基于乡村水塘的生态网络构建及优化调控

鉴于乡村水塘长期得不到重视与保护，将导致水塘景观逐渐丧失的现状，通过构建水塘景观生态网络并优化调控途径，对区域水塘景观规划和生态保护具有重要意义。以重庆市梁平区仁贤镇为例，基于2019年遥感影像和高程数据，运用空间统计分析、景观格局指数、水文分析及最小累积阻力模型等方法，探讨水塘空间分布规律并构建水塘景观生态网络。结果表明：(1)水塘空间分布深受海拔、坡度和聚落等因素影响，集中分布于低海拔（420.00~447.74 m）、低坡度（0~6°）、邻近聚落（0~40 m）区域；(2)构建水生态网络和生境网络以提供水塘连通性，水塘斑块、汇水节点、自然水系及雨水径流共同构成水生态网络体系，其中雨水径流282条，汇水节点199个，目前仅有40个水塘位于汇水节点处；生境网络体系中，潜在生态廊道351条，主要由农田与林地构成；(3)水塘景观生态优化调控途径可从空间配置、生态网络、生境质量及景观构成4个方面进行。研究结果可为水塘景观保护、小微湿地建设及乡村环境改善提供参考。     

扎龙湿地植被覆盖度及其分布结构对水文气象要素的响应

扎龙湿地位于乌裕尔河尾闾，是世界上现存最大的芦苇湿地，也是丹顶鹤等珍稀鸟类重要的繁育场所和栖息地。本次研究基于遥感、气象和水文数据，通过像元二分法反演植被覆盖度，分析扎龙湿地核心区2005-2017年植被覆盖度时空分布特征，探究径流、降水和气温3项水文气象要素对湿地不同等级植被覆盖度的影响，为科学开展湿地生态需水核算和芦苇植被保护提供参考。结果表明，湿地中高植被覆盖和高植被覆盖区域主要分布于乌裕尔河来水和人工补水形成的河道及周围地区，2005-2017年，中高植被覆盖和高植被覆盖区域面积总体呈增长趋势，湿地植被生态质量整体改善。乌裕尔河来水及人工补水量对中高植被覆盖和高植被覆盖区域面积的增长起到显著促进作用，并且存在年际滞后性；温度升高有利于湿地核心区内植被覆盖度整体的提高，但促进作用并不明显；降水与湿地核心区植被覆盖无明显影响作用，乌裕尔河来水及人工补水量是影响扎龙湿地核心区植被覆盖度的主要因素。     

白洋淀水系结构连通性评价

水系结构连通性评价是实现河湖连通的基础，为构建生态水网，提升水体连续性提供决策依据。现有评价方法多集中于连通概率及强度方面，忽略了结构稳定性的评估。有效探究水系在外界干扰下的连通稳定程度，可为水资源开发利用提供科学指导。以白洋淀为例，基于复杂网络分析法，考虑水网稳定性，建立包括水面率、水系连通度及水系结构稳定性三大要素，共七个指标的评价体系，采用熵权法与层次分析法耦合赋权及综合指数评价法，评估淀区水系结构连通性。结果表明，较之2007年，2017年淀区综合连通指数由0.7524下降至0.4235，区域孤立湖泊增多，连通强度及结构稳定性皆有所降低。     

1980-2018年扎龙湿地及乌裕尔河流域景观格局演变及其响应

研究扎龙湿地及其上游乌裕尔河流域的景观格局演变，为湿地生态系统的管理与保护提供参考。利用研究区内1980-2018年5期土地利用遥感数据，运用GIS空间分析和主成分分析法，分析了区域景观格局时空变化及其驱动力。结果表明：（1）耕地面积从1980年的8629.648629km2增加至2018年的9527.909528km2；水域面积、居工地面积和盐碱地面积分别增加45.7446、57.9358和18.4618km2；林地面积、草地面积和沼泽地面积分别减少231.90232、742.33743和46.1646km2。1980-2000年研究区域其他土地利用类型转移为耕地的面积1035.861306km2，草地转移为其他土地利用类型的面积845.85846km2，其他土地利用类型面积总体变化不大。（2）景观格局指数不稳定，沼泽湿地面积是扎龙湿地的优势景观类型，耕地是乌裕尔河流域的优势景观类型，除优势景观类型外各种景观类型破碎化严重，景观丰富度越来越低。（3）景观格局的变化是自然气候和社会经济发展共同作用的结果，社会经济变化中的人均GDP、第一产业值以及城镇人口数量是导致整个研究区域湿地景观格局变化的主要驱动力；年均径流量与扎龙湿地内部草地的变化正相关。     

长江流域典型区河-库水文网络连通综合评估

长江具备丰富的水资源和电力资源，近年来河网闸坝、水电等水利设施被大量建设，导致了连通性下降，从而带来一系列的生态环境问题，评估长江流域河-库连通性具有重要意义。本研究选择长江流域高坝大库（金沙江下游）、低坝枢纽（汉江中下游）和山区小水电（景谷）三种河-库连通类型进行研究。首先概化典型研究区河-库连通的水文网络模型，并将水电站、过渡区、河流汇聚点、闸坝作为重要的网络节点。然后基于网络的水文连通功能、生态环境功能和社会贡献功能构建水文网络连通评估指标体系，利用熵权模糊综合评估方法对典型河-库进行分析。结果表明，高坝大库和低坝枢纽连通性为四级（差），山区小水电连通性为五级（极差）。并基于评估结果，对不同类型的河-库系统给出改善连通性的针对性建议。     

基于生态系统服务价值的博斯腾湖小湖湿地生态需水核算

湖泊湿地生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分，适宜的水文条件保障着湖泊湿地生态系统的健康。本文以博斯腾湖小湖湿地为例，依据能值理论系统地计算湖泊湿地各项生态系统服务价值量，并运用相关分析、层次聚类分析等方法结合生态系统服务计算结果与四项关键水文参数，综合确定研究区适宜的生态需水范围。研究结果表明，博斯腾湖小湖湿地生态系统服务价值总量由2013年以前的上下波动（平均年增幅-0.2%，其中有7年为负增长）转变为2013年后的持续增加状态（连续6年增加，平均年增幅6%）；区域来水量则经历了2000-2003年的丰水期、2005-2013年的枯水期以及2013年以来的水量持续增加等三个阶段；生态需水核算结果建议博斯腾湖小湖湿地应保证一年之内日均流量低于8.3 m^3/s的天数不超过72天，而一年之中日均流量超过20.8 m^3/s的天数不低于80天，湿地生态需水量在8.0-8.7 10^8m^3/a之间，最适宜生态水位范围为1047.4-1047.6m。本研究利用生态系统服务价值核算了湖泊湿地生态需水，对区域水资源调控提供了积极的参考价值。     

鄱阳湖典型湿地植被景观格局的时空变化分析

鄱阳湖是我国重要的湿地，对生态、水位控制、环境控制具有重要的调节作用.伴随着水位年际变化和季节变化剧烈，鄱阳湖湿地类型发生了显著变化，研究其景观格局变化对于正确认识鄱阳湖湿地生态系统演变，为湿地景观规划、湿地生态系统健康恢复具有重要参考意义。考虑到鄱阳湖湖相季节性变化巨大以及2003年前后三峡水利枢纽工程运行后水文情势发生重大变化，选取2003年前后平均水平年对应枯水期和丰水期遥感影像，采用遥感技术（RS）、地理信息技术（GIS）和景观生态学方法进行分析。结果表明，江湖关系发生重大变化后，鄱阳湖年平均水位由2002年之前的13.42 m（星子站吴淞高程）降至12.35 m，平均水位较前一阶段偏低0.45~2.25 m，枯水现象使得鄱阳湖水域面积明显缩小，湿地类型发生了较大变化。平均水位下降，适合植被生长的洲滩面积大幅增加，丰水期湿生植被面积增加了147.66 km2，枯水期增加了1192.43 km2，变化最大区域位于赣江支口与饶河交汇处的三角洲和赣江南支口的洲滩，消失的水面大多转换为湿生植物、挺水植物和泥滩等湿地类型。湿地类型的演变方式为水体和挺水植物演变为裸露泥滩，泥滩演变为湿生植被，湿生植被演变为其它湿地类型。2003年后除水体外湿地景观边界密度和聚集度指数呈现增大趋势，鄱阳湖景观格局整体上趋于复杂。鄱阳湖湿地景观格局变化受到“五河”来水减少、三峡工程蓄水和湿地地貌改变等自然因素和人为因素的双重影响。     

粤港澳大湾区湿地生态风险评估

为了整体把握粤港澳大湾区湿地生态系统风险水平，以 GlobeLand30地表覆盖产品、气温和降水站点数据、MODIS NDVI产品和人口、GDP、粮食作物单产等统计资料为主要数据源，基于PSR模型，采用层次分析法（AHP）构建湿地生态风险评估体系，分析了湿地的外界压力、自身状态和响应指标的变化特征，并对2000-2020年大湾区湿地生态风险进行综合评估。结果表明：（1）该区域湿地生态压力变化呈现先下降后增长的趋势，经济的快速发展和城市扩张是影响湿地生态风险的主要压力因素；（2）湿地生态风险的状态水平逐渐下降，呈现“外高内低”的分布格局，景观内部破碎化相对严重。生态响应水平波动较小，但整体生态系统服务价值呈下滑趋势；（3）粤港澳大湾区2000年、2010年和2020年湿地生态风险评估值分别为0.470、0.426和0.418，风险水平为“较高风险”。高风险地区比重下降了21.15%，中风险区域提升了约11.54%。从空间上看，西部和东部地区湿地生态风险显著降低，大部分城市的风险水平处于中等或者较高等级。粤港澳大湾区湿地资源的修复和管理面临众多挑战，建议处理好城市建设和湿地保护的矛盾、提升公众保护意识、注重与非湿地系统的调控并完善相关制度，更好地协调湿地生态条件和社会经济发展之间的关系，服务于粤港澳大湾区建设的国家战略需求。     

人工湿地堵塞监测方法的研究进展

人工湿地堵塞是目前国内外研究的热点问题，精确、高效的监测方法对提升湿地运行管理及净化能力等有重要意义。总结前人研究成果，比较分析目前人工湿地堵塞常见和可能的监测方法，对人工湿地堵塞监测方法和装置设备的研究方向及重点进行了展望，以期为堵塞湿地的长期监测提供参考。根据湿地内部水力学分析、基质或堵塞物物理化学性质将监测方法分为原位法和异位法。原位法中基于水力传导率测定的下降水头法和恒定水头法应用广泛；示踪剂技术较为简明直观，常用作堵塞湿地水流模型的建立；时域反射探针、探地雷达以及核磁共振传感器等新型原位探针技术对湿地内部造成的干扰较小，在湿地堵塞物定性定量方面具有良好发展前景；基于湿地内部电阻效应的微生物燃料电池法是目前研究的热点；基于基质孔隙率和堵塞物成分和性质的异位测定法还有较大提升空间；新兴的以蚯蚓为主的生物监测和根区微生物监测同样值得探索。     

潍坊市北部滨海湿地生态恢复与重建技术体系研究

潍坊市北部滨海湿地位于莱州湾南岸，与黄河三角洲湿地同为我国北部沿海湿地资源集中分布的重要区域。近30年来，由于受自然灾害和人类活动影响，自然湿地面积减小、植被退化，湿地生物多样性下降、渔业资源衰退。笔者参照国内外先进湿地生态恢复重建技术体系，提出研究区生态恢复与重建的技术方法，以期为当地湿地生态恢复重建工作提供技术支撑。     

Treatment of flow-through trout aquaculture effluents in a constructed wetland

A study on effluent treatment with sub-surface flow (SF) constructed wetlands was conducted in a small commercial scale Bavarian (Germany) flow-through trout farm. Under limited spatial and financial conditions a most suitable wetland was constructed. The wetland treatment efficiency at high hydraulic loading rates during raceway runoff and cleaning situation in comparison to sedimentation as initial treatment method was examined.

The constructional solution involved the alteration of six existing sedimentation basins (SB) to SF horizontal flow constructed wetlands with a pre-sedimentation area. As constructional materials only local, cheaply available materials were used in order to reduce the costs. The SF wetland had high treatment efficiencies in the two operational modes examined. During cleaning situation at a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 13.6 m/day treatment efficiency for total suspended solids (TSS) was highest and reached 68%. While during raceway runoff situation total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) treatment efficiency of 88% overtopped the efficiency of the other nutrients examined at a HLR of 10.6 m/day. In both treatment situations the SF wetland efficiency was significantly higher than the effect of the SB. SF constructed wetlands treating high hydraulic loading rates accompanied with short retention times were effective on dissolved nutrient treatment only for TAN and nitrite nitrogen (NO₂–N), while other dissolved nutrients like nitrate nitrogen (NO₃–N) and phosphate phosphorous (PO₄–P) showed no or even negative treatment effects through the wetland passage. To reduce these nutrients, other treatment conditions or wetland configurations are needed.     

黄河下游湿地演变与实测径流相关性研究

探索不同类型河道湿地面积与水文站实测径流量的相关性，为黄河流域生态保护修复和管理工作提供支撑。选择黄河下游花园口-利津河段为研究对象，基于1986、1990、2000、2010和2020年5期遥感解译黄河下游湿地的类型、面积和格局，分析湿地动态变化及原因，结合黄河下游重要水文站实测径流量数据，探索黄河下游不同类型河道湿地面积变化与径流相关性。结果表明：（1）河流水面湿地为黄河下游河段湿地的主要组成部分，占湿地面积的45.9%~65.9%；（2）黄河下游河段的湿地面积从上世纪80年代至今虽然呈现萎缩趋势，面积减少约35.6%，但萎缩速度在不断减缓，湿地面积逐渐趋于稳定；（3）黄河下游游荡型、弯曲型和顺直型河段的湿地面积与径流量的相关性存在差异。游荡型和弯曲型河段河流水面面积与流量均呈正相关关系，但变化幅度不同，顺直型河段河流水面面积受流量的影响较弱，游荡型、弯曲型河段和顺直型河段滩地面积随径流量增大而减少，减少幅度各有差异，3种河段在不超过某一流量下，河流湿地的面积保持稳定，而超出一定流量范围后，湿地总面积均增加。     

Constructed wetlands as a treatment method for effluents from intensive trout farms

This study examined the effects of different hydraulic loading rates on the treatment efficiency of subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands treating effluents from trout farming over a period of 6 months. Six identical wetland cells with a pre-sedimentation zone of 9.6 m² and a root zone of 23.6 m² were loaded with effluents from intensive trout farming (> 2.1 kg feeding stuff per L/s and day). The total runoff of 13.2 L/s was treated in the wetland cells, where two duplicate cells received equal hydraulic loads of 3.9, 1.8 and 0.9 L/s. All examined wetland cells had significant treatment effects on the nutrient fractions containing particulate matter [total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), biological oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS)].

Efficiency was between 5.5% for TN and 90.1% for TSS. The SSF wetland also had a high treatment effect on total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), with efficiencies of 61.2 to 87.8%. Nitrate nitrogen (NO₃–N) and phosphate phosphorous (PO₄–P) showed a significant increase in the wetland effluent by 8.4 to 209%. Nitrite nitrogen (NO₂–N), had no significant, or significant effluent increase depending on the inflow rate. Treatment efficiency for particulate nutrients and TAN increased with decreasing hydraulic load, while the differences between 1.8 and 0.9 L/s were not significant. The treatment efficiency for TP was constant for all cells, at around 40%. The wetland receiving 3.9 L/s was over-flooded after 10 to 12 weeks due to colmatation. Nevertheless, the wetland still showed high treatment efficiencies. For commercial trout farms, SSF wetlands are a highly effective method of effluent treatment. A hydraulic load of 1 L/s on 13.3 m² wetland area (1.8 L/s on the examined wetland) seems most suitable. Higher loads lead to accelerated wetland colmatation, while lower loads waste space.     

白洋淀水域夏季细菌群落结构及与环境因子的关系

为了解白洋淀水域细菌多样性,于夏季采集水样进行水质和微生物群落结构分析。水质分析显示,白洋淀平均酸碱值(pH)为7.95,溶解氧(DO)为16.67 mg/L,属于偏碱性湖泊且含氧量丰富。通过Illumina NovaSeq6000高通量测序分析微生物群落结构表明:白洋淀不同采样点Chao1指数、Ace指数均较高,Shannon指数为7.151~8.443,Simpson指数为0.986~0.992,反映出白洋淀各采样点微生物群落多样性丰富、稳定性好,且细菌丰富度和多样性均以光淀(GD)最高。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)是湖水的优势菌门,丰度之和能达到90%,且以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为绝对优势菌门,丰度为44.15%~60.18%;在属水平上烧车淀(SCD)和枣林庄(ZLZ)以多核杆属(Polynucleobacter)为第一优势菌属,其余采样点优势菌属为unidentified_Cyanobacteria。CCA(canonial correspondence analysis)分析表明,pH和DO是影响白洋淀细菌群落结构的主要环境因子。     

A methodology for evaluating the sustainability of inland wetland systems

Sustainable development is a process in which present and future human needs can be satisfied without degrading the socio-environmental systems that they rely upon. Inland wetlands are diverse ecosystems that provide numerous goods and services. Current wetland evaluation methodologies include inventories, monitoring of hydrological and climatic variables, population dynamic studies, mechanistic models, the use of geographical information systems, and measuring of biotic indices. Sustainability evaluation methods, which combine in a systemic approach production efficiency, ecosystem function, environmental services, and social values are required. In this study, a methodological framework was developed and applied to a case in the High Lerma River Basin in Central Mexico. Criteria and indicators comprising the environmental, economic, and social dimensions, as well as systemic attributes such as productivity, stability, resilience, self-reliance, and equity were derived and measured to evaluate wetland management systems. Native species were compared to the predominant carp monoculture system. Results from the evaluated indicators showed that the native species multicultural management system can be a feasible, profitable, and self-reliant conservation and utilization alternative. Some difficulties were faced in finding reliable estimates to be used as reference values, and potential indicators for future, long-term evaluations are proposed. The application of sustainability indicators to wetland management proved to be an objective and trustworthy methodological alternative, which could increase both wetland sustainability and the continuous development of integrated assessment tools for its evaluation.     

Characterizing seasonal dynamics of Amazonian wetlands for conservation and decision making

1. In many wetlands the timing and duration of inundation determine ecological characteristics and the provision of ecosystem services; however, wetland conservation decisions often rely on static maps of wetland boundaries that do not capture their dynamic hydrological variability and connectivity.
2. The Amazon River basin contains some of the world's most extensive wetlands, many of which are floodplains where seasonal flood pulses result in a temporally varying inundation area and hydrological connectivity with river systems.
3. This study classified Amazon wetlands according to the timing and duration (months per year) of inundation detected by remote sensing, and also investigated the contribution of precipitation regimes in affecting wetland distribution and hydrological dynamics.
4. Permanently inundated wetlands account for the largest area and are mainly floodplains located in the lowlands of the catchment. Seasonally inundated wetlands varied greatly in the duration of inundation over the course of the year, ranging from 1 to 9 months. Distinct seasonal timing was detected among the large wetland complexes, reflecting rainfall regimes as well as time lags for drainage and drying. For example, inundation in the extensive Llanos de Moxos region of the southern Amazon was protracted and lasted well after the rainy season, compared with the Roraima region of the northern Amazon, where inundation was shorter and tracked the rainy season.
5. The integration of inundation dynamics into wetland classification captures regional differences in timing and duration of inundation in the major wetlands of the basin that should be considered for conservation planning and other ecological applications. This information can aid regional wetland management and planning, especially with regards to minimizing the effects of dam and waterway construction that can directly affect the natural wetland dynamics. The use of global remotely sensed inundation data makes this approach easily transferable to other large tropical wetlands.

     

白洋淀“以渔养水”生态修复效果及展望

为探究白洋淀“以渔养水”生态修复效果其发展方式,以白洋淀水生生物资源环境调查及水域生态修复示范项目研究进展为依据,分析白洋淀水域存在的生态环境问题,介绍白洋淀主要的生态修复措施、取得的效果、以及实施“以渔养水”所面临的主要问题,总结白洋淀“以渔养水”生态修复技术的启示并提出相关发展建议。可为下一步开展白洋淀“以渔养水”生态修复研究提供思路,也可为全国大水面生态渔业发展和水域生态修复提供参考。     

环境变化对湿地植物根系的影响研究

湿地生态系统具有独特的水文特征和潜育化土壤环境,湿地植物在生长过程中往往表现出独特的环境适应机制。根系作为植物重要的功能器官,是湿地植物群落与周围环境实现物质循环与能量流动的关键纽带,在发挥植物的生态功能及维持生态平衡中具有重要作用。因此,近年来植物根系生理生态研究越来越受到关注。从湿地植物根系在植物生长及湿地生态系统中的作用出发,综合论述环境因子对湿地植物根系的影响及作用机制,着重评述近年来水分条件、土壤盐分、土壤养分、有毒有害物质以及其他因子对湿地植物根系生理生态特征的影响等方面的研究进展和亟待解决的问题,指出湿地植物根系研究将是湿地生态学的重要研究方向。