甘露寡糖对斑点叉尾鮰成活率及生长的影响

在水库中选用8个网箱进行斑点叉尾鮰的养殖试验,网箱分为试验箱和对照箱2个组,每组设4个平行.在试验组的斑点叉尾鮰饲料中添加甘露寡糖进行投喂,甘露寡糖添加量为鱼体重的0.15‰,对照组不添加,试验时间60 d.结果表明,试验组斑点叉尾鮰成活率为94.51%,对照组为87.01%,高出7.5个百分点.随着投喂时间的延长,试验组斑点叉尾鮰的死亡率呈明显下降趋势,至试验结束时的第55～60天,死亡率比对照组的同一时间段下降了10倍;试验组斑点叉尾鮰体重的增加比对照组快16.5%,差异极显著(P<0.01).     

20～50kg生长猪甘露寡糖适宜添加水平的研究

为研究20～50kg生长猪甘露寡糖的适宜添加水平,采用单因子对比试验,选用体重在20kg左右、60日龄“杜×长×大”三元杂交猪40头,分设对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组,每组10头。分别在基础日粮中添加:甘露寡糖(M OS)0、160、480和800m g/kg。结果表明,(1)在饲粮中添加甘露寡糖,生长猪前期、后期及全程的日增重均比对照组高。在前期,试验2组(M OS480m g/kg)提高最大,与对照组(M OS0m g/kg)相比差异极显著(P<0.01),与试验3组(M OS800m g/kg)、试验1组(M OS160m g/kg)相比差异显著(P<0.05)。而在后期,仅试验2组与对照组达到显著水平(P<0.05);试验各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),对日增重的提高强度有所下降。全程日增重分析,试验2组与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01),与试验1组和试验3组差异显著(P<0.05);但试验1组、试验3组、对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05);(2)试验各组料肉比均比对照组低,有降低趋势;从前期、后期及全程看,试验2组降低明显;(3)生物学综合评定值,无论前期、后期及全程,由高到低依次为:试验2组>试验3组>试验1组>对照组;(4)在饲粮中添加M OS可提高生长猪的抗病力,降低腹泻率;在20～30kg前期较30～50kg后期明显,并以试验2组较好,试验3组有轻微诱发腹泻。     

甘露寡糖对波纹龙虾叶状幼体生长的影响

为探索甘露寡糖(mannose-oligosaccharides, MOS)对波纹龙虾叶状幼体生长的促进作用,本研究设置3个试验组,分别投喂用不同浓度甘露寡糖强化的卤虫,统计各试验组培养3d、5d、7d后波纹龙虾叶状幼体的成活率。实验结果表明,1#饵料组(0.4%甘露寡糖强化)培养3d、5d、7d的成活率分别为(72.5±2.5)%、(57.5±2.5)%、(42.5±2.5)%,明显高于其它试验组。饵料中添加甘露寡糖可提高波纹龙虾叶状幼体的成活率,甘露寡糖最佳添加浓度为0.4%。     

甘露寡糖对断奶仔猪肠道菌群的影响

选取28日龄断奶的三元[杜×(大×长)]杂交仔猪96头,平均体重为(7.46±0.38)kg,按体重和性别随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复8头仔猪,公母各半。第一个处理组为空白组,第二、三、四个处理组在相同的基础日粮中分别添加0.1%、0.2%和0.4%的甘露寡糖,研究甘露寡糖对断奶仔猪肠道菌群的影响。结果表明:(1)各实验组肠道大肠杆菌的浓度极显著低于对照组;(2)第三组和第四组其结肠、盲肠和直肠中双歧杆菌增殖显著。第二组中只有结肠中双歧杆菌显著高于对照组,但盲肠和直肠中双歧杆菌增殖不明显;(3)各个处理组肠道中乳酸杆菌的浓度与对照组相比差异不显著。     

甘露寡糖在养猪生产中的应用

自从1950年Stoekstad报道在饲料中添加某种抗生素具有促生长效果以来，畜、禽、鱼饲料中添加抗生素日趋普遍。但长期使用抗生素后出现的负面效应，诸如药物残留，耐药苗株的产生，环境污染，以及二重感染等问题已倍受全球关注。美国、日本、比利时等国家逐渐加大对药物饲料添加剂的限制和监控；欧盟目前仅允许黄霉素、盐霉素、莫能霉素及卑霉素作为药物饲料添加剂。截止时间为2005年底。     

饲料添加半乳甘露寡糖对刺参幼参生长、体壁营养组成及免疫力的影响

以初始体质量为(1.79±0.06) g的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)为研究对象, 进行为期8周养殖实验, 研究饲料中添加半乳甘露寡糖对刺参生长、消化、体壁营养组成及免疫力的影响。以基础饲料(E0)为对照组, 在基础饲料中分别添加0.2% (E1)、0.4% (E2)、0.8% (E3)、1.2% (E4)和1.6% (E5)的半乳甘露寡糖, 共配制5种实验饲料。结果表明: (1) 饲料中添加不同浓度的半乳甘露寡糖对幼参增重率及特定生长率具有显著影响, 各处理组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而对脏壁比及肠壁比无显著影响(P>0.05), 1.2%(E4组)添加水平下, 刺参增重率及特定生长率最高。(2) 饲料中添加不同浓度的半乳甘露寡糖对幼参肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶活力均无显著影响(P>0.05)。(3) 饲料中添加不同浓度的半乳甘露寡糖对幼参体壁酸性黏多糖及糖醛酸含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。添加半乳甘露寡糖比例0.2%(E1)、0.4%(E2)、0.8%(E3)、1.2%(E4)的处理组, 刺参体壁氨基酸总量及谷氨酸、甘氨酸、精氨酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而1.6%(E5)组体壁氨基酸总量及Glu、Gly、Arg含量与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。(4) 饲料中添加半乳甘露寡糖对体壁及体腔液超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶及溶菌酶活性具有显著影响(P<0.05), 同时对体腔细胞溶菌酶活性影响显著(P<0.05)。实验可以得到以下结论: (1) 饲料中添加半乳甘露寡糖不仅可以提高刺参免疫力, 并且可以提高特定生长率, 并改善体壁氨基酸组成; (2) 刺参饲料中半乳甘露寡糖的合适添加比例为1.2%。     

甘露寡糖对低盐胁迫下凡纳滨对虾生长、健康及肠道菌群的影响

为研究低盐胁迫(盐度3)下,饲料添加不同含量的甘露寡糖(mannan oligosacchar-ide,MOS)对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫力和肠道微生物的影响.低盐条件下,给实验组对虾(0.68±0.01)g分别饲喂含有2、4和8g/kgMOS的实验饲料,并将在盐度25和3条件下饲喂0 g/kg MOS饲料...     

甘露寡糖对半滑舌鳎（Cynoglossus semilaevis GUnther）稚鱼生长、肠道发育和非特异性免疫水平的影响

通过投喂经甘露寡糖强化的卤虫无节幼体,探索其对半滑舌鳎稚鱼（初始体长为1.4 cm左右）生长性能、肠道发育和非特异性免疫水平的影响。试验设两个处理组（对照组和甘露寡糖组）,分别投喂经裂壶藻或甘露寡糖＋裂壶藻强化的卤虫无节幼体。试验进行34 d,每17 d取样1次。结果显示,17 d时甘露寡糖组体长显著大于对照组（P〈0.05）。两组间的特定生长率和存活率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。RNA/DNA和protein/DNA的比值在17 d时两组间均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;34 d时甘露寡糖组的RNA/DNA和protein/DNA比值均大于对照组。甘露寡糖组17 d时淀粉酶比活力和34 d时胰蛋白酶比活力显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。甘露寡糖组的过氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和溶菌酶活性均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。甘露寡糖组的微绒毛长度和皱襞高度显著大于对照组（P〈0.05）;黏膜厚度大于对照组,但无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。试验结果表明,甘露寡糖可以提高半滑舌鳎稚鱼肠道发育和非特异性免疫水平。     

甘露寡糖(MOS)对犊牛腹泻及生长性能的影响

<正>试验选用36头5日龄荷斯坦杂交犊牛,在日粮中添加甘露寡糖(MOS),考察其对生长性能及腹泻率的影响。试验分两个处理组即对照组和MOS组,各18头,MOS组MOS添加量为4g/头.d。试验犊牛为初乳饲喂结束后的5日龄犊牛,每天饲喂两次奶,奶温保持与身体温度一致。整个试验期饲喂计划如下:第3周前,全脂牛奶饲喂量为体重的1/10;第4周到第7周,饲喂量为体重的1/15;第八周为1/25。第4周到第7周脱脂牛奶饲     

Haematological modulation and growth of Labeo rohita fingerlings: effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide,yeast extract,protein hydrolysate and chlorella

The present study was conducted for 60 days to delineate the efficacy of various dietary immunomodulators like mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), yeast extract (YE), protein hydrolysate (PH) and chlorella (CL) in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Five hundred and eighty‐five L. rohita fingerlings (average weight: 4.15 ± 0.07 g) were randomly distributed in 13 treatment groups with each of three replicates. Thirteen semi‐purified isonitrogenous (crude protein 324.7–332.5 g kg^?1) and isocaloric (17.66–17.80 MJ kg^?1) diets were prepared with three graded levels (1%, 2% or 4%) of immunostimulants, except the control. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain%, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, leucocyte count, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content, serum protein, globulin, albumin–globulin ratio, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) value and survival percentage were evaluated. Growth was significantly higher in the MOS‐fed group. All the immune parameters studied were also recorded higher in the MOS 1%‐supplemented group. The survival percentage after challenging with Aeromonas hydrophila was higher (P<0.05) in the MOS‐, YE‐ and PH‐fed groups and the lowest in the CL‐treated group. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of MOS at a 1% dietary level promotes growth and survival in L. rohita fingerlings. In contrast, higher inclusion levels of immunostimulants led to an immunosuppressive effect in L. rohita fingerlings.     

Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on the survival,growth, immunity and digestive enzyme activity of freshwater crayfish,Cherax destructor Clark (1936)

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of Bio‐Mos^® as a source of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on the growth, survival, immunity and digestive enzyme activity of freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor (yabby). A basal diet and another diet with 0.4% of Bio‐Mos^® supplemented to the basal diet were formulated. Each diet was provided to eight yabbies (35.14 ± 0.48 g, initial weight) replicated 3 times in individual 250‐L plastic cylindrical tanks for a duration of 56 days. Each tank was provided with an independent recirculating water system filtered with a biological filtration. Growth parameters such as weight, specific growth rate and average weekly gain of Bio‐Mos^®‐fed yabbies were higher (P < 0.05) than yabbies fed the control diet. Total haemocyte count, granular cells and semi‐granular cells were also higher in the yabbies fed Bio‐Mos^® diet. Protease activity was higher in hepatopancreas, and amylase activity was higher in the guts of yabbies fed Bio‐Mos^® diet. The results implies that supplementation of MOS through Bio‐Mos^® can effectively improve growth and immunological condition of yabbies.     

Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on growth,survival, physiological,immunological and gut morphological conditions of black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon Fabricius 1798)

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary inclusion with mannan oligosaccharide (Bio‐Mos, Alltech, Nicholasville, KY, USA) on growth, survival, physiological and immunological conditions and gut morphology of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon). Five diets supplemented with MOS at 0 g kg^?1 (control diet), 1, 2, 4 and 8 g kg^?1 were fed to the prawn juveniles (0.4 ± 0.06 g, total weight) for the duration of 63 days. Growth was the highest (P < 0.05) when the prawns were fed the 1 g kg^?1 MOS included diet. Wet tail muscle index (Tw/B), dry tail muscle index (Td/B) and tail muscle protein (Tmp) were higher (P < 0.05) in the prawns fed MOS included diets MOS compared with the prawns fed the control diet. Total haemocyte counts (THCs) of the prawns fed MOS included diets were higher (P < 0.05) than THCs of the prawns fed the control diet. Epithelium layer and epidermal cell density of the gut of the prawns fed 1 g kg^?1 and 2 g kg^?1 MOS diets were better than the prawns fed the control and other MOS diets. The results imply a positive effect of dietary supplementation of 1–2 g kg^?1 MOS in the culture of black tiger prawns.     

Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on growth, body composition and hepatopancreas histology of Penaeus semisulcatus (de Haan 1844)

The effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth, body composition and hepatopancreas histology of Penaeus semisulcatus (postlarvae stage 20) were investigated for 48 days. Different dosages of MOS (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 g MOS kg⁻¹) were tested in triplicate groups. Shrimp postlarvae averaging 0.34 ± 0.01 g attained 1.52 ± 0.31, 1.51 ± 0.15, 2.18 ± 0.13, 1.57 ± 0.13-g final weight and 42.7 ± 2.7, 37.3 ± 1.3, 64.0 ± 6.9, 50.7 ± 4.8% survival, respectively. At the end of the study, generally enhanced growth performance and feed conversion ratio were observed in shrimp fed on diet containing 3.0 g kg⁻¹ MOS with the highest final live weight (2.18 ± 0.13 g) and survival rate (64.0 ± 6.9%) after 48 days of feeding. The protein contents in the whole body decreased with increasing rates of dietary MOS (P < 0.05). Different levels of dietary MOS used in this study showed no detrimental effects on hepatopancreas tissue judged by histological screening. In conclusion, 3.0 g kg⁻¹ MOS could be used as a healthy growth promoter in shrimp diets.     

Dietary supplementation of mannan oligosaccharide on white sea bream (Diplodus sargus L.) larvae: effects on development,gut morphology and salinity tolerance

The influence of dietary mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on the development, gut integrity and quality (in respect of stamina and survivability) of white sea bream Diplodus sargus L. larvae was investigated. White sea bream larvae were held under appropriate rearing conditions and fed Artemia, enriched by A1 DHA Selco^? with the addition or absence of MOS (Bio‐Mos®). The results indicated that larval growth performance and survivability were not affected by the MOS supplementation. Light microscopy revealed that MOS supplementation significantly improved the intestinal morphology by increasing the villi surface area by over 12%. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that MOS supplementation increased the microvilli length by 26% compared with the control. Salinity challenge experiments showed that MOS significantly increased larval stamina and survival in both 0 and 60 mg L^?1 salinity water by 13% and 22.9% respectively. These improvements in the larval quality at the early stages of fish development are important for the efficiency of intensive hatchery production.     

Single or combined effects of fructo‐ and mannan oligosaccharide supplements and Bacillus clausii on the growth,feed utilization,body composition,digestive enzyme activity,innate immune response and lipid metabolism of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

In this study, we examined the effects of the following eight experimental diets, which varied in fructo oligosaccharides (FOS), mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) and Bacillus clausii concentrations, on the Japanese flounder: control diet (no FOS, MOS and B. clausii), diet F (5 g kg⁻¹ FOS), diet M (5 g kg⁻¹ MOS), diet FM (2.5 g kg⁻¹ FOS + 2.5 g kg⁻¹ MOS), diet B (10⁷ cells g⁻¹B. clausii), diet FB (5 g kg⁻¹ FOS + 10⁷ cells g⁻¹B. clausii), diet MB (5 g kg⁻¹ MOS + 10⁷ cells g⁻¹B. clausii) and diet FMB (2.5 g kg⁻¹ FOS + 2.5 g kg⁻¹ MOS + 10⁷ cells g⁻¹B. clausii). Japanese flounder, initially weighing an average of 21 g, were distributed into 24 net cages at a stocking density of 20 fish per cage. Each diet was hand‐fed to three groups of fish twice daily for 56 days. The weight gain rate (WGR) in fish fed diets B, MB and FMB were significantly higher than in fish fed the control diet, where the fish fed diet FMB had the highest WGR. Fish fed any of the diets, except diets F and B, exhibited better feed conversion ratio than those fed the control diet. Diets MB and FMB significantly elevated intestinal protease activity compared with the control diet, but only the diet FMB promoted amylase activity. Feeding diets FB and FMB increased body protein deposition; additionally, feeding diets B, MB and FMB significantly reduced body lipid deposition. Lysozyme (LSZ) activity was significantly higher in fish fed diets B, FB, MB and FMB than in fish fed the control diet. All diets, except diet M, decreased triglyceride (TG) levels compared to the control diet. Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in fish fed diets F, FB and FMB were significantly lower than in fish fed the control diet. Without exception, no diets affected feeding rate, condition factor, body moisture, ash contents, phagocytic activity of leucocytes or cholesterol or high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Our results suggest that diets supplemented with FOS, MOS and B. clausii improved growth performance and health benefits of the Japanese flounder more than other diets or the control diet.     

Effects of prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide on the growth,survival, and anxiety-like behaviors of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

A study was designed to investigate the possible positive prebiotic effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth and reduction of anxiety behaviors in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The experimental diets were supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 g MOS kg^?1 and were fed to juvenile fish (0.47 ± 0.017 g) in triplicates for six weeks. Significant differences were found in the final body weight, body weight intake, percent body weight intake, and specific growth rate among treatments. The regression analyses showed that the optimum MOS level was 4–4.1 g MOS kg^?1 diet. Fish fed 4 g MOS kg^?1 feed showed higher survival than the other treatments. Also, using the novel tank test, fish fed with 4 g MOS kg^?1 diet showed lower anxiety by swimming in the upper portion of the tank. The other behavior parameters remained unaffected by the prebiotic. The results indicated the beneficial effect of the prebiotic MOS on growth and partly on welfare of zebrafish juveniles.     

Effect of a mannan oligosaccharide on the growth performance and immune status of rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>)

The objective of these experimental trials was to determine the effect of a mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) derived from the outer cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026 on the growth performance and immune status of rainbow trout. Two experiments were conducted, one with eight net cages and the other with eight raceways. The net cage experiment (42 days) involved 14,400 fish with an initial average weight of 30 g. The raceway experiment (90 days) was conduced with 40,000 fish with an initial average weight of 101 g. Both experiments compared a commercial extruded diet with and without 2,000 ppm MOS supplementation. The calculated daily feed was supplied in six equal rations. Body weight, feed intake, and mortality were recorded and samples were taken for analysis of indicators of immune status. All data were subjected to ANOVA, with a net cage or raceway regarded as an experimental unit. Significantly improved performance and immune status were observed in the net cage trial—improved weight gain of 13.7% (P < 0.01), reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05), reduced mortality (P < 0.01), and improved indicators of immune status (P < 0.01) for fish fed the MOS supplement compared with controls. Similar significantly improved performance was observed for the MOS-treated groups in the raceway trial—9.97% improved weight gain (P < 0.01), lower FCR (P < 0.01), and reduced mortality compared with the control treatment. In the raceway trials, however, only the indicators of immune status lysozyme concentration, APCA, and CPCA were significantly improved by MOS treatment (P < 0.05). These experimental trials demonstrated the ability of MOS to improve the growth performance, survival, and immune status of rainbow trout produced in net cages or raceways.     

Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on growth,body composition,haematology and biochemical parameters of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)

A feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on growth, body composition, haematology, biochemical parameters and histology of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) fingerlings (8.13 ± 0.06 g average weight). Mannan oligosaccharide was supplemented at five different concentrations viz., 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% levels in the diet (40% protein and 9% lipid) of L. calcarifer. The results of the 60 days feeding trial showed that there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the final body weight, weight gain (WG), WG%, average daily gain, survival, specific growth rate, daily growth coefficient, hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index in the fish fed diet containing 1% MOS. Whole body composition of post‐fed animals showed non‐significant differences (P > 0.05) among the various treatment groups. The analysis of haematological parameters showed that there was no significant (P > 0.05) differences among different treatments but for the haemoglobin content which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the fish fed 1% MOS. Biochemical parameters revealed that glucose, urea, cholesterol and triglyceride content showed significant (P < 0.05) difference between control and MOS‐supplemented group. Histological observations of post‐fed animals revealed that MOS supplementation resulted in increased absorptive surface area of the intestine and increased glycogen deposition in liver. The result of this experiment infers that MOS supplementation has got a beneficial effect in the diet of seabass and supplementation at 1% level is optimal for improving the growth.