微生物絮凝剂在水产养殖水环境改良中的应用前景

综述了微生物絮凝剂的种类、絮凝特性、絮凝机理以及微生物絮凝剂在水质改良中的应用现状,并分析了它作为水质改良剂在水产养殖中的应用前景。     

一株产絮凝剂芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及絮凝剂特性分析

从山东及河北沿海分离到一株产絮凝剂细菌(编号200903091102,简称1102),分别用细菌全脂肪酸气相色谱法和16S rDNA序列分析比对法对该菌进行鉴定,两种方法的鉴定结果均显示细菌1102为一种芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)。系统发育分析显示,细菌1102与枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)、特基拉芽孢杆菌(B.tequilensis)等亲缘关系最近。应用高氏1号培养基培养细菌1102,提取其絮凝剂进行絮凝力测定,结果显示,该菌所产絮凝剂的絮凝率达到80.19%。发酵72 h时,絮凝剂得率最高达19.5 g/L;分别采用凝胶渗透色谱法、苯酚-硫酸法及氨基酸自动分析仪对所得絮凝剂的相对分子质量、多糖含量及氨基酸含量进行分析,结果显示絮凝剂的重均相对分子质量为7 063 D,多糖质量分数占58.58%,氨基酸质量分数占2.49%。提示该菌在海水养殖中将具有较高的开发价值。本研究旨在为海水养殖废水的生物净化提供科学依据。     

生物絮团的研究进展

生物絮团是养殖水体中以好氧微生物为主体的有机体和无机物,经生物絮凝形成的团聚物,由细菌、浮游动植物、有机碎屑和一些无机物质相互絮凝组成。通过对生物絮团研究的发展过程、絮团的结构特征、絮凝机理、影响絮团的形成因素以及生物絮团技术在水产养殖应用中存在的问题进行了综述,为生物絮团技术在水产领域中的进一步研究和应用具有一定的指导意义。     

微生态制剂及其在水产养殖中的应用问题(三)

五、微生态制剂在水产养殖中的应用目前,我国在水产养殖过程中使用微生物活菌制剂品种和生产厂家多,产品功能各异,养殖业者对其效果也难以作出准确的判断。市售的微生物活菌制剂大概可分下面几大类:从微生物种属上分类,有光合细菌、芽孢杆菌属、硝化细     

初探生物絮团技术在北方盐碱高原池塘中的应用

<正>生物絮团是养殖水体中以好氧微生物为主体的有机体和无机物,经生物絮凝形成的团聚物,由细菌、浮游动植物、有机碎屑和一些无机物质相互絮凝组成。生物絮团技术最早由以色列养殖专家在1999年系统提出,并于2005年在印度尼西亚试验成功,它是指通过操控水体营养结构,向水体中添加有机碳物质,调节水体中的C/N比,促进水体中异养细菌的繁殖,利用微生物同化无机氮,将水体中的氨氮等养殖代谢产物转化成细菌自身成分,并且通过细菌絮凝     

水产用微生物菌剂衰亡过程的初步研究

近年来,微生物菌剂在水产养殖中的应用越来越广泛。微生物不仅可以改善养殖环境,提高动物的免疫力,抑制病原微生物的生长,而且可以改善动物肠道环境,促进其对营养的吸收转化。菌剂中的活菌数越高（细菌分泌物越多）,对养殖个体和环境的作用越大。本试验分别以水产养殖用芽孢杆菌、乳酸杆菌、酿酒酵母为主要菌种,研究其在不同水质、恒温条件下的衰亡过程,为指导养殖户用好微生物菌剂提供技术参考。     

渔用微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及培养条件研究

本实验以筛选出能用于养殖水体净化的菌株为目的,通过稀释涂板法和划线法,从河道污泥、花园土壤、鲈肠道内分离筛选到6株产絮凝剂的细菌,经过复筛得到1株高效絮凝剂产生菌DK—1。     

噬菌蛭弧菌及其微生物生态制剂在水生动物养殖上的应用

近几年,随着水产品健康养殖理念的不断深入人心,健康养殖技术的逐步推广以及政府有关部门对渔药使用监管力度的日益增大,抗生素及其它化学合成药物在水产养殖中的使用已经受到并将进一步受到严格禁止或限制。与此同时,与水域生态环境相对友好的微生物生态制剂因其具有改善养殖水体的水质和底质、提高养殖水生动物对疾病的抵抗能力、减少药物的使用量和残留等特点,在水生动物养殖中得到越来越广泛的应用。其中有一个发展迅速、异军突起的微生物生态制剂,那就是噬菌蛭弧菌微生物生态制剂。跟其它微生物生态制剂相比,噬菌蛭弧菌具有“寄生”和“溶解”细菌的特性,噬菌蛭弧菌微生物生态制剂的生产工艺特殊,但它对生产的工艺技术和应用等都有较高的要求,如果生产或应用不当,效果往往会适得其反。为此,本刊特约长期从事噬菌蛭弧菌及其微生态制剂研究,原中国医学细菌保藏管理中心弧菌噬菌体专业研究室主任秦生巨研究员就噬菌蛭弧菌的基本特性、研究概况、作用机制以及生态制品的应用等内容进行系统、详尽的论述,并以连载的方式刊出,期望能对广大读者比较全面、系统地了解和正确应用噬菌蛭弧菌及其微生物生态制剂有所帮助。     

几种活菌生物制剂在罗氏沼虾育苗生产中应用试验

近年来，随着应用生物技术的发展，活菌生物制剂的水产养殖中得到的广泛应用，效果显。但有关于活菌生物制剂的应用报道多集中在土池养殖方面，而在水泥池养殖特别是在罗氏沼虾育苗生产中的可行性以及其应用效果，2001年5月5日-6月2日我们在本所的罗氏沼虾苗场进行了养殖保、利生素、西菲利等三种活菌微生物制剂的罗氏沼虾育苗生产应用试验。     

发酵饲料对水产动物的作用及其影响因素

正发酵饲料是一种新型环保型饲料,特点是利用微生物新陈代谢进行发酵,分解饲料中的大分子物质和抗营养因子,产生有机酸、小肽类氨基酸等营养物质,便于动物吸收及利用。相比于普通饲料,发酵饲料成本更低、效果更好,应用前景十分广泛。一、发酵饲料在水产养殖中的应用1.促进营养吸收,提高生长性能一方面,发酵饲料可促进水产养殖动物对营养的吸收,提高其生长性能。菌种在发酵的过程中会产生大量的活菌,在     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.