强降雨对粤西凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘微生物群落的影响

于强台风"莫拉菲"环流云系带来的持续强降雨天气前后(2009年7月14日和7月28日),对广东省茂名市电白县凡纳滨对虾半集约化养殖土池的水样和泥样进行调查,研究施用微生态制剂和未施用微生态制剂的虾池水体及底泥中的异养细菌、弧菌和芽孢杆菌的变化情况,并利用BIOLOGECO微板对水体和底泥的微生物群落代谢变化进行探讨。结果发现,定期施用微生态制剂的虾池水体和底泥中的细菌数量和微生物群落功能在强降雨前后基本保持稳定;未施用微生态制剂的虾池在强降雨后,水体的弧菌数升高,Simpson指数和McIntosh指数显著降低(P0.05),水体和底泥微生物群落对碳源的利用率变化明显。研究结果表明,与施用微生态制剂的虾池相比较,未施用微生态制剂的虾池在强降雨后,水体及沉积物环境波动变化明显,强降雨对其水域环境产生很大的影响。因此建议在对虾养殖过程中定期施用微生态制剂,并针对恶劣天气采取有效措施,以稳定虾池水体及沉积物的微生物生态。     

厦门对虾养殖水域异养细菌和弧菌的研究

本文对厦门三个主要对虾养殖区水体中异养细菌和弧菌的数量进行了研究。结果表明，在对虾养殖水环境中，异养细菌和弧菌的数量与水温、盐度、氨氮、化学耗氧量的水体营养指数密切相关，弧菌可作为高温季节有机污染的一个指标，弧菌的数量与对虾对病有一定的关系。     

粤西凡纳滨对虾海水滩涂养殖池塘浮游微藻群落结构特征

对4个凡纳滨对虾海水滩涂养殖池塘的浮游微藻进行定期跟踪调查,并对其群落结构特征进行了分析。结果共检出浮游微藻6门91种,其中蓝藻30种,绿藻15种,硅藻37种,甲藻5种,裸藻两种,金藻两种。优势种有顿顶节旋藻Arthrospira platensis、蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyre-noidosa、显微蹄形藻Kirchneriella microscopica、微小多甲藻Peridinium pusillum、新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium、加德纳鞘丝藻Lyngbya gardneri、绿色颤藻Oscillatoria chlorina、盐泽颤藻Oscillatoria salina、微小念珠藻Nostoc microscopicum、易略颤藻Oscillatoria neglecta、威利颤藻Oscillatoria willei等。在养殖前期浮游微藻的个体数量介于5.12×104~95.41×104ind/L之间,生物量为1.95~118μg/L,多样性指数平均为0.84~2.16,绿藻类和硅藻类较为常见;到养殖中后期浮游微藻的个体数量介于66.11×104~1.28×109...     

斑节对虾养殖池塘藻-菌关系初探

本研究通过对斑节对虾养殖系统中的异养细菌、浮游微藻进行为期3个月的监测，发现浮游微藻和异养细菌的总量都表现为养殖后期高于养殖前期，其中浮游微藻增加了2个数量级，异养细菌增加了1个数量级，施放有益芽孢杆菌群对池塘菌群和藻群的变动有明显的影响。施放有益芽孢杆菌群的池塘，异养细菌总数略低，弧菌数量维持在10^3 CFU／mL以下，浮游微藻平稳增长，蓝藻占20％以下；对照池异养细菌的总数略高，弧菌数量达到10^3 CFU／mL，浮游微藻数量波动，养殖后期蓝藻占60％，为绝对优势种群。表明有益芽孢杆菌群有促进浮游微藻平稳繁殖的作用，但对浮游蓝藻和弧菌的繁殖起抑制作用，浮游蓝藻与弧菌之间具有一定的繁殖相关性。     

海水网箱养殖水域异养细菌和弧菌的数量动态

1996年4月至1997年5月对浙江奉化、象山海水网箱养殖水域采用MPN法进行异养细菌和弧菌数量的检测。结果表明,细菌数量的变化受外界环境的影响较为明显,7～9月份细菌数量明显高于其它月份,网箱内菌数高于网箱外菌数。从异养细菌和弧菌数量的周年变化看,细菌数量变化与网箱养殖鱼类疾病的发生有密切关系。菌数的高峰期也是鱼病的频繁发生期。利用检测养殖水域异养细菌和弧菌的数量可预测鱼病的发生。     

对虾养殖池塘微藻群落结构的调查与分析

分别于2005年秋、2006年春对广东省湛江市东海岛的对虾集约化养殖池(高位池)、半集约化养殖池(土塘)及其引水渠中水体的微藻群落结构进行调查和分析。结果表明,在所调查的对虾池塘中共检出微藻47种,其中春季检出微藻28种,秋季检出微藻21种。主要优势种是颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)和啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa Ehr.)。微藻的多样性指数(H′)平均值为春季东南土塘2.29,东南高位池1.42,东山土塘1.12;秋季东南高位池2.14,东山土塘1.62,而2季节引水渠则处于0.92~3.72之间。对虾池塘微藻平均密度秋季高于春季。     

天津滨海新区凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘水质变化特征

<正>自1996年首次引入天津市开始养殖以来,凡纳滨对虾已经成为天津地区淡水养殖的主要品种之一,2014年天津市凡纳滨对虾主套养面积达2万多公顷,超过全市水产养殖面积的一半。然而,近几年来由于种质退化、病害频发等原因造成凡纳滨对虾养殖形势日益严峻,本实验以期能够了解天津地区凡纳滨对虾养殖池水质变化特征,为科学管理养殖池提供基础理论数据,促进凡纳滨对虾养殖的健康发展。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)低盐度围隔调控养殖环境微生物研究

在广东省珠海市斗门一个大小为0.3hm2的空白虾池内,设立10个大小为5×5×1.6m(l×b×d)的陆基池塘围隔,对凡纳滨对虾低盐度调控养殖环境微生物进行实验研究,结果低盐度围隔调控养殖系统,水体异养细菌平均为1.33~9.27×104cfu.ml-1,致病性弧菌平均为2.83~7.91×102cfu.ml-1,养殖水体致病性弧菌的数量比异养细菌平均低2个数量级。各围隔水体异养菌在养殖早期都有一个高峰期,中后期低而稳定;围隔异养细菌的数量并未因定期施菌而增高,反而呈下降的趋势。对虾养殖健康的围隔,中后期水体致病性弧菌保持较低的数量,而对虾发病的围隔,致病性弧菌数量高。围隔调控养殖系统,异养细菌的数量相对比较稳定,而致病性弧菌数量呈较大波动。     

凡纳滨对虾淡化养殖池塘浮游细菌群落时空变化及其对理化因子的响应

浮游细菌调控是对虾养殖水体环境控制策略的核心内容,探究浮游细菌群落构建的一般规律,可进一步推动对虾养殖水体水质调控技术的研究。运用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)淡化养殖池塘进行了12次周际调查。结果显示,48个样品共获得2 854个操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic units, OTU,97%相似性),序列比对发现古细菌2门1纲1科1属,细菌30门59纲98目199科433属,其中优势菌群25属。优势菌群在组成上有较高的相似性,但各池优势菌群在分布和相对丰度变动上有较大差异。各池系统发育多样性指数总平均值为77.57,变幅为24.39～111.65;香农多样性指数总平均值为3.96,变幅为2.64～5.06;物种丰富度指数总平均值为716,变幅为229～1 054。非度量多维标度分析(Non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)表明各池塘浮游细菌群落在养殖初期差异较大,中、后期差异减小,冗余分析(Redundancy analysis, RDA)显示活性磷、碱度、溶...     

凡纳滨对虾不同养殖密度高位池水体细菌群落动态

通过对养殖水体环境基因组DNA中细菌16S rRNA基因V4–V5区的高通量测序和生物信息学分析,研究了两种养殖密度的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)高位池水体中细菌群落在养殖过程中的动态。结果显示,养殖过程中各菌群相对丰度变化明显,细菌多样性随时间逐渐提高,优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)。随着养殖时间增长,蓝藻丰度所占比例逐渐减少,而变形菌、拟杆菌和浮霉菌丰度逐渐增大,同时养殖前期高密度池浮霉菌丰度显著高于低密度池(P0.01),而其他菌群无显著差异。结果表明,养殖期前50 d不同养殖密度水体细菌群落差异较大,而后30 d内细菌群落的时间异质性大于空间异质性,这意味着高位池水体菌相被划分为两类,到养殖后期菌相快速转变,养殖密度所带来的影响被减弱。     

凡纳滨对虾低盐度养殖池浮游藻类群落研究

在44口凡纳滨对虾低盐度养殖池中共鉴定藻类7门62属113种,蓝藻26种,绿藻54种,硅藻14种,裸藻11种,隐藻3种,甲藻4种,金藻1种。绿藻门种类最多,占藻类种类数的47·8%,其次为蓝藻门占23·0%,硅藻占12·4%,裸藻占9·7%。优势种主要为蓝藻,典型优势种有螺旋藻(Spirulinasp.),假鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaenasp.),弯形尖头藻(Raphidiopsis curvata),针状蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis acicularis)等,其中螺旋藻的优势度平均达到50%,为主要优势种。常见的绿藻有栅藻(Scenedesmusp.),衣藻(Chlamydomonassp.),小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)等;常见的硅藻为梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghinian),卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)、啮蚀隐藻(C.erosa)和绿裸藻(Euglenavirdis)在虾池中比较常见。养殖池中浮游藻类的种类数平均为43±9种,多样性指数平均为2·19±0·56,个体数量平均为1·45±0·87×108个/L;藻类的种类、数量及生物量表现为养殖前期低后期高的特征,而多样性表现相反,藻类的组成直接影响对虾的生长。     

高位虾塘细菌数量变化特点及其与理化因子的关系

本试验选取两口凡纳滨对虾高位池塘,通过连续地周期性采样和测定分析,研究了虾池异养细菌数量和弧菌数量变动规律及其与理化因子的相关关系。结果表明：两口试验虾池异养细菌数量变化范围在9.07×10^3～2.13×10^5 cfu/mL之间,平均为6.45×10^4 cfu/mL,呈现持续缓慢上升的趋势;两口试验虾池的弧菌数量变化趋势较为一致,变化范围为2.12×10^2～2.91×10^3 cfu/mL,养殖生产前期较低,中期高,后期随着换水量的加大而有所下降。相关性分析表明：虾池水体的异养细菌和弧菌数量均与透明度、 DO、 pH 呈负相关,与COD、 TSS含量呈正相关,其中弧菌数量与TSS含量呈显著正相关（ P〈0.05）。     

不同养殖面积高位池精养凡纳滨对虾生长特性的比较

通过对3种不同养殖面积(0.167 hm2、0.333 hm2、0.667 hm2)的高位池精养凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的体长和体重进行跟踪测量,研究其生长特性及养殖效果.结果表明:凡纳滨对虾体长和体重呈幂函数关系;体长、体重生长特性表现在养殖早期(0～40d)各池对虾体长和体重的生长差异不显著(P>0.05);50 d后,0.333 hm2池对虾体长、体重生长明显快其余两组(P<0.05);60 d后,0.333 hm2池、0.167hm2池对虾体长、体重生长明显大于0.667 hm2池(P<0.05);体长与养殖时间呈直线性关系;体重与养殖时间呈曲线性关系;0.333 hm2池的养殖成活率、单尾虾重、单产分别比0.167 hm2和0.667 hm2的养殖成活率提高9.7%和28.5%、11.6%和13.9%、22.5%和46.3%.3个池饵料系数分别为1.21、1.28和1.18.     

Soybean molasses as an organic carbon source in the farming of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc system

Soybean molasses was evaluated as a partial replacement for sugarcane molasses as a carbon source for biofloc development in the superintensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A 50‐day study was conducted with juvenile (3.2 g) shrimp stocked in 16 800 L tanks at a stocking density of 250 shrimp m^?3. Control of total ammonia concentration was performed by the addition of combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses to the culture water. Three different molasses treatments were evaluated using different soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios: 15–85%, 38–62% and 60–40% respectively. The control group was treated only with sugarcane molasses. Water quality, chlorophyll a concentration, heterotrophic bacterial load, Vibrio spp. concentration and zootechnical indexes were all evaluated. Total ammonia concentration was controlled by heterotrophic and chemotrophic pathways. Biofloc formation, as quantified by measuring the total suspended solids, was not altered. The Vibrio spp. concentration showed a significant reduction in treatments with soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios of 38–62% and 60–40%. All combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses could maintain water quality and productivity in the superintensive culture of L. vannamei using the biofloc system. Thus, the potential use of a residue from agroindustry as a carbon source in a biofloc culture is demonstrated.     

Stocking strategies for production of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in amended freshwater in inland ponds

The performance of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) under various stocking strategies was evaluated in earthen ponds filled with freshwater amended with major ions. Six 0.1‐ha earthen ponds located in Pine Bluff, AR, USA, were filled with freshwater in 2003 and 2004, and potassium magnesium sulphate added to provide 50 mg K⁺ L^?1 and stock salt added to provide 0.5 g L^?1 salinity. In 2003, three ponds either were stocked with PL₁₅ shrimp (39 PL m^?2) for 125 days of grow out or with PL₂₅ shrimp for 55 days (23 PL m^?2) followed by a 65‐day (28 PL m^?2) grow‐out period. In 2004, ponds were stocked with 7, 13 or 30 PL₁₅ m^?2 for 134 days of grow out. Salinity averaged 0.7 g L^?1 during both years, and concentration of SO₄^?2, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ was higher, and Na⁺ and Cl^? was lower in amended pond water than in seawater at 0.7 g L^?1 salinity. Potassium concentration in amended water was 52–61% of the target concentration. Shrimp yields ranged from 3449 kg ha^?1 in 2003 to 4966 kg ha^?1 in 2004 in ponds stocked with 30–39 PL₁₅ m^?2 for a 125–134‐day culture period. At harvest, mean individual weight ranged from 17.1 to 19.3 g shrimp^?1. In ponds stocked with PL₂₅ shrimp, yields averaged 988 and 2462 kg ha^?1 for the 1st and 2nd grow‐out periods respectively. Gross shrimp yield in 2004 increased linearly from 1379–4966 kg ha^?1 with increased stocking rate. These experiments demonstrated that L. vannamei can be grown successfully in freshwater supplemented with major ions to a final salinity of 0.7 g L^?1.     

The effects of variation in feed protein level on the culture of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in low-water exchange experimental ponds

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of varying dietary protein level on pond water quality and production parameters of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Experimental units consisted of nine 400‐m² earthen ponds with a low water exchange. Two treatments were tested: treatment HP consisted of shrimp fed a high‐protein diet (40%) during the whole grow‐out, and treatment LP consisted of the use of a low‐protein diet for the complete farming period. No differences on any of the water quality parameters were observed among treatments. Excellent survival (over 85%) and feed conversion ratios (around 1.6), and acceptable growth (over 12 g) and biomass (from 1721 to 1793 kg ha^?1) were recorded in all experimental ponds. No significant differences in any of the production parameters were found among treatment groups.     

The effects of commercial bacterial products on macrobenthos community in shrimp culture ponds

This study was conducted to assess the effects of commercial bacterialproducts on the composition and abundance of macrobenthos in commercial tigerprawn Penaeus monodon culture ponds. Nine brackishwaterponds, with an area of 0.5 ha each were used for this study. Twocommercial bacterial products (T₁ and T₂) were applied inthree ponds each. Another three ponds served as the control. Sediment samplesfrom all ponds were analyzed for the nitrogen, phosphorus and organic mattercontents, and macrobenthos. Total nitrogen and total carbon concentrations inthe sediments of T₁ were significantly lower (p< 0.05) thanT₂. In addition, total nitrogen in T₁ pond sediment wassignificantly lower (p < 0.05) than the control towardsthe end of the culture period. There were no significant differences in totalphosphorus amongst treatments. The study revealed the presence of four majorgroups of macrobenthos in all treatments; gastropods, bivalve, polychaetes andinsect larvae. The total density of macrobenthos in all ponds, exceptgastropods, showed a decreasing trend with the progress in culture indicatingeither predation by shrimp or deterioration of pond bottom. T₁ hadsignificantly (p < 0.05) higher density of polychaetescompared to the T₂ and the control.