不同磷源及其配比对铜绿微囊藻生长和摄磷效应的影响

在实验室条件下研究了无机磷(磷酸氢二钾)与2种有机磷(β-甘油磷酸钠、三磷酸腺苷钠)不同配比对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的生长效应以及微囊藻摄取不同磷形态[总溶解磷(total dissolved phosphorus, TSP)、溶解反应磷(soluble reactive phosphorus, SRP)和溶解有机磷(dissolved organic phosphorus, DOP)]的规律.结果表明,当无机磷与有机磷配比为6∶1时,对铜绿微囊藻生长最有利,对数生长期可维持6～8 d,其最大生物量达2.586×106个/mL;培养基中以有机磷作为唯一磷源时,铜绿微囊藻的生长最差;2种有机磷(β-甘油磷酸钠、三磷酸腺苷钠)对铜绿微囊藻生长的效果相似,铜绿微囊藻对SRP的摄取速度越快,其生长速率也越高(R=0 9995);待水中可利用磷耗尽后,β-甘油磷酸钠会在碱性磷酸酶作用下转化成可利用磷供藻生长,而三磷酸腺苷可直接分解成磷酸基供铜绿微囊藻生长.     

氮、磷营养盐对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

通过室内试验,分别研究了相同磷水平下不同氮磷比(质量比,下同)和相同氮磷比下不同氮、磷质量浓度对形成水华的主要蓝藻——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的影响。试验结果:在不同氮磷比条件下,从第5天开始,铜绿微囊藻在低氮磷比(N/P=5∶1)下密度均为最低,从第13天开始,随着氮磷比增大,铜绿微囊藻的密度逐渐升高;在相同氮磷比条件下,从第5天开始,氮、磷质量浓度分别为0.03、0.006 mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻的密度均为最低,从第11天开始,铜绿微囊藻的密度随着氮、磷质量浓度的增大呈先升高后下降趋势,当氮、磷质量浓度分别为2.65、0.53 mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻的密度达到最大值;叶绿素a含量的变化与铜绿微囊藻细胞密度的变化基本一致。结果表明,在防控微囊藻水华时,不仅要控制水中的氮磷比,同时还需控制氮、磷的质量浓度。     

池水中磷及有效磷的利用

磷是有机体不可缺少的元素 ,对浮游植物的能量代谢和繁殖有重要作用 ,但其需要量比氮少。一般天然水体含磷量少 ,它常成为养殖水体提高初级生产力的主要限制因素。水中含磷可促进固氮细菌和硝化细菌的繁殖 ,还能加速含氮有机物的矿化 ,从而增加池水含氮量 ,因而池水施磷肥 ,其生产力效果显著。１磷在水中的存在形式在天然水体中 ,磷以无机磷和有机磷的形式存在 ,我们把溶解的无机磷（主要以Ｈ２ＰＯ-４和ＨＰＯ４２ -的形式存在）、有机磷与不溶解的颗粒磷之和称为磷 ,其中能被水中植物直接吸收利用的磷称为有效磷 ,常以“ＰＯ４３ - Ｐ（ｍ…     

鲤鱼养殖水槽中的磷酸酶活性

天然水体的溶解无机磷与水体初级生产力有着密切关系。如果溶解无机磷含量低于限制水域初级生产力的水平，就会刺激磷酸酶的含量升高(Befman，1970等)。磷酸酶可分为由细胞膜产生的碱性磷酸酶和细胞内溶体产生的酸性磷酸酶两种，它们均能水解溶解有机体所含有的磷酸单脂，使之成为溶解无机磷而满足藻类代谢磷的生理需求(Boavida与Heath，1984等)。     

巢湖富磷地质区沉积物磷的生物可利用性

2010年4-9月,以巢湖富磷地质区池塘为试验对象,测定了叶绿素a与不同形态磷的浓度以及藻类的数量和组成,分析了沉积物藻类可利用性磷(AAP)含量与磷平衡浓度,提取并用分子生物学方法鉴定了沉积物无机磷细菌的主要种类.结果表明,沉积物溶解总磷与AAP含量显著正相关(P＜0.05),与叶绿素a浓度极显著正相关(P＜0.01).沉积物磷在吸附和释放趋势上基本对应于藻类随季节消长的模式.藻的种类较丰富,沉积物无机磷细菌的主要种类包括微单胞菌(Micromonospora sp.,Micromonospora chokoriensis)和链霉菌(Streptomyces neyagawaensis,Streptomyces torulosus).微生物驱动的富磷地质区沉积物磷的溶解可为藻类生长提供生物可利用的磷营养.     

有机质对大型富营养化浅水湖泊沉积物磷吸附特征的影响

以大型浅水湖泊(太湖和巢湖)为研究对象,系统分析了沉积物有机质(OM)含量和组成、磷吸附参数、磷形态及间隙水溶解反应性磷(SRP)浓度在水平方向上的分布.吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)与SRP浓度的比较结果表明,在太湖北部与巢湖南淝河入湖口等污染较严重的区域,沉积物仍表现出吸附磷的功能；OM与土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)、磷吸附指数和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著正相关,有机质分解所产生的小分子物质可增加磷的吸附容量；添加小分子有机质的室内模拟试验进一步证实了上述假设,糖类主要影响磷的吸附能,而氨基酸主要增加最大吸附量.有机质自身及其降解产物以不同方式影响沉积物对磷的吸附能力,并据此调节湖泊富营养化过程.     

氮、磷营养盐组成对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

应用室内培养实验方法研究了不同组成氮盐(TN)和磷盐(TP)对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响。结果表明,铜绿微囊藻的生长状况很好地符合Logistic生长模型,进一步研究表明,铜绿微囊藻存在营养盐生长阈值CTP、CTN,分别为1.8mg/L和25.0mg/L,当TP、TN的初始浓度分别小于CTP和CTN时,随其初始浓度的增加会促进铜绿微囊藻的生长,但当初始浓度大于营养盐生长阈值时,随营养盐初始浓度的增加反而会逐渐限制其生长,表明铜绿微囊藻存在一个适宜生长的(TN∶TP)最佳值,为TN/TP=14∶1。     

不同氮源对铜绿微囊藻增殖的影响

在实验室条件下,利用单细胞藻一次性培养方法,研究了硝酸氮、铵氮和尿素对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)增殖的影响。结果表明:以硝酸氮作为氮源时,铜绿微囊藻增殖速率优于另外2种氮源条件下的,其最适增殖浓度为1.5～5.0mmol/L。低浓度铵氮(0.5mmol/L)即适宜铜绿微囊藻生长,而高浓度时会抑制铜绿微囊藻生长。尿素氮浓度0.5～1.5mmol/L时最利于铜绿微囊藻生长。试验结果提示在监测水体氮营养盐时应该包括多种无机氮和有机氮,只测总氮难于准确预测水华。     

不同形态氮富集对青菱湖沉积物磷释放的影响

为了揭示无机氮和有机氮对沉积物磷释放的贡献,在武汉市青菱湖草型湖区和藻型湖区分别采集沉积物,进行添加不同形态不同浓度氮(0.5、2.5 g酪蛋白,0.02、0.2 g氯化铵)的培养实验。结果显示,培养结束时,草、藻型湖区沉积物加2.5 g酪蛋白的处理组上覆水中溶解反应性磷(SRP)浓度分别为对照组的64.88倍和5.61倍,而加氯化铵处理组与对照组上覆水中SRP浓度无显著差异;加氯化铵处理组上覆水溶解氧(DO)浓度分别为各自对照组的80%左右,而加酪蛋白处理组上覆水DO浓度分别为各自对照组的10%和4%;整个培养过程中,草、藻型湖区沉积物均为加2.5 g酪蛋白处理组的沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)稍高于其他处理组相应值,但无显著性差异;草、藻型湖区沉积物加2.5 g酪蛋白处理组磷平衡浓度(EPC0)分别为对照组的2.08倍和1.77倍;而加氯化铵处理组和加0.5 g酪蛋白处理组沉积物EPC0与对照组相应值无显著差异。研究表明,有机氮的富集会增加沉积物磷的释放,而无机氮对沉积物磷释放的贡献不大;有机氮对沉积物磷释放的影响是由形成厌氧的状态、胞外磷酸酶的分泌、改变沉积物磷吸附行为等多种因素综合作用的结果。     

渤海中部海域表层沉积物磷形态及潜在生物可利用磷分布特征

磷是海洋浮游植物生长和繁殖所必需的重要生源要素，也是海洋初级生产力和食物链的基础元素，沉积物中能参与界面交换的生物可利用磷（Bioavailable phosphorus, BAP）的潜在含量取决于沉积物中磷的形态，而渤海中部区域的相关研究较少。因此本文以渤海中部海域的5个区域（唐山沿岸、秦皇岛沿岸、渤海东北部海域、渤海海峡、渤海西南部海域）为研究对象，采用分级浸取法，测定了23个采样点的沉积物样品中磷的组分、含量，并计算潜在BAP含量，研究分析了其分布特性及影响因素。结果表明：渤海中部海域表层沉积物中无机磷（Inorganic phosphorus, IP）是渤海中部海域表层沉积物中总磷（Total phosphorus, TP）的主要存在形式，唐山沿岸、秦皇岛沿岸、渤海东北部海域、渤海海峡、渤海西南部海域这五个区域沉积物中IP含量平均分别占其 TP含量的78.39%、79.06%、71.46%、84.60%、81.46%，而有机磷（Organic phosphorus, OP）则均占较小的比例。IP均以碎屑磷（Detrital phosphorus, De-P）为主要赋存形态，平均分别占TP的54.02%、52.12%、33.33%、69.41%、57.28%，IP中各形态磷的含量顺序为：碎屑磷（Detrital phosphorus, De-P）>?闭蓄态磷（Occluded phosphorus, Oc-P）>铁/铝吸附态磷（Fe and Al oxidation state phosphorus, Fe/Al-P）>弱吸附态磷（Exchangeable phosphorus, Ex-P）>钙结合态磷（Calcium-bound phosphorus, Ca-P）。河流输入、沉积物粒度和沉积环境是影响渤海中部海域表层沉积物中不同形态磷含量及分布的主要因素。根据沉积物中潜在的BAP含量分析表明，唐山沿岸、秦皇岛沿岸、渤海东北部海域、渤海西南部海域表层沉积物中潜在的BAP含量平均分别占 TP 的44.77%、46.94%、64.87%、40.54%，具备较强的向水体中释放磷的潜力。为渤海中部海域有效地提供沉了积物环境的相关信息。     

水样中氮磷营养盐含量的稳定性及保存方法比较研究

对淡水和海水水样4个氮磷营养盐参数(NH3-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、PO4-P)的6种保存方法进行了对比研究。试验结果显示,对于淡水水样的NH3-N、PO4-P和海水水样的NH3-N、NO3-N在各保存时间的变化幅度,6种方法间有显著差异;在10d内,4℃加5ml/L氯仿处理,在针对氮磷营养盐测定的水样的保存上是有效的方法。     

汉阳湖群表层沉积物磷含量分布特征

2011年7月和10月对汉阳“六湖连通”工程的5个湖泊(后官湖、三角湖、南太子湖、墨水湖和龙阳湖)沉积物磷含量进行调查,研究其表层沉积物磷含量的空间分布和季节差异,以了解汉阳湖群的沉积物污染特征,为湖泊污染控制和生态修复提供依据.结果表明,后官湖沉积物磷含量最低,为(0.20±0.03) g/kg,龙阳湖最高,为(0.64±0.11) g/kg,二者差异显著(P＜0.05),三角湖、南太子湖和墨水湖沉积物磷含量差异不显著(P＞0.05).除后官湖外,汉阳湖群沉积物磷含量季节差异不显著(P＞0.05).汉阳湖群沉积物磷含量具明显的空间分布特征,这种分布格局主要受外源污染输入的影响.相关分析表明,沉积物全磷与水体总氮、总磷和电导率呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与水体透明度呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01).     

不同密度梨形环棱螺对养殖池塘水质及沉积物氮、磷释放的影响

在底面半径10 cm、高35 cm的圆柱型玻璃柱中研究了不同密度梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata)对养殖池塘水体理化指标及沉积物氮、磷释放的影响。试验用水为养殖池塘水,平均水温30.5℃。梨形环棱螺平均体重(1.91±0.27)g、体长(1.96±0.13)cm、体宽(1.32±0.21)cm,放养密度为287.86、590.28、1 237.03 g/m2。各处理组DO均不同程度下降,且显著低于对照组(P0.05),下降频率与放养密度呈显著正相关(R2=0.8568,P0.05);pH则出现小幅波动,维持在7.76~9.63,且各处理组pH均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。梨形环棱螺对TN、NH+4-N、悬浮物和叶绿素a去除效果显著,除NH+4-N外,去除率均随密度的增加而增大。各密度组去除率:TN为14.41%、29.43%、32.88%,NH+4-N为15.65%、11.38%、19.92%,悬浮物为40.22%、59.78%、73.91%,叶绿素a为1.59%、10.59%、26.60%。梨形环棱螺生物量与氨氮释放通量呈指数关系(y1=0.4147e0.0017 x1;R2=0.8221,P=0.092),与活性磷酸盐释放通量呈多项式关系(y2=-7.6×10-7x22+0.0013 x2-0.1141;R2=0.9913,P=0.082)。     

富营养化与生长密度对绿潮藻浒苔暴发性生长机制的影响

近海海域富营养化导致的氮(N)和磷(P)增加,是绿潮藻浒苔快速增长的物质基础,而浒苔在海洋中的生长密度也会对浒苔的快速生长产生影响。通过设置不同的起始生物量浓度,研究不同生长密度与N、P对浒苔生长特性的影响,同时研究其光合生理特性的响应,以探讨浒苔暴发性增长的可能机制。结果显示,起始生物量越大,浒苔的相对生长率就越低,而N、P对浒苔的生长速率有明显的促进效应,并且N、P之间有显著的交互作用。在低密度时,+N+P处理的浒苔,最大生长速率可以达到0.75,其加倍时间仅为0.92 d,这个生长速率足可以维持浒苔在早期的暴发性增长。+N或+P都显著提高浒苔光合色素水平,这也导致+N+P组的最大光合作用速率(Pmax)比+N组、+P组和对照组分别高17%、45%和57%。富营养化和低生物密度是维持浒苔高速增长的重要条件,这也是绿潮早期暴发性增长的基础。     

鳌山湾氮、磷营养盐的分布及变化特征

1996年11月-1998年5月在鳌山湾进行了6个航次的调查,根据所获资料分析了氮、磷的含量变化及分布情况。结果表明,鳌山湾氮磷营养盐的分布以北高南低为主,有明显的季节变化;溶解无机氮在冬、春季由沱底东北向湾外呈减小趋势,在夏、秋季由北向南呈增加趋势;无机磷（IP）基本上由北向南呈减小趋势;溶解无机氮的组成在大部分时间主要以NO3^- -N形态存在。鳌山湾水体的营养水平较低,NO3^- -N浓度范围为0.4-59.62μmol/L,IP为0.03-14.68μmol/L,特别是氮浓度较低,故该湾为氮元素限制海区。     

Phosphorus utilization in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed practical diets and its consequences on effluent phosphorus levels

Excessive dietary phosphorous (P) concentrations in effluents from aquaculture present a major environmental problem. We therefore studied the effect of dietary P and vitamin D₃ on P utilization by rainbow trout-fed practical diets and on P concentrations in the soluble, particulate and settleable components of the effluent from fish tanks. Rainbow trout (average weight: 78 g, initial biomass: 13 kg in 0.7 m³ tanks) were fed for 11 weeks, practical diets that varied in total P, available P, and vitamin D₃ concentrations. Soluble, particulate (10–200 μm) and settleable (>200 μm) P in the effluent were sampled every 0.5–6 h for 1–3 days in the third and eleventh weeks of the experiment. Trout in all diets more than doubled their weight after 11 weeks. Increasing the concentrations of available dietary P from 0.24% to 0.88% modestly enhanced growth rate. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and biomass gain per gram P consumed decreased as dietary P concentrations increased. Carcass P, daily P gain, and plasma P concentrations were lower in fish fed with low P diets. Soluble P concentrations in the effluent peaked immediately after and again 4–6 h after feeding, and is a linear function of available dietary P. No soluble P would be produced during consumption of diets containing less than 0.22±0.02% available P. Above this dietary concentration, soluble P would be excreted at 6.9±0.4 mg/day/kg for each 0.1% increase in available dietary P. Particulate P concentrations in the effluent were independent of dietary P concentrations. Settleable, presumably fecal, P concentrations tended to increase with dietary P concentrations. In trout fed with low P (0.24% available P, 0.6% total P) diets, 60% of total dietary P were retained by the fish and the remaining 40% were excreted in the effluent as settleable P (20–30%) and particulate or soluble P (10–20%). In trout fed with high P (0.59–0.88% available P; 0.9–1.2% total P) diets, 30–55% of total dietary P was retained by fish, and the remaining 15–25% appeared in the effluent as settleable P, 20–55% as soluble P, and 5–10% as particulate P. Vitamin D₃ did not affect fish growth nor effluent P levels. Physicochemical management of aquaculture effluents should consider the effect of diets on partitioning of effluent P, the peaks of soluble P concentration following feeding, and the contributions of particulate P to total P in the effluent. Increasing our understanding of how dietary P is utilized and is subsequently partitioned in the effluent can contribute significantly towards alleviating this important environmental and industry problem.     

Nutrient and nitrogen isotope monitoring of an aquaculture fishery in North Queensland,Australia

A one‐time monitoring event was initiated by an aquaculture fishery in North Queensland to assess if the discharges from the aquaculture fishery were increasing nutrient input into the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Leaf samples from Avicennia marina (grey mangrove) were used to compare the nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) concentrations, and δ¹⁵N values in the receiving waters of the adjacent creeks and a set of reference sites established in a neighbouring creek. The same indicators were also measured in macroalgae from the nutrient extraction ponds. The mangrove leaves in the Mixing Zone of the receiving creek were slightly elevated in N concentrations (22 mg g^?1 compared to 17.5 mg g^?1 at the Reference sites) and δ¹⁵N values (6.5 compared to 4.5 at the Reference sites) showing there was an influence from the outputs of the aquaculture fishery. However, P concentrations were the same in the Mixing Zone and Reference sites. Downstream of the Mixing Zone, the concentration of N and P, and the δ¹⁵N values in the Receiving Waters were the same as the Reference sites, at levels considered normal in other studies. These results show that aquaculture fisheries can be managed to maintain nutrients at reference levels in mangrove foliage in estuaries of the receiving zones.     

黄海北部辽宁沿岸对虾放流水域的IN和IP

１９９６－１９９８年的６－８月对黄海北部辽宁沿岸中国对虾放流水域的ＩＮ、ＩＰ进行了调查，多数站位不同程度地超过一类、二类、三类海水标准，平均值在一类海水标准以上，总的趋势是河口附近和东部偏高。     

Characterization of wastewater generated by Litopenaeus vannamei after being fed experimental diets based on animal protein,vegetable protein and a commercial diet

Phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N) residuals from Litopenaeus vannamei and N and P retention by L. vannamei were studied at three protein levels and with two protein sources: fish meal with plant protein (AVD) and plant protein with squid meal as an attractant (VD). A protein retention bioassay began with shrimp that were 1.5–2.5 g, and nutrient release bioassays were conducted with shrimp of two sizes (4.5 and 8.5 g). Both bioassays were conducted at: 30 ± 0.5°C, [O₂] > 4 mg L^?1, and 38 UPS. Total P residuals were significantly higher for AVDs than for VDs (P < 0.05), particularly those with a high dietary protein level. The particulate P fraction was the predominant form of P. Total N and inorganic dissolved N, mainly in ammonia form, significantly increased (P < 0.05) with dietary protein level and shrimp size, regardless of the protein source. VDs resulted in significantly greater P retention (P < 0.05) than AVDs, without significantly affecting growth rates or survival. P retention as well as N retention decreased with increasing protein supplementation level, independently of the protein source used (P > 0.05). This study shows that the substitution of fish meal with plant protein (soybean meal and wheat flour) improves P retention in L. vannamei.