草鱼PGC-1α基因的表达及饲喂n-3 HUFAs对其影响

获得了草鱼过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅助活化因子1α(PGC-1α)部分cDNA序列(GenBank注册号为HM015283),并进行了序列同源性分析;采用实时定量反转录聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)方法,检测了PGC-1α基因在草鱼不同组织的表达状况;研究了投喂高不饱和脂肪酸(HUFAs)对草鱼肝胰脏PGC-1α基因时序表达的影响。结果显示,所获得的草鱼PGC-1α基因部分cDNA序列长度为612bp,与人、牛、小鼠、斑马鱼和金鱼等动物的同源性为75%～97%;该基因在草鱼肝胰脏、肾脏、肌肉、心脏、鳃等10个组织中均有表达,其中在肾脏和心脏中表达丰度最高,在精巢和脾脏中表达丰度最低;草鱼摄食HUFAs饲料后第7天PGC-1α基因的表达水平极显著升高,随后又迅速下降。研究首次克隆得到草鱼PGC-1α基因部分cDNA序列,并发现该基因在草鱼能量代谢水平高的组织中表达较高,且其表达受到HUFAs的调控,其时序表达模式为先升高,然后恢复到正常水平。     

草鱼LPL基因的表达及饥饿和再投喂对其影响

获得了草鱼脂蛋白脂酶(lipoprotein lipase, LPL)部分cDNA序列（GenBank注册号为FJ612596），并进行了序列同源性分析；采用半定量反转录聚合酶链式反应（SQ-RT-PCR）方法，检测了LPL基因在草鱼不同组织和不同发育阶段脂肪细胞中的表达状况；研究了饥饿和再投喂对草鱼肝胰脏LPL基因表达的影响。结果显示，所获得的草鱼LPL部分cDNA序列长度为360 bp，与其它物种的同源性为70%~89%； LPL基因在肝胰脏、肌肉、心脏、鳃、腹腔脂肪组织中均表达，其中在腹腔脂肪组织中表达丰度最高，在鳃中表达丰度最低；在成熟脂肪细胞中的表达丰度显著高于基质脉管组分（stromal vascular fraction,SVF）细胞；草鱼LPL基因表达水平在饥饿48 h后显著升高，再次投喂后12 h，回复到0 h的表达水平。研究表明，草鱼LPL在不同组织及脂肪细胞分化的起始和终末阶段均有表达，显示其在草鱼不同组织和脂肪细胞分化中具有重要作用，同时，其表达水平受营养状况的调控。论文首次克隆得到草鱼LPL基因部分cDNA序列，并对其进行了表达分析，研究结果可为LPL在鱼类脂质代谢中的作用研究提供参考和依据。     

草鱼Bcl-2基因的克隆、组织表达分析及DHA诱导下其在脂肪细胞中的表达变化

为获知草鱼B细胞淋巴瘤基因-2(B cell CLL/ lymphoma-2, Bcl-2)基因序列及其在草鱼各组织和脂肪细胞中的表达变化,本研究通过cDNA快速末端扩增(Rapid amplification of cDNA ends, RACE)技术获得了草鱼Bcl-2的全长cDNA序列,并采用实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测了Bcl-2在草鱼不同组织中的表达情况。为研究二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic Acid,DHA)对草鱼前体脂肪细胞凋亡的诱导作用,本研究检测了100 μmol/L DHA处理后,草鱼前体脂肪细胞中Bcl-2基因的时序表达。结果显示,所获得的草鱼 Bcl-2 基因全长cDNA序列长度为1292 bp,包含133 bp 的5′非翻译区(untranslated region, UTR)和784 bp 的3′UTR；开放阅读框为375 bp, 编码124 个氨基酸。草鱼Bcl-2与鲤、斑马鱼Bcl-2氨基酸同源性分别为89.5%和91.1%,与人、原鸡、小鼠、野猪、欧洲牛、褐家鼠、家猫和犬等其他动物的氨基酸同源性为57.7%-62.0%。其编码蛋白的分子量为14.14KDa,等电点为4.68。Bcl-2基因在草鱼心脏、肝胰脏、脾脏、鳃、肾脏、肌肉、腹腔脂肪组织、脑、小肠、精巢10个组织中均有表达,其中在腹腔脂肪组织、肾脏和精巢中表达丰度最高,在肌肉中表达最低。DHA处理草鱼前体脂肪细胞后,Bcl2基因表达在增殖阶段下调,而在分化阶段上调。研究表明,Bcl-2在草鱼各组织中广泛表达,且DHA对其在脂肪细胞中的表达具有调控作用。     

草鱼HSP70基因cDNA部分序列克隆及其组织表达差异

根据鲤热休克蛋白70(Heat shock protein,HSP70)序列(AY120894)设计并合成一对引物,以草鱼(Cteno-pharyngodon idella)肝胰脏组织总RNA为模板,RT-PCR扩增获得草鱼HSP70基因cDNA部分序列,并进行了组织表达差异性研究。结果显示:所获为序列为480 bp,获得GeneBank登陆号为FJ483832。序列测序结果显示,HSP70扩增序列与鲤、斑马鱼、鲋的同源性为:93%、91%、93%。另外,所获序列HSP70在草鱼脂肪、肌肉、肠、脑、粘液、性腺、鳔、肝胰脏、心脏、脾脏、鳃、鳍12个组织的表达存在差异,HSP70在草鱼这12个组织中均检测到表达,其中在鳍中表达最高,极显著高于其他组织(P<0.01);在鳔中表达次之,且与脑、心脏、性腺中表达差异不显著;在粘液中表达最低。     

草鱼PGC-1β基因克隆及高糖高脂饲料对其表达的影响

为探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子-1β(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 beta, PGC-1β)基因在草鱼能量代谢中的作用,本研究克隆了草鱼PGC-1β基因的核心序列,并对其进行了生物信息学分析；利用Real-time PCR技术检测了PGC-1β在不同组织的表达状况；同时研究了饥饿、饥饿再投喂及高糖(糖含量45%)高脂(脂含量8%)饲料对草鱼肝胰脏PGC-1β表达的影响。结果显示,所获得的草鱼PGC-1β基因部分cDNA片段长为885bp(GenBank登录号为：KM580493.1),共编码293个氨基酸,与斑马鱼的同源性为81%；该基因在脑中的表达量最高,肠和肝胰脏次之；与正常投喂组相比,饥饿(7d)导致PGC-1β在肝脏中的mRNA水平显著升高(P<0.05),再投喂后几乎恢复到对照组的表达水平。饲喂高脂以及高糖高脂饲料(65d)后,与对照组相比,草鱼肝胰脏中PGC-1β的mRNA水平显著升高(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,PGC-1β基因在草鱼能量代谢旺盛的组织中高表达,同时饥饿处理、饲料糖和脂肪水平等营养状况显著影响PGC-1β mRNA的表达。以上提示,PGC-1β在草鱼能量代谢过程中可能起到重要作用。     

草鱼碱性氨基酸转运载体y+LAT2 cDNA基因克隆与表达研究

利用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)方法,克隆y+LAT2基因cDNA序列,并利用实时荧光定量PCR探讨y+LAT2在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)各组织中的表达情况以及饥饿对其mRNA的影响。结果表明,获得的y+LAT2基因的cDNA序列片段为1849bp,含1371bp的核心序列,编码456个氨基酸。预测草鱼氨基酸序列与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的同源性高达96.5%,与哺乳动物和两栖动物的同源性在78%～83%,构建的系统进化树与传统形态学分类一致。在草鱼的肌肉、脑、鳃、心、肾脏、肝、后肠、中肠、前肠、脾脏组织均检测到y+LAT2基因的表达。草鱼脾脏、肾脏以及前肠、中肠的y+LAT2 mRNA表达水平对禁食的反应不同,在短期饥饿(14d)期间,其y+LAT2 mRNA表达水平均呈下降趋势。草鱼碱性氨基酸转运载体y+LAT2基因全长cDNA序列的获得,有利于进一步探讨鱼类氨基酸的吸收转运机制。     

团头鲂铁蛋白基因的克隆及其在嗜水气单胞菌感染下的表达

利用cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)克隆团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala铁蛋白基因c DNA全长序列;同时研究经嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila攻毒后团头鲂肝组织中铁蛋白表达的变化,了解铁蛋白基因在团头鲂免疫应答中的作用。结果表明:团头鲂铁蛋白c DNA全长序列包括150bp的5’末端序列(untranslated region,UTR),270bp的3’UTR,以及522bp编码174个氨基酸的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)。这些氨基酸序列同其他鱼类铁蛋白M链氨基酸序列同源性较高。团头鲂铁蛋白基因在5’非编码区核甘酸序列124~154的位置有个特殊的结构,即铁反应元件(iron response element,IRE)。荧光定量PCR分析表明:铁蛋白基因在团头鲂肌肉、心脏、鳃、肝胰脏、脑和肾脏等组织器官中都有表达,在肝胰脏的表达量最高,脑组织表达量最低。经嗜水气单胞菌急性感染后,团头鲂肝胰脏组织中铁蛋白基因表达量显著上调。上述结果表明:团头鲂铁蛋白M亚基在团头鲂免疫应答过程中起重要作用。     

乌克兰鳞鲤丙酮酸激酶基因全长cDNA克隆及组织表达分析

采用RT-PCR和RACE方法克隆乌克兰鳞鲤丙铜酸激酶基因全长cDNA序列,试验结果表明,乌克兰鳞鲤丙酮酸羧激酶基因cDNA全长1913bp,其中开放阅读框1617bp,编码538个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子质量为58.72ku,等电点为6.57,3′非翻译区长154bp及多聚腺苷酸尾巴,5′非翻译区长143bp。具有活性位点和结构域边界。乌克兰鳞鲤丙酮酸羧激酶基因保守性较好,与已知的草鱼、斑马鱼和绿河鲀的相似性为84%~92%,与哺乳类(人类丙酮酸羧激酶)的相似度为68%。以β-actin基因为内标,采用半定量RT-PCR方法对丙酮酸羧激酶基因在肝胰脏、脑、肾脏、心脏、肌肉、肠道等组织的表达进行研究,结果表明,低糖组丙酮酸羧激酶基因在各组织中均有表达,在肝胰脏、脑和心脏中表达较丰富;高糖组丙酮酸羧激酶基因在肝胰脏、脑、肾脏和肠道中有明显表达,其中在肝胰脏和脑中的表达量较丰富,在心脏和肌肉中的表达很微弱。     

草鱼α-淀粉酶基因组织表达特征和早期发育的表达谱

为获知α-淀粉酶(α-amylase,AMY)在鱼体内的组织分布以及在鱼类早期发育过程中的特征,从消化酶的角度阐明鱼类对糖的利用机理,实验在获得草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)α-淀粉酶基因编码区序列的基础上,应用实时定量PCR(real-time PCR)检测了草鱼α-淀粉酶基因在不同组织和早期发育不同时期的相对表达量。序列分析结果显示:草鱼的α-淀粉酶的ORF框长1 539 bp,编码512个氨基酸,氨基酸同源性比对发现草鱼α-淀粉酶与其它物种的同源性很高,且在关键活性位点处均保守,其中与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)α-淀粉酶氨基酸的同源性最高,为92%,与人的同源性最低,为72%。对血液、心脏、肝胰脏、肾、肌肉、脑、前肠、中肠、后肠9个组织定量分析结果显示:草鱼α-淀粉酶基因在肝胰脏中的表达量最高,在前肠、中肠和后肠能检测到明显的表达,在心脏和肾脏仅能检测到微弱的表达。早期发育定量分析结果显示:从未受精卵到神经胚都没有检测到α-淀粉酶基因的表达,从器官形成期开始检测到微弱的表达,一直到出膜后48 h表达都很微弱,出膜72 h之后表达量升高较明显。对组织分布和早期发育的定量研究结果分析表明:肝胰脏并不是草鱼生成α-淀粉酶的唯一场所,在肠道中也有α-淀粉酶的合成;从出膜72 h仔鱼开口摄食之后,α-淀粉酶基因表达量增加得较明显,推测摄食能够促进α-淀粉酶基因的表达。     

草鱼Ⅰ型胶原蛋白α1基因cDNA全序列克隆、组织分布及其生物信息学分析

利用PCR和RACE方法首次克隆了编码草鱼肌肉Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的α1基因(COL1A1)的cDNA全长序列,为5772bp,其开放阅读框为4347bp,编码1448个氨基酸。BLAST同源性分析结果显示,草鱼COL1A1基因的氨基酸序列与斑马鱼、金鱼同源性较高,分别为93.90%和93.60%,呈现出较高的保守性。系统进化树分析表明,该基因与斑马鱼、金鱼处于同一支,亲缘性最近。生物信息学分析显示,草鱼COL1A1蛋白质的相对分子质量为137.2ku,理论等电点是5.44,为α螺旋β折叠三重螺旋结构蛋白。有18段三重螺旋重复域,22段低复杂度域,17个功能域。COL1A1蛋白有33～69,1249～1355两个绑定钙的区域和62～104一个绑定锌的区域。利用半定量RT-PCR方法检测的组织表达结果表明,COL1A1基因在草鱼肌肉、肠道、肝胰脏、鳃、皮肤、鳍条、肾脏和脾脏8个组织中均有表达,其中在皮肤、鳃、肾脏、鳍条组织中的mRNA表达量高于其他4个组织(P<0.05)。     

Dietary α‐linolenic acid affects lipid metabolism and tissue fatty acid profile and induces apoptosis in intraperitoneal adipose tissue of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to elucidate the effects and mechanism action of dietary α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3) on lipid accumulation and fatty acid profile of muscle, hepatopancreas and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) in juvenile grass carp using three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi‐purified diets containing 0.0% (control group), 1.0% and 2.0% ALA, respectively. The lowest intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio was found in 2.0% group. In the muscle, hepatopancreas and IPF, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) contents increased with the increase in dietary ALA. In the IPF, caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 showed the highest activities in 2.0% group, while the value of Bcl‐2/Bax (B‐cell leukaemia 2/Bcl‐2‐associated X protein) reached the lowest. Meanwhile, swelling of the IPF mitochondria was observed in 2.0% group. The gene expressions of fatty acid desaturase (FAD) and fatty acid elongase (ELO) in the hepatopancreas and muscle showed significantly higher levels in the treatment groups, whereas an opposite trend was existed in the IPF. Fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c (SREBP‐1c) in the IPF and hepatopancreas reached the lowest in 2.0% group. Overall, dietary ALA could promote n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) synthesis and suppress the accumulation of lipid by decreasing the expression of related genes and promoting the apoptosis in IPF.     

Regulation of adipocytes lipolysis by n-3 HUFA in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) in vitro and in vivo

N-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) have been shown to inhibit body fat accumulation in animals. To clarify the mechanism of this fat-lowering effect of n-3 HUFA in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, isolated grass carp mature adipocytes were incubated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at different concentrations for 6 h. The release of glycerol to the medium was detected, and the expression of the lipolysis-related genes was analyzed. In experiment 2, a 95-day feeding trial was conducted with two diets formulated with either lard oil (as control) or fish oil (supplying n-3 HUFA as treatment) as the main lipid source. The glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) released from the isolated adipocytes of both groups were detected after the feeding period. The expression of select lipolysis-related genes in adipose tissue was also analyzed. The results from experiment 1 showed that the release of glycerol was significantly increased by DHA and EPA (P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of lipolysis-related genes, such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and leptin, was also significantly elevated in the treatment group (P < 0.05). Experiment 2 demonstrated that glycerol and FFA release from the isolated adipocytes were significantly higher in the treatment group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The expression level of ATGL, HSL, TNFα and leptin in the treatment group was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). The present results provide novel evidence that n-3 HUFAs could regulate grass carp adipocyte lipolysis in vitro or in vivo, and the effect might be in part associated with their influence on the expression of lipolysis-related genes and lipolysis-related adipokines genes.     

草鱼ghrelin基因的分子克隆与组织分布及其摄食调控作用分析

ghrelin是一种在脊椎动物摄食调节过程中起重要作用的脑肠肽,具有明显的摄食促进作用。实验利用同源克隆技术获得了草鱼ghrelin基因的cDNA序列和DNA序列,其中cDNA序列全长506 bp,包括90 bp的5′端非编码区(5′-untranslated region,5′UTR),312 bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),以及104 bp的3′端非编码区(3′-untranslated region,3′UTR)。开放阅读框编码的103个氨基酸的ghrelin前体肽,经剪切加工后形成含有19个氨基酸的成熟肽。氨基酸序列分析结果显示,草鱼ghrelin与硬骨鱼类ghrelin相似度最高,而与其他脊椎动物相似度较低,同时草鱼ghrelin成熟肽N端的"活性中心"(active core)为鲤科鱼类中常见的GTSF形式。与大多数硬骨鱼类的ghrelin基因结构相同,草鱼ghrelin基因也包括4个外显子和3个内含子。荧光定量PCR检测到ghrelin mRNA大量分布于草鱼的前肠和脾,脑、肾、肝、肌肉、皮和鳔等组织也有ghrelin mRNA分布。草鱼脑和肠中的ghrelin表达水平在摄食后下降,随着饥饿时间的延长表达水平逐步升高,最后维持在较高水平,表明ghrelin作为摄食启动信号对草鱼的摄食活动起到了促进作用。     

Dietary n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids affect the biological and serum biochemical parameters,tissue fatty acid profile,antioxidation status and expression of lipid‐metabolism‐related genes in grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus

A 95‐day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 HUFA) on the growth, antioxidation and lipid metabolism in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Two isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with either lard oil (LO) or fish oil (FO) as the main lipid source. The results showed that the intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in FO group. The concentration of n‐3 HUFA in muscle, hepatopancreas and IPF was significantly higher in FO group (P < 0.05). The serum low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) content was significantly lower (P < 0.05), and glucose (GLU) content was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in FO group. The serum total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in FO group, consistent with the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The gene expression of IPF fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC), sterol regulatory element‐binding protein (SREBP‐1) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) and that of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in FO group compared with LO group. Similar trends were found in the hepatopancreas, except for PPARγ. It is suggested that n‐3 HUFA could inhibit lipid accumulation in grass carp by affecting the expression of lipid‐metabolism‐related genes.     

Stimulation of glycerol kinase in grass carp preadipocytes by EPA

This study was conducted to assess the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on grass carp preadipocyte glycerol kinase (GyK) expression, as well as to explore the mechanism. Here, we cloned partial sequence of grass carp GyK gene and analyzed its tissue distribution. The result showed that GyK gene expressed most in the liver, followed by adipose tissue and the kidney. Besides, 400 μM oleic acid (18:1n-9, OA) was used to establish a hypertrophic preadipocyte model. GyK gene expression and enzyme activity were significantly enhanced after model cells were treated with 100 μM eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) for 6, 12, and 24 h. Meanwhile, peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and the two isoforms of grass carp HSL gene were first identified by Sun et al (2016), and they defined the two isoforms as HSLa and HSLb. Therefore, maybe HSLa and HSLb are appropriate.. The content of triglyceride was dramatically increased by EPA treatment for 24 h. Further, a competitive ATGL antagonist, HY-15859, attenuated the increase in GyK induced by EPA at 12 h. Surprisingly, the enhanced lipolysis and PPARγ gene expression induced by serum deprivation were paralleled by an increase in GyK gene expression, whereas a stabilization in GyK enzyme activity. Other fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and OA also promoted GyK gene expression. Moreover, an irreversible PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, was used to investigate the role of PPARγ in GyK induction. Data showed that GW9662 abolished the induction of GyK by EPA at 12 h. Together, these data suggested that EPA elevated grass carp preadipocytes GyK expression. ATGL and PPARγ contributed to the induction of GyK. PPARγ may be a key regulator in response to GyK expression induced by EPA.     

草鱼孕烷X受体与细胞色素P450 3A mRNA表达相关性初步研究

根据GenBank中斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)基因序列设计保守区域简并引物,通过PCR扩增获得草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)PXR cDNA核苷酸序列片段为509 bp,经推导获取169 aa序列。对草鱼与其它物种PXR氨基酸序列进行同源性比较,用以鉴定其在物种中的进化。应用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测草鱼9种组织PXR和细胞色素P450 3A(cytochrome P450 3A,CYP3A)基因mRNA相对含量,结果表明,其表达丰度依次为:前肠﹥肝脏﹥肾脏﹥鳃﹥肌肉﹥后肠﹥性腺﹥心脏﹥脾脏,CYP3A和PXR基因在草鱼组织中表达分布基本一致,在前肠、肝脏和肾脏高度表达,而在其它组织低度表达。为了进一步研究PXR和CYP3A基因表达相关性,通过细胞,特选用诱导剂利福平(rifampicin,RIF),最佳诱导浓度40μM,孵育1、2、4、6、8、10、12、24 h后,用qRT-PCR检测CYP3A-PXR基因动态表达过程。结果显示,诱导组CYP3A和PXR基因表达量均高于对照组,显示出显著诱导效应。