东海中部鱼类群落多样性的季节变化

根据2001年4月、6月、9月和12月东海中部(27°00′～30°00′N、122°30′～127°00′E)底拖网调查资料,分析了该海域鱼类群落多样性的季节变化。调查中共捕获鱼类161种,平均站位出现鱼类10.95种;优势种类中除了带鱼(Trichiurusjaponicus)、银鲳(Pampusargenteus)、小黄鱼(Larimichthyspolyactis)等经济种类外,其它大部分种类为经济价值不高或小型的鱼类。各调查航次的优势种类排序和组成不同。通过分析发现东海中部鱼类群落多样性指数较低,同时各调查月份的多样性指数差异较大,6月份的各项指数均为最低,12月份为最高,这是各调查月份主要种类的优势度不同引起的。     

东海水螅水母类生态研究

根据1997-2000年东海23°30′33°00′N、118°30′～128°00′E海域4个季节调查资料,对东海水螅水母类种类组成及优势种、数量分布、生态类群等作了探讨.结果表明鉴定到种的水螅水母类有61种,其中侧管水母(Dipleurosoma pacificum)、四十字盘水母(Staurodiscus tetrastaurus)、无手斜球水母(Hybocodon atentaculatus)和两手拟触丝水母(Paralovenia bitentaculata)等4种是国内首次记录;热带假帽水母(Pseudotiara tropica)、多手毒水母(Toxorchis polynema)和高华丽水母(Aglantha elata)等3种为东海首次记录.大洋性种有15种,其总N/O值为3.07,外海性种类略强于近海性.半口壮丽水母(Aglaura hemistoma)占绝对优势(64.1%),其分布往往与暖流消长有关.本区水螅水母类可分为近岸广温性、近岸暖水性、外海广温性和大洋暖水性等生态类群;近岸广温类群的种类最多(66%),大洋广温类群丰度较高;它们的演替在一定程度上可反映出不同水系的变化.     

东海赤潮高发区春季浮游桡足类与环境关系的研究

根据2002年4-5月东海122°00′～123°30′E、29°00′～32°00′N海洋综合调查资料,对东海赤潮高发区春季浮游桡足类种类组成、优势种、群落特征及其与环境和赤潮生物的关系作了探讨.结果表明共鉴定桡足类40种,优势种有中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、真刺水蚤幼体(Eucheta larvae)、精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna)等,并以中华哲水蚤占绝对优势.桡足类总丰度均值为154.97 ind·m-3(5.00～649.85 ind·m-3),最高丰度区(＞500 ind·m-3)主要分布于长江口30°30′～31°15′N、123°15′E以东水域.多样性指数值在长江口以北是近海高于外海,长江口以南是外海高于近海.桡足类种类数与表层水温(℃)有非常显著的正相关性(R=O.713,P＜0.01).桡足类总丰度与表层水样中硅藻丰度,桡足类总丰度与夜光藻丰度呈非线形相关关系,前者可用肥力与产力模型描述,后者可用有效积温模型表达.     

青岛崂山近岸海域浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

2012年5月和8月对崂山近岸和流清河湾网箱增养殖区的浮游植物进行调查。结果显示，5月共检出浮游植物23属36种，细胞丰度变动范围为85.26×103～720.16×103cell/m3，夜光藻为优势种，数量占浮游植物总量的80%以上，受其影响，群落多样性较差，细胞丰度低。8月共检出浮游植物30属54种，细胞丰度变动范围为43.00×103～1 116.27×103cell/m3，群落多样性较好，细胞丰度较低。对浮游植物群落进行聚类分析，5月相似性在60%以上，8月在50%以上。崂山近岸的浮游植物细胞丰度平均值均大于流清河湾网箱增养殖区，而多样性均值前者均小于后者；相关性分析显示，细胞丰度平均值与N/P均值呈显著负相关(r=-0.81,P<0.05)，而多样性均值与其呈显著正相关(r=0.98,P<0.05)，认为影响浮游植物细胞丰度和多样性的最关键限制因子是无机氮。     

苏北浅滩中部典型沙脊潮沟海域不同空间鱼类群落的分析

利用2011年5月(春季)和2010年11月(秋季)在苏北浅滩大丰沿岸海域(32°44?~33°23?N、120°54?~121°38?E)开展渔业资源调查获取的资料,运用聚类分析方法划分群落结构,从鱼类的种类组成、多样性以及优势种等不同方面,探讨苏北浅滩沙脊潮沟地形对鱼类群落的影响。研究表明:春秋季苏北浅滩沙脊潮沟沿岸海域鱼类可划分为西部近岸群落、中部沙脊群落以及东部潮沟群落3个群落,其鱼类群落结构差异表现为,春季鱼类总种类数表现为潮沟(15种)沙脊(11种)近岸(3种);多样性指数(H')类似,即潮沟(1.57,1.89)沙脊(1.19,1.57)近岸(0.51,0.69);秋季鱼类种类数表现为潮沟(18种)近岸(12种)沙脊(11种),鱼类多样性指数表现为潮沟(1.54,1.54)近岸(1.02,0.96)沙脊(0.92,0.83)。潮沟海域与外海相连,外海鱼群顺着潮沟向近海移动,在潮沟末端遇到沙脊地形的阻挡,底栖性鱼群停留在沟底,造成种类数累积,多样性增加。优势种分布上,潮沟群落多为方氏锦鳚(Pholos fangi)、鮸(Miichthys miiuy)、小带鱼(Eupleurogrammus muticus)等产卵性鱼类;沙脊群落鱼类主要由赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)和大银鱼(Protosalanx chinensis)等滤食性鱼类组成。苏北浅滩沙脊潮沟海域鱼类群落空间差异显著,而地形变化以及由此导致的环境变化是苏北浅滩沙脊潮沟海域鱼类群落结构差异的主要原因。以沙脊潮沟地形因素为突破口,不仅丰富了鱼类群落结构变化的环境影响因素,也为苏北浅滩渔业的管理和保护提供可靠依据。     

东海中北部海区头足类资源量的评估

根据1994年6月至1996年6月二年整6艘单拖调查船的调查资料，采用资源密度法，评估了26°00＇-31°00＇N、120°30＇-127°30＇E约40-200m水深范围87个渔区头足类及其主要种类的资源量，阐明了头足类及主要种类资源密度的季节变化和时空分布，提出可捕量，为今后利用和管理提供科学的理论依据。     

黄海南部及东海中小型浮游桡足类生态学研究Ⅱ.种类组成及群落特征

重点探讨黄海南部及东海(28°00′～34°00′N、121°00′～127°00′E)中小型浮游桡足类的种类组成和多样度以及与环境的关系.结果表明鉴定到种的中小型浮游桡足类有71种,4季皆出现的种类比例高达83.1%,种类季节变化不大明显.种数平面分布呈南部高、北部低、外海高、近海低的分布特征,种数分布与该海域水团势力消长相关,在水系交汇处,种类较多的往往位于暖流的一侧.4季共出现优势种15种(优势度Y≥0.02),主要有拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)、小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus par)和近缘大眼剑水蚤(Corycaeus affinis)等,但在秋季,上述优势种类由尖额保猛水蚤(Aegisthus mucronatus),孔雀丽哲水蚤(Calocalanus pavo),锦丽哲水蚤(Calocalanus pavoninus)等替代.优势种更替率R值分析结果表明,黄海南部及东海调查区中小型桡足类群落所栖息的环境从夏季转至秋季的变化较大,从冬季转至夏季的变化相对较小.桡足类物种多样度(H′)、均匀度(J′)和单纯度(C)指数4季均值分别为2.58(2.27～2.99)、0.72(0.64～0.7)和0.26(0.21～0.38),H′值平面分布趋势与种数分布基本一致.     

杭州湾洋山岛周围海域浮游动物分布特征

2001年2、5、8和11月对杭州湾附近水域(30°32′30°50′N、121°53′～122°17′E)进行了4个航次的海洋综合调查,结果表明本区共鉴定浮游动物44种(不含16种浮游幼体),优势种15种(优势度Y≥0.02),其中4季皆为优势种的仅真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)1种,优势种季节更替现象明显.生物量季节变化明显,其中夏季＞春季＞冬季＞秋季.与20年前相比,调查水域浮游动物生物量的时空分布特征基本相同;浮游动物生态类群、种类数和主要优势种组成变化不显著,但优势种优势度(Y)和平均丰度均有所增加,多样性指数(H′)值一般在2左右.表明20年来调查区浮游动物群落结构仍比较稳定.     

莱州湾东部养殖区浮游植物的生态特征

阐述了莱州湾浅海养殖区浮游植物的生物量、种类组成、赤潮生物和群落结构特征。 1997年5～ 12月间浮游植物数量的变动范围为 19.0 0～ 6873.5× 10 3cell/m3,浮游植物的数量高峰出现在秋季 9月 ,最低值出现在春季 5月。共检出浮游植物 2 5属 61种。其中硅藻 2 1属 5 5种 ,占 89.1% ;甲藻有 3属 6种 ,占 9.4 % ;蓝藻 1属 1种 ,占 1.5 %。另共出现赤潮生物 2 6种 ,占总种数的 4 2 .6%。并采用生物多样性指数、种类丰富度指数、均匀度指数和单纯度指数分析了调查海域浮游植物的群落结构特征。     

秦皇岛海域赤潮期间浮游植物的生态特征

2010年5月下旬,秦皇岛海域暴发了多次赤潮,其影响一直持续至当年的8月份。通过2010年5–9月对秦皇岛近岸海域进行的5个月份调查,对赤潮期间该海域浮游植物的种类组成、时空分布、群落结构特征及浮游植物与夜光藻的依存关系、浮游植物与环境因子的关系进行了分析。结果表明,调查海域共检出浮游植物46属96种,主要隶属硅藻门(Bacillario phyta)和甲藻门(Pyrroptata),生态类型多数为广温广盐的广布种或近岸性种类,少数为暖海性物种或远洋性种类。主要优势种有夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)、斯托根管藻(Rhizosolenia stolterfothii)、角毛藻(Chaetoceros sp.)、圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus sp.)和辐杆藻(Bacteriastrum sp.)等。共鉴定赤潮生物48种,占浮游植物种类数的50%。浮游植物丰度均值的变化范围为6.20×104~4 129.53×104 cells/m3,其丰度均值的高峰出现在9月份,低谷出现在7月份。调查海域浮游植物5个月份的多样性指数均值都大于1,生物多样性状况良好,群落结构比较稳定;聚类分析表明,5个调查月份群落相似性程度较高,相似性范围为40%~71%。相关性分析表明,浮游植物平均丰度与盐度存在显著的负相关关系(r=–0.734,P0.01,N=37);与无机氮营养盐(DIN)存在显著地正相关关系(r=0.753,P0.01,N=37),推测调查期间该海域浮游植物生长繁殖的主导环境因子为无机氮营养盐。浮游植物物种与环境因子的典范对应分析表明,N/P、盐度、硝酸盐、硅酸盐、亚硝酸盐和水温是影响秦皇岛海域浮游植物群落结构特征的主要环境因子。     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Epizootics of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in captive rays from Queensland,Australia

The aim of this study was to describe two epizootics of high mortalities from infection with Streptococcus agalactiae, occurring in captive rays held in a marine display aquarium in south‐east Queensland, Australia, in 2009 and 2010. Five different species of rays were affected, including mangrove whiprays (Himantura granulata), estuary rays (Dasyatis fluviorum), eastern shovelnose rays (Aptychotrema rostrata), white‐spotted eagle rays (Aetobatus narinari) and blue‐spotted mask rays (Neotrygon kuhlii). This report describes the history of both epizootics including collection, quarantine and husbandry of rays, the disease epizootics, clinico‐pathological features of the disease, antimicrobial therapy, autogenous vaccine production, and laboratory studies including clinical and histopathology, bacteriology, PCR, molecular serotyping and sequencing of the bacterium S. agalactiae.     

Status of aquatic and riparian biodiversity in artificial lake ecosystems with and without management for recreational fisheries: Implications for conservation

1. Humanity is facing a biodiversity crisis, with freshwater-associated biodiversity in a particularly dire state. Novel ecosystems created through human use of mineral resources, such as gravel pit lakes, can provide substitute habitats for the conservation of freshwater and riparian biodiversity. Many of these artificial ecosystems are subject to a high intensity of recreational use, however, which may limit their biodiversity potential.
2. The species richness of several taxa (plants, amphibians, dragonflies, damselflies, waterfowl, and songbirds) was assessed and a range of taxonomic biodiversity metrics were compared between gravel pit lakes managed for recreational fisheries (n = 16) and unmanaged reference lakes (n = 10), controlling for non-fishing-related environmental variation.
3. The average species richness of all the taxa examined was similar among lakes in both lake types and no substantial differences in species composition were found when examining the pooled species inventory. Similarly, there were no differences between lake types in the presence of rare species and in the Simpson diversity index across all of the taxa assessed.
4. Variation in species richness among lakes was correlated with woody habitat, lake morphology (surface area and steepness), and land use, but was not correlated with the presence of recreational fisheries. Thus, non-fishing-related environmental variables had stronger effects on local species presence than recreational fisheries management or the presence of recreational anglers.
5. Collectively, no evidence was found that anglers and recreational fisheries management constrain the development of aquatic and riparian biodiversity in gravel pit lakes in the study region; however, the conservation of species diversity in gravel pit lakes could benefit from an increasing reliance on habitat enhancement activities.

     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Extrapituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) binding sites in goldfish

In teleosts, as in other vertebrates, the secretion of pituitary gonadotropin (GTH) is mediated by the hypothalamic decapeptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Recent findings in teleosts indicate that GnRH receptors are not restricted to the pituitary gonadotropes and are also associated with somatotropes as well as being present in a number of other tissues. In the present study, we provide novel information on GnRH binding in a number of extrapituitary tissues in goldfish. However, we do not intend to provide full characterization of GnRH binding sites in various extrapituitary tissues in goldfish as this would clearly be outside the scope of this paper. In this study we examined GnRH binding in a number of extrapituitary tissues in goldfish and observed specific binding in ovary, testis, brain, liver and kidney. No specific GnRH binding was observed in muscle, skin, gut, gill and heart. In general, the present findings together with the results of other studies carried out in our laboratory demonstrate that mature goldfish ovary and testis contain two classes of GnRH binding sites, high affinity/low capacity and low affinity/high capacity sites with binding characteristics similar to those of the pituitary GnRH receptors. The brain of goldfish was also found to contain two classes of GnRH binding sites, a super-high affinity/low capacity and a low affinity/high capacity sites. Furthermore, study of goldfish liver and kidney demonstrated the presence of a single class of GnRH binding sites with characteristics different from those of pituitary, ovary, testis and brain. Overall, it is evident that goldfish contains a family of GnRH binding sites which can be classified into four groups based on binding affinities: 1) A class of high affinity binding sites present in the pituitary, ovary and testis, 2) a class of super high affinity sites so far only detected in the brain, 3) a class of intermediate-affinity GnRH binding sites in the liver and kidney, and 4) a class of low affinity binding sites present in all the tissues containing specific GnRH binding sites except for liver and kidney.     

A first step towards improving copepod cultivation using modelling: the effects of density,crowding, cannibalism,tank design and strain selection on copepod egg production yields

Copepods are the optimal live feed for hatcheries and improvement of cultivation techniques, to provide a constant food source, is crucial for the expansion of the industry. However, studies based on experimental work and real observations can be labour intensive and expensive. A simple model was developed based on the well‐known life history traits of Acartia tonsa to describe batch cultures and their productivity. Model results were compared to observations from real cultures. For maximizing egg production yields, the optimal stocking density of copepods should be adapted to the design (depth) of the culture tanks. At high densities, stress due to encountering conspecifics, as well as cannibalism of eggs by adults, limits egg production yields. Using this model, the potential selection efficacy of copepod strains was also evaluated in order to increase production yields. Selecting larger copepods increases the egg production per litre of culture, but decreases the optimal stocking density and the range of densities at which egg production yield is high, and vice‐versa. Selecting copepods that are less affected by stress due to conspecifics only affect production yields at very high adult densities. However, selecting copepods with a high Specific Growth Rate (SGR), or improving their SGR, was found to be an alternative which did not affect the optimal cultivation densities but improved egg production yields.     

Dietary copper requirement of fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis for formulating copper‐balanced commercial feeds

Dietary copper requirement of Heteropneustes fossilis (6.74 ± 0.03 g) was determined by feeding purified diets containing same protein (400 g/kg) and gross energy (17.89 kJ/g) but different levels of copper for 12 weeks. Graded amount of CuSO₄.5H₂O (0, 1.96, 3.93, 5.89, 7.86, 9.82, 11.79 mg/kg) was supplemented to basal diet to attain desired dietary copper levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mg/kg). Analysed dietary copper concentrations were 4.28, 4.63, 5.28, 5.70, 6.19 and 6.69 mg/kg. Absolute weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein gain improved with the increasing levels of dietary copper up to 5.28 mg/kg. Further inclusion of copper at a level of 5.70 mg/kg did not improve the above parameters. Significantly higher (p < .05) plasma ceruloplasmin, liver copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase, catalase activities and lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were evident in fish receiving diets with 5.28 and 5.70 mg/kg copper compared to other groups. Whole body and liver copper concentrations increased significantly (p < .05) with increasing dietary copper levels. Quadratic regression analysis of absolute weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein gain and broken‐line regression analysis of plasma ceruloplasmin activity and liver TBARS value against the variable dietary copper levels depicted the dietary copper requirements for fingerling H. fossilis in the range of 5.24–5.68 mg/kg.