(59.20±2.39)%,受精卵孵化率(53.08±1.23)%]和702 d[授精率(25.29±8.26)%,受精卵孵化率(21.38±9.91)%]的精液则差异显著。结果表明,超低温冷冻对史氏鲟精子造成了一定程度的损伤,长时间的超低温冻存会显著降低精子的活力,影响授精率和受精卵的孵化率。     

超低温冷冻对俄罗斯鲟精子顶体酶活性及DNA损伤的影响

选取6 ind健康的雄性俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedti),经人工催产后获得成熟的精子,研究超低温冷冻(-196℃)对俄罗斯鲟精子顶体酶活性及DNA损伤影响。结果显示:俄罗斯鲟鲜精中顶体酶的平均活性为(36.18±2.54)μIU·10-6,经过超低温冷冻后,精子顶体酶活性显著降低,添加抗冻保护液精子中顶体酶活性降至(21.55±0.79)μIU·10-6,未添加抗冻保护液精子中顶体酶活性降至(9.58±1.08)μIU·10-6,且三者间有显著性差异(P0.05)。单细胞凝胶电泳结果表明,俄罗斯鲟鲜精彗星率为(37.33±7.77)%,添加抗冻剂后冻精的彗星率为(63.67±5.13)%,未添加抗冻剂直接冷冻彗星率高达(86.00±3.61)%,三者间有显著差异(P0.05)。用CASP分析软件分析测量彗星拖尾长度(L tail)、彗星尾部DNA的相对含量(Tail DNA)、尾动量(TM)、Olive尾动量(OTM)等各项表征DNA损伤的指标,发现冻精组的各项指标均显著高于鲜精组,未添加抗冻剂直接冷冻组又高于添加抗冻剂组,3组间有显著性差异(P0.05)。本研究结果表明:超低温冷冻能导致精子顶体酶活性下降和DNA损伤,抗冻剂对精子具有保护作用。     

祁连山裸鲤精液保存的研究

<正>本实验采用多种精子稀释液分别在冷冻前和冷冻后进行激活,结果表明祁连山裸鲤精子在D-15与Kurokura-1中活力较好,达到了(72±5)%,较为接近鲜精的活力。利用10%抗冻剂(DM)来进行裸鲤精液的超低温保存研究,发现D-15保存后的精子活力较高,达到了(35±5)%。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).