太平洋牡蛎二倍体与三倍体的核型研究

太平洋牡蛎 (Ｃｒａｓｓｏｓｔｒｅａｇｉｇａｓ)是近年我国重要海水养殖贝类之一。由于三倍体育性差、生长快、肉质好等优于二倍体的特性 ,故太平洋牡蛎三倍体育种目前在我国已经进入中试阶段 ,预计不久可实现产业化。关于二倍体太平洋牡蛎的核型已有人作过一些研究[1～ 5] ,但在二倍体与三倍体核型的比较方面还未见报道。本文对其二倍体和三倍体的核型进行了分析比较 ,为多倍体育种在理论和实际应用等方面提供依据1　材料与方法太平洋牡蛎取自荣城市桑沟湾养殖海区 ,壳长 8～ 1 0ｃｍ。蓄养成熟后 ,解剖取精卵 ,在 2 5℃条件下人工授精。…     

贝类染色体组工程的研究

染色体组工程的研究,主要是指人工雌核生殖,人工雄核生殖,多倍体的诱导等方面的研究,自从Stanlq等(1981)报道了人工诱导美洲牡蛎(Crassostreavirginica)受精卵获得多倍体以来,海洋经济贝类多倍体育种研究取得了很大进展。除了对各种诱导方法进行了探索和完善外,对多倍体贝类的生物学也进行了较多的研究。研究表明,人工诱导的三倍体贝类具有不育、个体大、生长快、肉质好等优良品性。因此,根据各种经济贝类养殖需要,培育三倍体品种,对促进贝类养殖生产的发展,具有重要的经济价值和应用前景。近年来水产动物染色体组的操作,新的染色体操…     

皱纹盘鲍三倍体诱导条件及其室内饲育试验

皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)是我国重要的海洋经济贝类之一,近年来北方沿海已开展了人工养殖。但普通二倍体鲍需生长3—4年才能达到商品规格,养殖周期长。由于三倍体的不育性,其能量可全部用于生长,这对改善鲍的生长,缩短养殖周期有着积极的意义。有关鲍三倍体的研究起步较晚,在国外,Arai等[1986]、林崎孝志[1989]分别报道了用温度休克和静水压法及细胞松弛素B诱导皱纹     

海洋经济贝类多倍体研究的现状

综述了近年来国内外在海洋经济贝类多倍体育种方面的研究进展及其成果，指明６－ＤＭＡＰ是一种提高三倍体生产率的理想药物以及多倍体贝类的今后研究方向。     

海洋贝类标本的采集与制作方法研究

<正>海洋贝类依据其与人类的关系可划分为三大类群:经济贝类、敌害贝类、其它贝类。其中,经济贝类主要包括5类:食用贝类、药用贝类、饵料贝类、工业贝类、收藏贝类;敌害贝类可分为4类:医学贝类、养殖敌害贝类、凿穴生活型有害贝类、附着或固着型有害贝类。科研人员正在深入研究各种类型的贝类,对有利的种类进行开发利用,对敌害贝类进行防治。标本的采集、制作是海洋贝类研究的前提和基础。海洋     

滩涂埋栖贝类的清洁生产技术

我国浅海滩涂总面积约为9.3万km2,生活着700余种海洋贝类,贝类产量名列世界第一.目前已开展人工养殖滩涂埋栖贝类有泥蚶、缢蛏、泥螺、文蛤、青蛤、西施舌、菲律宾蛤仔、彩虹明樱蛤等[1].由于滩涂养殖贝类具有开发成本低、效益好、生态型等优点,近年来人工养殖规模发展很快,对海水养殖产业和区域经济的可持续发展也愈加显得重要.     

太平洋牡蛎三倍体规模生产技术研究

三倍体技术是染色体工程育种的重要研究内容，是当今水产养殖学科研究和技术开发的热点之一。牡蛎三倍体具有生长快、品质好、繁殖力低、抗病力强等特点，为各沿海贝类养殖国家作为提高贝类养殖的生产效率，如加快生长速度、降低病害死亡率和提高产品质量等的重要关键技术。     

我国水产生物技木阶段目标

一、2005年以前 (一)建立5种主要水产养殖动物:鲤鱼、草鱼、对虾、扇贝和罗非鱼的DNA水平的遗传连锁图谱并将生长、抗寒、抗病等数量性状基因定位在连锁图上。 (二)改进鱼虾贝类的染色体倍性操作技术,提高成活率,建立四倍体与普通二倍体交配获得大量三倍体的技术路线,培育出3-5种多倍体鱼、贝和雌核发育鱼、贝;构建罗非鱼全雄性群体和对虾全雌性群体,获得2-3种雌性纯合系或单性养殖群体;     

我国贝类HACCP体系有效实施途径的探讨

我国生活着800余种海洋贝类,贝类产量名列世界第一。海水贝类养殖产量占海水养殖总产量的80%,是海水养殖业的一个重要组成部分。养殖品种有牡蛎、贻贝、扇贝、文蛤、青蛤、蛏、蚶、鲍等十多种,是我国水产品出口创汇的重要品种。双壳贝类,例如牡蛎、杂色蛤、毛蚶、文蛤,具有非选     

青岛海洋大学牡蛎三倍体育苗与增养殖创奇迹

养殖牡蛎１．５万亩，总产值高达１．７亿元，亩产值逾１万元。这项由青岛海洋大学完成的牡蛎三倍体育苗与增养殖技术研究创出了养殖业的奇迹，并于日前摘得了２００１年全国海洋创新成果一等奖，为我国牡蛎养殖产业化发展提供了可能。牡蛎三倍体育苗与增养殖技术研究是国家８６３海洋生物领域的重大项目，以青岛海洋大学水产学院王如才教授为课题负责人，王昭萍、田传远、于瑞海、李贝等人共同参与，历时５年完成。其三倍体牡蛎高效诱导技术达到国际先进水平，三倍体牡蛎规模化育苗、养成、倍性核仁快速检测技术均为国内外首创，亲贝同步促…     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。