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1.
Juvenile and adult black sea bass (Centropristis striata L.) were exposed to various concentrations of four anaesthetics to determine practical dosages for handling as well as for procedures such as bleeding, ovarian biopsy or tag implantation. In experiment 1, juveniles exposed to either 2.0 mg L?1 metomidate, 15 mg L?1 clove oil, 70 mg L?1 tricaine methanesulphonate (TMS) or 200 mg L?1 2‐phenoxyethanol (2‐PE) reached stage II of anaesthesia in 3–5 min and could be handled for weighing and measuring. All fish had completed recovery to stage III within 6 min. In experiment 2, the established concentrations of each anaesthetic were tested on juveniles to determine their ability to prevent a reflex to a subcutaneous needle puncture. All of the fish exposed to clove oil (20 mg L?1) and 40% of the TMS‐treated (70 mg L?1) fish reacted while none of the fish anaesthetized in metomidate (2.0 mg L?1) or 2‐PE (200 mg L?1) responded to the needle puncture. In experiment 3, metomidate (5.0 mg L?1), clove oil (30 mg L?1) TMS (125 mg L?1) or 2‐PE (300 mg L?1) were all effective for performing an ovarian biopsy or tag implantation on adults. In experiment 4, TMS (125 mg L?1) exacerbated the cortisol response to a short handling stressor during a 30 min exposure. Fish anaesthetized in 2‐PE (300 mg L?1), metomidate (5.0 mg L?1) or clove oil (40 mg L?1) had increased cortisol levels associated with the handling stressor but there were no further increases during the remainder of the experimental period. The results demonstrate that these anaesthetics are effective for sedation and anaesthesia of black sea bass and that the best choice is dependant upon the procedures to be performed.  相似文献   

2.
Clove oil has been demonstrated to be an effective, inexpensive anaesthetic and euthanizing agent for a number of fish species, including rainbow trout, used in aquaculture and fisheries research. However, the potential for clove oil to cause perturbations in important plasma hormone concentrations has not been investigated. The effect of anaesthesia and euthanasia in trout with eugenol (the active ingredient in clove oil) on plasma cortisol, glucose, growth hormone (GH) and two thyroid hormones [tri‐iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)] was compared with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222) anaesthesia, and stunning by cranial concussion in two experiments. Effects on blood chemistry were different when comparing the particular anaesthetic method being used. Stunning fish significantly increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels (both P<0.05), while euthanizing fish using either clove oil or MS‐222 had no effect on these hormone levels. In contrast, the levels of GH, T3 and T4 hormones were unaffected regardless of whether fish were euthanized by stunning, MS‐222 or clove oil. Variation in effects between hormones were observed using clove oil eugenol. In fish sampled 10 min after anaesthetizing with 150 mg L?1 of eugenol, cortisol levels were significantly decreased (P<0.03), while there were no differences in either glucose or GH levels. Tri‐iodothyronine and T4 also showed significantly elevated levels (P<0.05) after 10‐min exposure to eugenol. These results highlight the importance of investigating the potential effects of any new anaesthetic or euthanizing compounds on blood plasma parameters, prior to using them in a research setting, or when comparing results to other studies which have utilized alternative anaesthetic compounds.  相似文献   

3.
Anaesthetics are used in aquaculture and fisheries to facilitate routine procedures, such as capture, handling, transportation, tagging, grading and measurements that can often cause injury or induce physiological stress. Two experiments were performed to assess the efficacies of four anaesthetic agents, clove oil, benzocaine, 2‐phenoxyethanol and MS‐222 on juvenile marbled spinefoot rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus). In the first experiment we tested the lowest effective doses that produced induction and recovery times in 3 min or less and 5 min or less respectively. Dosages were 70 mg L?1 for clove oil, 60–70 mg L?1 for benzocaine, 400 μL L?1 for 2‐phenoxyethanol and 100–125 mg L?1 for MS‐222. In the second experiment, we determined optimal concentrations of the four anaesthetics if they were to be used to transport rabbitfish fry. Anaesthetic concentrations suitable for handling and transport were: 10–15 mg L?1 of MS‐222, 5–10 mg L?1 of benzocaine, 5 mg L?1 of clove oil and 50–100 μL L?1 of 2‐phenoxyethanol. All anaesthetic agents are acceptable for use on S. rivulatus, however, 2‐phenoxyethanol, MS‐222 and clove oil appear to be more suitable than benzocaine. Further studies need to be conducted on effects of high and low doses of anaesthetic agents on physiology of marbled spinefoot.  相似文献   

4.
The present study determined the effective concentrations of clove oil and MS‐222 in juvenile rohu Labeo rohita for quick induction and recovery. The immune‐biochemical responses due to 0, 1 and 24 hr exposure to those anaesthetics were also evaluated. Of four concentrations of the anaesthetics examined, the lowest effective concentration of clove oil and MS‐222 were 50 µl/L and 125 mg/L respectively. Clove oil and MS‐222 significantly increased the myeloperoxidase, total protein and alkaline phosphatase activity at some of the holding durations. However, superoxide anion production (after 0 and 1 hr) and antiprotease activity (after 24 hr) were significantly reduced in fish exposed to clove oil. Serum glucose content was significantly elevated in the MS‐222‐treated group. Furthermore, the clove oil‐treated group showed significantly higher levels of serum Na+ and K+, while the aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities were significantly enhanced in the MS‐222 group. The use of both clove oil and MS‐222 is advised as an anaesthetic agent for rohu with a bias towards clove oil, considering its economic and operational feasibility.  相似文献   

5.
This study investigated the feasibility of using clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol, or Propiscin as an alternative to tricaine methane sulphonate (MS 222) as a fish anaesthetic, particularly in regard to reducing fish stress. The biochemical blood profiles of perch Perca fluviatilis L. anaesthetized with either MS 222 (100 mg L−1), clove oil (33 mg L−1), 2-phenoxyethanol (0.40 mL L−1) or Propiscin (1.0 mL L−1), and a non-anaesthetized control group were compared. Biochemical profiles were determined from blood samples collected before treatment in controls. For each anaesthetic tested, fish were divided into two groups, one sampled immediately after 10-min anaesthesia and a second, sampled 24 h after 10-min anaesthesia. The values determined in the present study suggested that internal organs and tissues of perch were slightly altered by MS 222, clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol anaesthesia, but not by Propiscin anaesthesia.  相似文献   

6.
The effects of weekly anaesthetization with clove oil and tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222) on feed intake and growth were examined in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), held individually. Repeated handling without anaesthetics significantly reduced feed intake and weight gain compared with an unhandled control group during an 8‐week experiment. When anaesthetics were used during handling the feed consumption and weight gain were significantly (MS‐222) or not significantly (clove oil) higher than in fish handled without anaesthesia. When compared with the unhandled control group, neither of these two anaesthetics had significant effects on feed intake but, in contrast to MS‐222, repeated anaesthesia with clove oil had a significant negative effect on growth. However, the effects of MS‐222 and clove oil on the growth were not significantly different from each other. Feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) of MS‐222‐anaesthetized fish was significantly higher compared with unhandled control and handled control fish but was not significantly different from fish anaesthetized with clove oil. These results suggest that both MS‐222 and clove oil alleviate handling stress in juvenile rainbow trout, and that these two anaesthetics are rather similar with respect to their effects during repeated exposures.  相似文献   

7.
This study investigated the feasibility of using clove oil as an alternative to tricaine methanesulphonate as a fish anaesthetic, particularly in fish stress research. The physiological stress responses of juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) anaesthetized with either tricaine (50 mg L?1) or clove oil (20 p.p.m.) were compared using unanaesthetized fish as controls. Haematocrit, serum cortisol and serum glucose concentrations, serum lysozyme activity and differential leucocyte counts were measured from blood samples collected before, during and upon recovery from anaesthesia and at specified intervals up to 72 h after recovery. Differences between the two anaesthetic groups were not significant for most of the physiological traits measured. Serum lysozyme activity of control fish, however, was significantly suppressed relative to the treated fish for 72 h after stress. Clove oil may be a safe and cost‐effective alternative to tricaine without significantly affecting study results. Furthermore, clove oil may be more practical for field‐based research, because a withdrawal period is unnecessary, and clove oil does not pose an environmental hazard.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of four anaesthetic agents, tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222) (112.5 mg L?1), 2‐phenoxyethanol (400 μL L?1), clove oil (70 mg L?1) and benzocaine (65 mg L?1) on juvenile marbled spinefoot (Siganus rivulatus) of three mean body weights (7.3 g, 19.1 g, 55.5 g) and at three temperatures (20, 25, 30°C) were evaluated. In addition, the relationship between body lipid content and efficacy of the four anaesthetic agents was evaluated in juvenile S. rivulatus. Times necessary for induction and recovery were recorded. Significant effects of temperature on induction and recovery times were observed. Induction and recovery times decreased with increasing water temperature. No uniform relationship between body weight of juvenile marbled spinefoot and anaesthetic efficacy was observed. Body fat content was positively correlated with induction time only when MS‐222 was used but did not affect induction times of fish exposed to 2‐phenoxyethanol, clove oil or benzocaine. Recovery times were generally longer for all fish containing more body fat. Results of the study show that anaesthetic efficiency increases with increasing water temperature but is not strongly affected by body weight for juvenile marbled spinefoot. In addition, body fat in fish affected the efficacy of the various anaesthetic agents tested in this study, generally slowing down recovery.  相似文献   

9.
The optimum concentration of anaesthetic used to facilitate fish handling can be determined based on induction and recovery time, among other factors. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the essential oil of Aloysia triphylla (EOAT) as an anaesthetic in the handling of Nile tilapia juveniles. Nile tilapias exemplars were immersed at 0 (control group), 10, 20, 30, 40, 80, 150, 300 and 450 μL L?1 EOAT to evaluate sedation, anaesthesia and recovery time. The stress response was evaluated by the determination of plasma glucose, cortisol, lactate and paraoxonase levels in anaesthetized (300 μL L?1 EOAT) and non‐anaesthetized fish. Fillets from both groups were evaluated for organoleptic characteristics (taste and odour). Concentrations of 80–450 μL L?1 EOAT were effective in inducing anaesthesia. There was a significant reduction in plasma cortisol levels one hour after handling in individuals anaesthetized with 300 μL L?1 EOAT compared to the control group. Tasters did not detect differences in fillet taste and odour between fish exposed and not exposed to EOAT. A concentration of 300 μL L?1 EOAT is recommended for handling Nile tilapia because it presents good anaesthetic induction and recovery times, causes a reduction in plasma cortisol levels one hour after handling and does not affect the taste or odour of the fillets.  相似文献   

10.
Responses to anaesthesia with essential oil (EO) of Aloysia triphylla (135 and 180 mg L?1) and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) (150 and 300 mg L?1) were assessed in silver catfish. Exposure to the anaesthetics elicited a stress response in the species. In the case of MS222, it was displayed as a release of cortisol into bloodstream, elevation in hematocrit and plasma ion loss. The EO presented cortisol‐blocking properties, but increased haematocrit and disturbances of hydromineral balance were observed. Liver antioxidant/oxidant status of EO and MS222‐anaesthetized silver catfish was also estimated. The synthetic anaesthetic induced lipoperoxidation, notwithstanding increased catalase contents, whereas the naturally occurring product was capable of preventing the formation of lipid peroxides, possibly due to combined actions of catalase and glutathione‐S‐transferase. Anaesthetic efficacy was also tested via induction and recovery times. Overall, the promising results obtained for the physiological parameters of the EO‐treated fish counterbalanced the slight prolonged induction time observed for 180 mg L?1. As for 135 mg L?1, both induction and recovery times were lengthy; despite that, the EO was able to promote oxidative protection and mitigate stress. None of the MS222 concentrations prompted such responses concomitantly.  相似文献   

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