氯氰菊酯对草鱼组织Na^＋/K^＋-ATP酶活性及肝、鳃超显微结构的影响

以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)为实验材料,采用毒性实验方法研究了氯氰菊酯对草鱼肝、鳃、肾组织Na+/K+-ATP酶活性及超显微结构的影响.将草鱼分别浸泡于氯氰菊酯(质量浓度0μg·L-1、1μg·L-1、3μg·L-1、5μg·L-1)溶液中,结果显示,鳃组织Na+7K+-ATP酶活性呈波动性变化;肝、肾组织Na+/K+-ATP酶活性呈抑制效应,肝组织高浓度处理组在72 h时出现显著差异(P<0.05),肾组织Na+/K+-ATP酶活性呈抑制效应不显著,用草鱼肝组织Na+/K+-ATP酶活性作为毒理学指标能较好地评价氯氰菊酯毒性效应;超显微观察发现草鱼暴露于氯氰菊酯质量浓度3 μg·L-1 1周后,鳃小叶粘连、鳃上皮细胞损伤脱落、溶酶体数量增加、细胞萎缩及间隙扩大,表明氯氰菊酯暴露对草鱼鳃呼吸膜造成了严重损伤,肝细胞线粒体膨大及部分结构溶解、内质网片断化、细胞内溶酶体增加和出现脂褐素、胞质内出现空泡,表明氯氰菊酯暴露能对草鱼肝的能量代谢及物质合成等生理功能造成影响.[中国水产科学,2009,16(1):120-126]     

四氯乙烯和镉联合胁迫对草鱼SOD和POD活性影响

为了考察超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)是否可以作为四氯乙烯(PCE)和镉(Cd2+)联合污染生物指标,采用静水生物测试法,研究了PCE和Cd2+联合胁迫对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肝胰脏、肾脏和鳃组织SOD以及肝胰脏、肾脏POD的影响。结果表明:(1)PCE和Cd2+复合污染胁迫时,草鱼肝胰脏SOD随着时间变化呈现"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,且最高浓度组始终低于对照;(2)肾脏SOD在所有暴露浓度组随着时间变化呈现"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,除最低浓度组在120 h显著高于对照外,其他均显著低于对照;(3)鳃组织SOD也呈现"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,但始终低于对照;(4)高浓度组(1/4TU和1/2TU)草鱼肝胰脏和肾脏POD活性随着暴露时间变化呈"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,但肝胰脏和肾脏的POD活性始终显著低于对照(P0.05);(5)草鱼鳃组织SOD活性明显低于肝胰脏和肾脏。PCE和Cd2+分别破坏了酶的蛋白结构和诱导了鱼体细胞膜的脂质过氧化,二者联合污染比单一污染加剧了草鱼的毒性效应。     

氰戊菊酯、醚菊酯对日本囊对虾的急性毒性

为了研究两种拟除虫菊酯类农药对日本囊对虾(Penaeus japonicus)的急性毒性效应,采用半静态换水补药方法研究了氰戊菊酯和醚菊酯对平均体重(10.6±2.5)g日本囊对虾的急性毒性。试验结果表明:在水温(18.2±0.3)℃时,氰戊菊酯对日本囊对虾的24 h LC50、48 h LC50、72 h LC50、96 h LC50分别为1.52、0.810、0.520、0.310μg·L-1,安全浓度为0.069 0μg·L-1;醚菊酯对日本囊对虾的24 h LC50、48 h LC50、72 h LC50、96 h LC50分别为1.88、1.30、0.940、0.760μg·L-1,安全浓度为0.190μg·L-1。两种农药均属于极高毒药物,对日本囊对虾的毒性大小为:氰戊菊酯醚菊酯。因此在作为清塘药物进行清塘时需特别谨慎使用。     

Cr~(6+)对草鱼脑和肝胰脏组织结构及其超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

在水温(20±1)℃下,采用静水测试法研究水体中不同质量浓度Cr6+(120.00、160.80、215.47、288.73、386.90mg/L,重铬酸钠配制)对体质量约10g草鱼脑和肝胰脏的组织结构及肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响,以探讨重金属的毒性积累和毒性机制。试验结果表明,Cr6+对草鱼的24、48、96h半数致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为302.77、154.47、78.89mg/L,由(48hLC50×0.3)/(24h LC50/48hLC50)2和96hLC50×0.1计算出安全质量浓度分别为12.068mg/L和7.489mg/L。中毒初期肝细胞轻微肥大,无序离散,细胞核相对缩小,胞浆轻微展出;随着时间的延长,肝胰脏异常的程度更加严重,甚至肝坏死,肝细胞明显肥大,无序性离散程度明显增大,细胞核明显缩小,肝细胞胞浆展出,细胞空化;脑细胞开始出现破裂,细胞液溢出,细胞核轻微聚集;随后脑细胞的异常程度更加严重,细胞破裂、细胞核聚集程度严重。随着Cr6+质量浓度的升高和时间的延长,草鱼肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶活性降低。     

三种不同养殖模式对草鱼肝胰脏结构与功能的影响

以全程摄食颗粒饲料、颗粒饲料+苏丹草和浮萍、苏丹草和浮萍三种不同养殖模式的草鱼(初始体重为0.25~0.30 g;终末体重为50~100 g)为实验对象,对其血液生化指标、肝胰脏指数、肝胰脏脂肪含量、肝胰脏组织学结构、肝胰脏超微结构等指标进行了测定与观察。结果表明:摄食饲料+苏丹草和浮萍组的草鱼肝脏组织、细胞结构均较为正常,血清中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性最低,白蛋白含量及碱性磷酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性最高;单独摄食苏丹草和浮萍组的草鱼肝脏组织和细胞形态正常,但白蛋白含量较低,个体消瘦;单独摄食饲料组的草鱼,脂肪在肝脏细胞中大量蓄积,致使肝脏细胞坏死,肝脏功能下降。     

超高效液相色谱法测定鱼体组织中培氟沙星的含量

建立了测定鱼血浆、肌肉、肝胰脏、肾脏中培氟沙星含量的超高液相色谱一紫外法。将组织样品剪碎后用磷酸二氢钾溶液提取，固相萃取柱净化，0．1％甲酸水溶液：LN（V：V=90：10）流动相洗脱。该方法血浆的检出限为0．01μg·mL-1，肌肉、肝胰脏、肾脏的检出限均为0．02μg·g-1，线性范围为0．01-10μg·mL-1，平均回收率为70．2-95．1％。本方法的前处理过程操作简便，避免使用有机溶剂，减少对环境的污染和人体健康的伤害。     

甲氰菊酯对鲤鳃Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性及组织损伤的影响

采用半静止染毒法,探讨甲氰菊酯对鲤（Cyprinus carpio）的急性毒性和对鳃组织Na＋-K＋-ATP酶活性的影响及组织的病理损伤。急性毒性结果表明,甲氰菊酯对鲤的96 h半致死质量浓度（LC50）为8.53μg·L-1,安全质量浓度（SC）为0.853μg·L-1。设置1/2 96 h LC50以下的5个质量浓度0、0.43μg·L-1、0.85μg·L-1、1.71μg·L-1、4.27μg·L-1作用于鲤21 d,分别在第1、第3、第7、第14和第21天采集组织样品进行酶活测定以及组织病理学观察。结果表明,鳃组织中Na＋-K＋-ATP酶活性随着暴露时间的推移其动态变化呈先下降后上升、之后又有所回落的趋势。暴露第3天各组酶活性降至最低点,与对照组相比差异极显著（P〈0.01）,其抑制率分别达到42.49%、27.48%、59.03%和46.31%;第14天各组酶活达最高值并显著（P〈0.05）或极显著（P〈0.01）高于对照组;第21天除最高浓度组显著低于对照组外,其余3组仍高于对照组。H-E染色显示,鳃组织学损伤主要是鳃小片扭曲,上皮细胞和柱状细胞脱落,鳃小片毛细血管扩张充血,粘液细胞和基部细胞增生,严重时鳃小片粘连,呈棍棒状病变。以上损伤具有剂量相关性和时间积累效应。     

姜黄素对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生长、消化与抗氧化能力的影响

选取初始体重为(13.17±0.68)g、初始体长为(11.86±0.53)cm黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)720尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾鱼。分别投喂添加0、50、100、200、400、800 mg/kg姜黄素的实验饲料,分别标记为T1–T6。实验周期为60 d,实验结束后,测定黄颡鱼生长、消化和抗氧化能力指标。结果显示,各实验组特定增长率和存活率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),T4组增重率和蛋白质效率显著高于对照组(P0.05),T3、T4组饲料系数显著低于对照组(T1组)(P0.05);T3、T4、T5组前肠脂肪酶活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),T4组前肠淀粉酶活力显著高于对照组(P0.05);T6组肝胰脏、T5组脑与T4组头肾超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均较对照组有显著提升(P0.05);脑实验各组丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05);T6组肝胰脏、T5组脾脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力显著高于对照组(P0.05);T4组肝胰脏、T5组脾脏、T5组中肾谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力显著提升(P0.05);血清实验各组GSH-PX活力均显著高于对照组(P0.05);肝胰脏实验各组谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);T5组肝胰脏、T4组脾脏和血清一氧化氮(NO)含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,在饲料中添加适量的姜黄素可以显著提高黄颡鱼的生长性能、消化能力以及抗氧化能力,以200 mg/kg添加量为最佳。     

不同质量浓度Zn~(2+)对草鱼脑、肝胰脏组织结构及肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

水温(20±1)℃,采用静水测试法研究了养殖水体中不同质量浓度Zn2+(0、9.52、13.14、18.30、25.02、34.53mg/L)对体质量约10g的草鱼脑和肝胰脏的组织结构及肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响,探讨重金属的毒性积累和毒性机制。试验结果表明,Zn2+对草鱼的24、48h和96h半致死质量浓度分别为23.058、19.317、10.155mg/L,由公式(48hLC50×0.3)/(24hLC50/48hLC50)2和96hLC50×0.1计算出安全质量浓度分别为4.068mg/L和1.0155mg/L。中毒初期草鱼脑细胞轻微聚集,细胞核微增大;随时间延长脑异常加重,细胞聚集明显,核增大几乎充满整个脑细胞;肝胰脏细胞膨大,离散,核缩小,胞浆轻微溢出,少数肝胰脏细胞胞浆溢出,残留的核物质散乱分布,肝胰脏细胞凝固性坏死。随着Zn2+质量浓度的升高和时间延长,草鱼肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶活性降低。     

姜黄素对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生长、消化与抗氧化能力的影响

选取初始体重为(13.17±0.68) g、初始体长为(11.86±0.53) cm黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) 720尾，随机分为6组，每组3个重复，每个重复40尾鱼。分别投喂添加0、50、100、200、400、800 mg/kg姜黄素的实验饲料，分别标记为T1–T6。实验周期为60 d，实验结束后，测定黄颡鱼生长、消化和抗氧化能力指标。结果显示，各实验组特定增长率和存活率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，T4组增重率和蛋白质效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，T3、T4组饲料系数显著低于对照组(T1组) (P<0.05)；T3、T4、T5组前肠脂肪酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，T4组前肠淀粉酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05)；T6组肝胰脏、T5组脑与T4组头肾超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均较对照组有显著提升(P<0.05)；脑实验各组丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)；T6组肝胰脏、T5组脾脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05)；T4组肝胰脏、T5组脾脏、T5组中肾谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力显著提升(P<0.05)；血清实验各组GSH-PX活力均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)；肝胰脏实验各组谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)；T5组肝胰脏、T4组脾脏和血清一氧化氮(NO)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明，在饲料中添加适量的姜黄素可以显著提高黄颡鱼的生长性能、消化能力以及抗氧化能力，以200 mg/kg添加量为最佳。     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

1. In the last two decades, Brazil has advanced significantly with the expansion and improvement of its national system of protected areas. Until recently most of the expansion was concentrated in the Amazon region (with useful lessons). It also had an uneven ecological representation of coastal and marine ecosystems, concentrated in coastal waters. Despite significant advances, the levels of funding, staff and stakeholders' engagement remain relatively low for such a vast system.
2. Within the past few years, key elements of a new strategy for protection of coastal and marine areas have started to emerge, combined with some participatory processes and a focus on expansion of the total area protected (from <1.5% protection of the country's marine area). These included: a renewed focus on priority areas for conservation; attention to national and international commitments and targets; clarity about the need for partnerships and funding; better engagement of Brazilian society and stakeholders; new, and more collaborative, models of protected areas management and conservation; and openness in the relationships with wider society.
3. Significant results of this effort have started to appear: new large mosaics of oceanic protected areas were created; Amazon mangroves were recognized by the Ramsar Convention; new mangrove protected areas were created, besides other ones proposed; project proposals are under development with partners for better funding and sharing of responsibility; and there is a better engagement with stakeholders. The building of the Brazilian Blue Initiative is underway.
4. The implementation of the proposed 15‐year marine strategy is at its onset: partnerships need to be strengthened and substantial funding is required. It will only be possible to manage the larger system of protected areas if there are more collaborative and innovative models for protected areas and conservation management. These should include partnerships with civil society, local and traditional communities and the private sector, as well as greater engagement of scientists and research institutions, stronger and more qualified tourism, volunteer work, etc. Further innovative funding mechanisms will also be needed along the way.

     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Factors influencing the abundance of the common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, in small, North Island, New Zealand, lakes

Adult common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, are small (total length =  30–120 mm), benthic fish commonly found in the littoral zones of New Zealand lakes where they are a major prey species for trout and eels. Differences in their relative abundance (CPUE) were determined between 21 shallow North Island lakes. Mean CPUE ranged from 2 to >  1000 fish net^{− 1} night^{− 1} and was inversely related to water transparency. The abundance of bullies was not reduced in lakes containing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but was reduced in all lakes containing self-recruiting populations of eels, Anguilla spp. Mean densities of planktonic larval bullies in the limnetic zone were also inversely related to water transparency. Since low water transparency is related to increased trophic status for these lakes, the abundance of bullies is likely to be related to lake productivity, rather than turbidity.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Annual Meeting of the Pacific Fisheries Technologists,Red Lion Inn,San Diego,CA, February 18-21, 1996

No abstract available for this article.